The thesis concentrates on the design of limited slip differential of the racing car. It describes the method of designing the model of space for differential, using the 3D ATOS scanner and Pro/ENGINEER software environment. The next part of the thesis illustrates the process of designing the model of mass-produced open differential. The main attention is paid to the design of both versions of clutch limited slip differential and also to the analysis of problematic issues of each analyzed component. Further on, there is a stress analysis of some selected parts: pressure ring, differential case and their comparison before and after their optimization.

The project developed under the engineering studies, solves the problem of production of a prototype car using modern technology, reverse engineering and CAD / CAM. Based on the literary study of the issue, was designed process of digitization of the physical model of car, including the treatment and processing of data. Follow-up step was to verify the production of the additive rapid prototyping technology - FDM method. Verification of the results was performed on a vertical milling cantilever FV 25 CNC with control system Heidenhain iTNC 530 using a cutting strategies by PowerMILL CAM software. At the end of the resulting models edit as necessary.

The master’s thesis is focused on flow analysis work filling in turbocharged CNG engine. The research method is reverse engineering. The intake canal is casted and than scanned by 3D Scanner ATOS. The CAD model is created in program Creo Parametric 2.0. In the created interactive model is simulated flow in the CFD program Star CCM +. The air intake system is modified for increasing the charging efficiency of the engine.

Aus der Einleitung: "In der Historie erforderte die komplette dreidimensionale Aufnahme eines Objektes mittels Streifenprojektion einen hohen Zeitaufwand aufgrund der Realisierung der zeitlichen Abfolge von Streifensequenzen mit analogen Mitteln, mehrere Sekunden sind der übliche Standard für eine 3D Aufnahme. Damit einher geht die Notwendigkeit des während der Aufnahmezeit ruhenden Objektes. Das bedeutet Einschränkungen für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen insbesondere bei dynamischen Prozessen und lebenden Objekten. Neue Möglichkeiten eröffneten sich mit der Einführung digitaler Lichtmodulatoren."

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo realizar a caracterização metrológica de scanners ópticos tridimensionais por projeção de luz estruturada com vistas à aplicação em ensaios de coletes balísticos. Técnicas de digitalização tridimensional vêm ganhando popularidade nas últimas décadas, entretanto o recente emprego de equipamentos de digitalização 3D em ensaios de coletes balísticos constitui uma nova aplicação para estes equipamentos, em especial na caracterização dos traumas originados pelos impactos de projéteis, o que motivou a realização do estudo. A metodologia empregada fundamentou-se nas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental, experimental e de laboratório que tiveram por objetivo coletar dados utilizando scanner por projeção de luz estruturada no contexto de ensaios de coletes balísticos e compará-los com valores de referência. Foram sugeridos processos de alinhamento, segmentação, filtragem e estabelecimento de planos de referência que se mostraram adequados ao tratamento das nuvens de pontos obtidas nos ensaios de coletes balísticos. Os resultados confirmaram os erros sistemáticos relatados na literatura para equipamentos de digitalização por luz estruturada e possibilitaram uma estimativa da incerteza de medição para o equipamento em questão. Concluiuse que os valores críticos de medição de traumas são corretamente medidos pelo instrumento de digitalização 3D e por meio da utilização do método sugerido para tratamento de nuvens de pontos neste contexto. / [en] This dissertation aims at performing the metrological characterization of three-dimensional optical scanners by structured light projection for application in ballistic vest tests. Three-dimensional scanning techniques have been gaining popularity in recent decades, however the recent use of 3D scanning equipment in ballistic vests testing is a new application for these devices, especially in the characterization of traumas caused by projectile impacts, which motivated the realization of the study. The methodology used was based on bibliographic, documentary, experimental and laboratory research aimed at collecting data using a structured light projection scanner in the context of ballistic vests tests and comparing them with reference values. Procedures for alignment, segmentation, filtering and establishment of reference planes were suggested, which proved to be adequate for the treatment of point clouds obtained from ballistic vest tests. The results confirmed the systematic errors reported in the literature for structured light scanning equipment and made it possible to estimate the measurement uncertainty for the equipment in question. It was concluded that the critical trauma measurement values are correctly measured by the 3D scanning instrument and by using the suggested method for treating point clouds in this context.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to create useful reference models of the glider L-23 Super Blaník and their use for framework proposal technology of production, which will improve accuracy and reduce labor intensity of production. The introduction of the thesis describes history of glider and historical overview of geometry transmission in terms of structure. The next chapter of the thesis deals with the description of reference models and rules of their creation. Section describing coordinate systems is closely linked with the previous chapter. Another section of thesis is dedicated to the importance of reference models in the product lifecycle. The creation and tuning of reference models of glider is described in the next chapter of thesis. The penultimate chapter deals with experiment, which allowed verification of reference model and product. The conclusion of the thesis describes proposed technology of production where used verified reference models and modern tools of CAD systems refine and facilitate production. The main objective in designing of reference models was the definition of high quality and usable surfaces. Also proposal technology of production was processed in order to ensure the improvement and simplification of manufacturing process.

This thesis deals with no delay gear shifting. The first part is devoted to theoretical introduction. The next part describes comprehensive approach to vehicle dynamics, the choice of gear ratios, the use of reverse engineering to model the interior of the gear housing and the actual structural design of the internal components and strength analysis. Moreover, this work should fill the gap in the available literature which is publicly accessible.

INTRODUCTION L’évaluation de la surface corporelle brûlée, essentielle pour établir la réanimation volémique et statuer sur le pronostic, se base actuellement sur la transposition des brûlures observées sur des diagrammes en papier représentant des mannequins standard. Le but de ce projet est de contribuer à la validation d’un outil pour l’évaluation des ratios brûlés. Deux outils ont été proposés, un numériseur portable et les mesures anthropométriques. MÉTHODES Quatre mannequins commerciaux avec différentes morphologies ont été sélectionnés. Chaque mannequin a été numérisé 10 fois avec un numériseur portable et une fois avec un numériseur de référence. Les surfaces corporelles totales ont été calculées et comparées. Dans un deuxième temps, 14 volontaires ont estimé la surface coporelle brûlée en utilisant les diagrammes papier et en dessinant sur un logiciel. RÉSULTATS Les valeurs des surfaces corporelles totales obtenues avec le numériseur portable sont 0,812; 1,581; 1,711 et 1,916 m2 pour les mannequins enfant, femme I, femme II et homme. Les résultats du numériseur de référence sont 0,815; 1,588; 1,716 et 1,918 m2. Les ratios des surfaces brûlées des mannequins correspondent à 23,33; 22,67, 32,63 et 26,07 % pour les mannequins. Les estimations des surfaces brûlées obtenues avec les diagrammes en papier représentent 29,9; 32,5; 40,4 et 35,7 %. Les résultats obtenus avec le logiciel sont 23,5; 22,6; 32,1 et 25,1 %. CONCLUSION Le numériseur portable reproduit avec précision et exactitude la surface corporelle totale. L’utilisation des données anthropométriques pour le calcul du pourcentage brûlé représente un outil plus précis et exact que les diagrammes papier. / PURPOSE Total body surface area burned assessment is currently based on the transpositon of burns seen on paper charts representing standard models. The purpose of this project is to contribute to the validation of a tool for TBSA assessment. A handheld 3D scanner and anthropometrical measurements have been proposed. METHODS Four commercial mannequins with different body shapes were selected. Each model was scanned 10 times with a handhed, white light scanner and once with a gold standard scanner. The images were transferred to a modelling software allowing to assess the total body surface. Total body surfaces were calculated and compared. Secondly, 14 volunteers estimated the total burned surface using paper charts and drawing on 3D virtual models. RESULTS Values of the total body surface obtained with the handheld scanner are 0.812; 1.581; 1.711 and 1.916 m2 for the child, female I, female II and male mannequins. The results of the gold standard scanner are 0.815 ; 1.588 ; 1.716 and 1.918 m2. Burn extent ratios correspond to 23.33 ; 22.67 ; 32.63 and 26.07 % for the same mannequins. Estimated burned surfaces obtained with paper diagrams are the following : 29.9 ; 32.5 ; 40.4 and 35.7 %. Results obtained with the software are 23.5 ; 22.6 ; 32.1 and 25.1 %. CONCLUSION The handheld scanner is a precise and accurate tool for the assessment of the total surface. Use of anthropometric data for the calculation of the body burned surface is a more accurate tool and less variable than the conventional paper charts.

Automated, large-scale 3D-scanning systems are important tools in culture and heritage preservation that allows museums and art institutes to digitize their collections of movable artifacts for the purpose of preservation, research, and exhibition. Unfortunately, the cost of these systems limits their usage to a handful of wealthy museums and art institutes. This thesis explores if it possible to significantly reduce the cost of such a system by presenting a viable automated, large-scale, 3D-scanning system for movable artifacts tailored to the needs of museums and art institutes. To achieve the thesis goal a market analysis was conducted to identify the need and requirements museums and art institutes have for these kinds of systems. The market analysis also explored available systems on the market and how museums and art institutes use them. The result of the market analysis identified a specific type of automated, large-scale, 3D-scanning system design suitable for market specialization. Based on the market analysis requirements for such a system design were specified and developed into a mechanical design and hardware architecture. These were then used to construct and evaluate a limited prototype as a way of validating the mechanical design and hardware architecture. The remainder of the work consisted of a cost analysis which used the hardware architecture and mechanical designs to estimate the material and component cost to produce a single unit of the developed system. The results of this thesis show that it is probable that market specialization significantly reduces the cost for museums and art institutes to purchase an automated, large-scale, 3D-scanning system compared with available market alternatives. / Automatiserade 3D-scanners som kan 3D-scanna stora volymer av konstprodukter är viktiga verktyg inom kulturhistorisk bevaring då det tillåter museum att digitalisera samlingar i syfte att bevara, forska och ställa ut. Tyvärr så är dessa system dyra och bara ett fåtal museer har resurser nog för att köpa in dem. Denna uppsats utforskar ifall det är möjligt att betydligt reducera kostnaden av ett sådant system genom att presentera en fungerande automatiserad 3D-scanner som är specifikt anpassad för museum. Arbetet började med en marknadsanalys som identifierade kraven som museum ställer på denna typ av system samt en analys av tillgängliga system på marknaden och hur museum använder dessa. Resultatet av detta arbete var att en specifik typ av automatiserad 3D-scannar lämplig för anpassning identifierades. Utifrån kraven som identifierades genom marknadsanalysen så utvecklades sedan en mekanisk och elektrisk design för systemet. Dessa användes sedan för att bygga och utvärdera en begränsad prototyp i syfte att validera den mekaniska och elektriska designen. Resterande arbete bestod av en kostnadsanalys som använde den mekaniska och elektriska designen för att utvärdera material och komponentkostnaden för att bygga en enhet av det utvecklade systemet. Slutsatsen av arbetet i denna uppsats är att det är troligt att det blir billigare för museum att köpa denna typ av system ifall de utvecklas utifrån deras specifika behov jämfört med tillgängliga system på marknaden.

Introduction: Stenotic nares are one of the most important characteristics of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which was first described in 1949. However, although they have been mentioned in most texts about brachycephalic malformations, few studies have attempted to characterize the nasal entrance of dogs morphologically or functionally, and none of them have described it objectively with landmarks. Recently, as the popularity of brachycephalic dogs has exploded worldwide, innumumberable dogs are suffering from BOAS due to structural malformations. In the point of view of animal welfare, stenotic nares should be objectively evaluated to provide evidence of torture breeding. Objectives: The aim of this study was to objectively measure and thus characterize the nasal entrance stenosis of brachycephalic dogs in comparison to non-brachycephalic dogs. To this end, the following objectives were defined: 1. Our aim is to use three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue morphometry to objectively measure the externally visible part of the nasal entrance of healthy and brachycephalic dogs. 2. Our aim is to define specific soft-tissue landmarks and parameters to objectively characterize the nasal entrance of dogs. 3. Compare 3D high-resolution scanning with computed tomography (CT) using the newly defined parameters. 4. Reexamine the nasal entrance with 3D scan six months after surgical correction of nasal entrance stenosis (Ala-vestibuloplasty). Animals, Material and Methods: Forty-five brachycephalic and 45 non-brachycephalic dogs were included in this study between 2018 and 2020. All the animals were referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Unit of the Small Animal Department at the University of Leipzig, either for surgical correction of BOAS or for endoscopic examination. Animals were excluded if their nasal entrance was potentially affected due to disease or previous surgery. All dogs were scanned with a 3D scanner under general anesthesia using a standardized anesthetic protocol before endoscopic intervention. The 3D scans and CT images were later imported into two advanced software (Amira, Thermo Fisher and Facial Analysis Tool) for objective measurement of the nasal entrance. Intra-observer error and ala-vestibuloplasty (AVP) efficacy of the CT images and 3D scans were tested and compared. All the data were normalized using Shapiro–Wilk normality test. All statistical analyses were later performed using Pearson or Spearman test for correlation, paired t-test, or t-test. Paired t-test was used to test whether the mean difference between pairs of measurements was zero. If it was not the same group of animals, t-test was used instead. Results: We defined new specific soft-tissue landmarks to calculate the nasal opening area (NOA) and stenotic angle (SA) to objectively describe the canine nasal entrance. The NOA and SA were significantly smaller in brachycephalic dogs than in non-brachycephalic dogs, and the NOA was significantly correlated with body weight, whereas SA was not. After nasal entrance correction via AVP, the nasal entrances were 295%left and 233%right larger than before surgery in brachycephalic dogs. Intra-observer reliability was tested with excellent significance through NOA measurements. Comparison between the 3D scanner and CT was measured with the NOA, and it did not show a significant difference between the methods. Conclusion: Obtaining the NOA and SA using 3D surface scans seems to be a reliable and reproducible tool for precise objective evaluation of the visible canine nasal entrance. With the measurement of derived NOA and SA, all the brachycephalic dogs in the study were found to have stenotic nares, and all they required AVP to relieve breathing difficulty. The brachycephalic nasal entrances were increased significantly after AVP, the modified nare correction surgery. We consider the results of our study strong evidence that the breeding of brachycephalic dogs is torture breeding. The restriction of nasal breathing due to the extreme reduction of the nasal entrance to a fraction of the size of that of non-brachycephalic dogs is obvious evidence of this.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 - / Einleitung: Die Naseneingangstenose ist eine der wichtigsten Merkmale des brachyzephalen Syndroms (BOAS), das erstmals 1949 beschrieben wurde. Obwohl diese komplexe Stenose in den meisten Texten über brachyzephale Fehlbildungen erwähnt wird, haben nur wenige Studien versucht, den Naseneingang von Hunden morphologisch oder funktionell zu charakterisieren. Eine objektive Beschreibung mit Landmarken ist bisher nicht bekannt. In den letzten Jahren ist die Popularität brachyzephaler Hunde weltweit explodiert. Unzählige Hunde leiden aufgrund struktureller Fehlbildungen an BOAS. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Tierschutzes sollte die einzige, mit bloßem Auge sichtbare Stenose der oberen Atemwege brachyzephaler Hunde, die Stenose des Naseneingangs objektiv bewertet werden können, um Hinweise auf eine Qualzucht zu belegen. Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Naseneingang von brachyzephalen Hunden im Vergleich zu nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden objektiv zu messen und damit die Stenose des Naseneingangs zu charakterisieren und eine chirurgische Therapie, die Ala-Vestibuloplastie (AVP), zu evaluieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die folgenden Ziele definiert: 1. Anwendung der dreidimensionalen (3D) Weichteilmorphometrie zur objektiven Messung des äußerlich sichtbaren Teils des Naseneingangs von gesunden und brachyzephalen Hunden. 2. Definition spezifischer Weichteil-Landmarken und Parameter zur objektiven Charakterisierung des Naseneingangs von Hunden. 3. Methoden-Vergleich zwischen den hochauflösenden 3D-Scans und der Computertomographie (CT) unter Verwendung der neu definierten Parameter. 4. Kontrolluntersuchung mit 3D-Scan sechs Monate nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der Naseneingangsstenose (Ala-Vestibuloplastik). Tiere und Methoden: 45 brachyzephale und 45 nicht-brachyzephale Hunde wurden zwischen 2018 und 2020 in diese Studie aufgenommen und wurden an die Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Abteilung der Kleintierklinik der Universität Leipzig überwiesen, zur endoskopischen Untersuchung der oberen Atemwege und gegebenenfalls zur chirurgischen Korrektur der BOAS-assozierten Stenosen. Ausgeschlossen wurden Tiere, deren Naseneingang aufgrund von Krankheiten oder einer früheren Operation verändert war. Alle Hunde wurden nach einem standardisierten Anästhesieprotokoll anästhesiert, ein Computertomogramm des Kopfes erstellt und vor dem endoskopischen Eingriff wurde der Kopf mit einem 3D-Scanner gescannt. Die 3D-Scans und CT-Bilder wurden in zwei Softwareprogramme (Amira, Thermo Fisher und Facial Analysis Tool) zur objektiven Messung des Naseneingangs importiert. Zur genauen Charakterisierung wurden neue Landmarken am Naseneingang definiert und zur Berechnung von zwei neuen, abgeleiteten Parametern, der Nasenöffnungsfläche (NOA) und dem stenotischen Winkel (SA) verwendet. Der Intraobserver-Fehler und die Wirksamkeit der Ala-Vestibuloplastie wurden anhand der CT-Bilder und 3D-Scans mit demselben Verfahren geprüft und verglichen. Alle statistischen Analysen wurden später mit dem Pearson-Test oder dem Spearman-Test für die Korrelation, dem gepaarten t-Test oder dem t-Test durchgeführt. Der gepaarte t-Test wurde verwendet, um zu prüfen, ob der Mittelwertunterschied zwischen Paaren von Messungen gleich Null war. Handelte es sich nicht um dieselbe Gruppe von Tieren, wurde stattdessen der t-Test verwendet. Ergebnisse: Mit den neu definierten spezifischen Weichteil-Landmarken und den abgeleiteten Parametern NOA und SA konnte der Naseneingang aller brachyzephalen und nicht-brachyzephalen Hunde objektiv beschrieben werden. NOA und SA waren bei brachyzephalen Hunden signifikant kleiner als bei nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden. NOA korrelierte in beiden Gruppen signifikant mit dem Körpergewicht. Dagegen zeigte SA keine Korrelation mit dem Körpergewicht. Nach der chirurgischen AVP waren die Naseneingänge bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden größer als vor der Operation, mit einer Zunahme der NOA links um 295 % und rechts um 233 %. Die Intraobserver-Zuverlässigkeit wurde durch NOA-Messungen getestet und war hoch signifikant. Zum Methoden-Vergleich zwischen 3D-Scanner und CT wurde die Nasenöffnungsfläche jeweils am gemessen und zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Methoden. Schlussfolgerungen: Morphometrische Messungen mit 3D-Oberflächenscans scheinen ein zuverlässiges und reproduzierbares Instrument zur präzisen, objektiven Bewertung des Naseneingangs des Hundes zu sein. Bei der Messung der abgeleiteten Flächen (NOA) und Winkel (SA) wurde bei allen brachyzephalen Hunden dieser Studie eine Naseneingangsstenose festgestellt. Nach der chirurgischen Korrektur der brachyzephalen Naseneingangsstenose, der AVP, waren die Nasenöffnungen deutlich vergrößert. Die Einschränkung der Nasenatmung durch die extreme Verkleinerung des Naseneingangs auf einen Bruchteil der Größe von nicht-brachyzephalen Hunden, betrachten wir als eindeutigen Beweis dafür, dass die Zucht von brachyzephalen Hunden eine Qualzucht ist.:1 INTRODUCTION - 1 - 1.1 General Introduction - 1 - 1.2 Objectives - 2 - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - 3 - 2.1 Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) - 3 - 2.1.1 General Introduction of BOAS - 3 - 2.1.2 How to Define Brachycephalic Dogs - 3 - 2.1.3 Commonly Affected Breeds - 4 - 2.2 The Canine Nasal Entrance - 4 - 2.2.1 Anatomy of the Canine Nasal Entrance and Stenosis - 4 - 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Stenotic Nares in Brachycephalic Dogs - 5 - 2.3 Diagnosis of Stenotic Nares - 9 - 2.3.1 Visual Assessment - 9 - 2.3.2 Nostril Ratio - 11 - 2.3.3 Air Volume of the Nasal Entrance - 11 - 2.4 Development of Morphometry in Brachycephalic Dogs - 11 - 2.5 3D Scanners for 3D Model Reconstruction - 12 - 2.6 Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.1 Introduction of Landmarks - 14 - 2.6.2 Development of Landmarks in Human Medicine - 15 - 2.6.3 Development of Landmarks in Veterinary Medicine - 16 - 2.6.4 Cephalometric Analysis Software - 17 - 3 ANIMALS AND METHODS - 19 - 3.1 Animals - 19 - 3.2 Methods - 19 - 3.2.1 3D Scanning Process and Set-ups of Canine Nasal Entrance - 19 - 3.2.2 Cephalomorphometric Software - 20 - 3.2.3 Cephalometric Landmarks - 20 - 3.2.4 Advanced Morphometric Parameters for Nares - 22 - 3.2.5 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 24 - 3.2.6 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 24 - 3.2.7 Intra-observer Reliability - 25 - 3.2.8 Statistics - 25 - 4 RESULTS - 26 - 4.1 Brachycephalic Dogs and Non-brachycephalic Dogs - 26 - 4.2 The Nasal Opening Area (NOA) - 28 - 4.3 Efficacy of Ala-Vestibulopasty - 30 - 4.4 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 31 - 4.5 Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanning Tool - 32 - 4.6 Intra-observer Reliability - 34 - 5 DISCUSSION - 36 - 5.1 The Nasal Entrance - 36 - 5.2 Method: the 3D Scanner - 37 - 5.3 Method: Comparison between CT and the 3D Scanner - 38 - 5.4 Method: Landmarks and Reproducibility, Intra-observer Reliability - 39 - 5.5 Nasal Opening Area (NOA) and Efficacy of Ala-Vestibuloplasty (AVP) - 42 - 5.6 Stenotic Angle (SA) - 44 - 5.7 Animal Welfare - 45 - 6 SUMMARY - 47 - 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - 49 - 8 REFERENCES - 51 -