This thesis deals with international provided medical assistance services. The goal is to present problems connected to internationally provided assistance services and to offer possible solutions. For this work was drawn up a questionnaire, which was focused on the approach of clients to travelling, to insurance of medical expenses and to assistance companies.

A tese propõe-se a analisar e a interpretar a representação social do usuário sobre a assistência social. Para tanto, foi utilizada a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos, inspirados na teoria pedagógica dos círculos de cultura de Paulo Freire, que procura superar a dicotomia entre pesquisador-pesquisando. Como nos círculos de cultura, os pesquisandos participam ativamente do processo de pesquisa. Foram realizados nove círculos epistemológicos com os usuários, em três Centros de Referência de Assistência Social – CRAS de Porto Alegre RS, três em cada CRAS. Após a realização dos nove círculos epistemológicos, todas as informações foram transcritas, lidas, categorizadas a partir de sua dimensão semântica e analisadas à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Da análise dos dados, foram construídos mapas representacionais com as categorias e subcategorias que revelaram os elementos centrais que constituem tal representação. Os resultados foram interpretados a partir de aportes teóricos de autores que trabalharam temáticas ligadas à assistência social. As contribuições dos usuários pesquisandos foram levadas em consideração na produção final da tese. A tese compõe-se de quatro capítulos organizados em forma de artigo. O primeiro apresenta o referencial teórico das representações sociais e discute a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos mostrando as conexões entre eles. O segundo artigo, também teórico, trata da formação do Estado brasileiro e como sua estruturação influenciou as políticas de assistência social. O terceiro apresenta os resultados empíricos da representação social da assistência social na perspectiva dos usuários. Tal representação apresenta-se como contraditória revelando duas dimensões centrais, uma ideológica e outra crítica. No quarto e último artigo, também empírico, é enfatizada uma dimensão específica da representação social que se destacou das informações colhidas e que se julgou oportuno aprofundá-la: a representação social que os usuários revelaram sobre si mesmos. Tal representação revelou duas dimensões contraditórias, mas inter-relacionadas: por um lado os usuários discriminam-se como “bons” e “maus”; por outro, se reconhecem como iguais pertencentes a um mesmo grupo social e deixam entrever sinais de solidariedade, que oferece condições para a emergência de uma cidadania para além dos direitos. / The dissertation proposes to analyze and interpret the social representation of the user about social assistance. The methodology of epistemological circles inspired by the educational theory of cultural circles of Paulo Freire was used, which seeks to overcome the dichotomy between researcher and research subject. As in the circles of culture, the research subjects actively participate in the research process. Nine epistemological circles were conducted with users in three reference centers of Social Assistance-CRAS of Porto Alegre RS, three in each CRAS. After the completion of the nine epistemological circles , all the information was transcribed, read, categorized from its semantic dimension and analyzed in the light of the theory of social representations. From the data analysis, representational maps were constructed with the categories and subcategories which revealed the central elements that constitute such representation. The results were interpreted from theoretical contributions of authors who worked on welfare-related themes. Research subject users ' contributions were taken into consideration in the production end of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of four chapters arranged in article form. The first presents the theoretical framework of social representations and discusses the methodology of the epistemological circles demonstrating the connections between them. The second article, also theoretical, deals with the formation of the Brazilian State and how its structure influenced the policies of social assistance. The third presents the empirical results of social representation of social assistance from the perspective of the users. Such representation is presented as contradictory revealing two central dimensions, an ideological one and another critical one. In the fourth and last article, also empirical, emphasized a specific dimension of social representation that stood out from the information collected which was deemed appropriate to deepen into: social representation that users reveal about themselves. Such representation revealed two contradictory but interrelated dimensions: on the one hand users discriminate as "good" and "bad"; on the other, recognize each other as equals belonging to the same social group and they see signs of solidarity, which provides conditions for the emergence of a citizenship beyond rights.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier le programme d'assistance militaire des États-Unis au Chili entre 1940 et 1970. Elle examine les différents rouages de sa mise en oeuvre entre la Seconde Guerre mondiale, durant laquelle se met en place l’esquisse des structures de coopération militaire multilatérales et bilatérales qui se développent ensuite pendant les premières années de la Guerre froide, et l'arrivée au pouvoir de Salvador Allende en 1970. A travers l'exemple chilien, il s'agit de mettre en lumière la volonté des Etats-Unis de standardiser, à l'échelle du continent, les doctrines, les pratiques, et les équipements selon le modèle promu par Washington. Est également examinée la question de la réception de cette influence par le Chili : dans quelle mesure ces transferts culturels sont-ils acceptés, rejetés, réappropriés dans les contextes nationaux, mis en concurrence avec ceux d'autres pays ? Enfin, pour rendre compte de la complexité des processus de décision, un accent particulier est mis sur les jeux d’acteurs à la fois au sein de la bureaucratie des départements impliqués dans la gestion du programme, et entre les protagonistes états-uniens et chiliens sur le terrain. / This research examines the U.S. military assistance program in Chile from 1940 to 1970. It analyses its beginnings during the Second World War, and the development of multilateral and bilateral military structures from the the Cold War, up to the election of Salvador Allende in 1970. Through the Chilean example, it highlights the will of the United States to standardize, continent-wide, doctrines, practices, and equipment according to the model promoted by Washington. The question of the reception of this influence by Chile is also examined: to what extent are these cultural transfers accepted, rejected, re-appropriated in national contexts, put in competition with those of other countries? Finally, to account for the complexity of the decision-making process, special emphasis is placed on interactions between various players, both within the bureaucracy of the departments involved in the management of the program, and between the US and Chilean protagonists in the field.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This dissertation on the Evaluation of an Employee Assistance Programme determines the worth or value of the programme by assessing its effectiveness or ineffectiveness. It also seeks to determine if the target population was reached. This study evaluates the level of EAP awareness and utilization by prosecutors. It also focuses on the effectiveness of the programme in addressing their work and personal challenges. It further seeks to understand the level of referring prosecutors to the EAP by their supervisors. The study is evaluative in design and is based on evaluation theory. The population of the study comprises 31 prosecutors from all three Magistrate complexes within Capricorn District (Limpopo Province), namely, Mankweng, Polokwane and Seshego. The total number of prosecutors reached is 31. Data were collected through questionnaires from all the respondents. The study collected information on absenteeism, sick leave and disciplinary matters in order to measure EAP utilisation before and after the programme was introduced to employees. The wish was not successful because the Human Resources system utilised within the NPA did not capture such information as anticipated. The main findings of the study are that prosecutors are aware of the Employee Assistance Programme and most respondents who used the EAP referred themselves. It is clear that prosecutors are aware of the benefits obtained from the programme. Even though a large number of prosecutors were aware of the existence as well as the services offered by the EAP within the NPA, the utilisation rate of the programme was low. The other major finding is that the EAP within the NPA is underutilised. Lastly, the EAP within the NPA in Capricorn District, Limpopo Province is not effective in addressing prosecutors’ work and personal problems.

How does great power security assistance affect civil-military relations in developing states? Great powers use security assistance in the form of arms, equipment, and training not only to build capacity but also to impart values and norms in developing militaries. The United States and other liberal powers, for example, explicitly try to promote civilian control of the military and respect for human rights. Yet security assistance frequently seems to produce norm-violating militaries instead. Policymakers tend to chalk failures up to insufficient emphasis on socialization, while scholars favor rationalist arguments that stress interest misalignment between providers and recipients. By contrast, I argue that norm violations tend to occur not because assistance fails to impart norms, but because it does not impart them quickly enough relative to increases in military capacity and because—in the case of liberal providers—it imparts conflicting norms. Moreover, counter-messages from competing providers dilute the efficacy of socialization attempts. In this dissertation, I argue that we must disaggregate how security assistance changes military beliefs as well as military behavior. Accordingly, the first part of the dissertation examines the conditions under which security assistance leads to shifts in military beliefs. I argue that security assistance can socialize recipient militaries to adhere to norms such as respect for human rights and civilian control of the military, but such norm-abiding behavior is likely to emerge only under certain conditions. First, because it is hard to change beliefs about standards of appropriate behavior in the security domain, socialization requires extensive military training and interaction over time. Moreover, socialization will only occur when there are no competing norms being promoted by other providers. Even if socialization occurs, however, there is no automatic guarantee that behavior will change because behavior is the output of multiple forces including norms, interests, and capabilities. In the second part of the dissertation, I argue that a powerful feature of foreign military training is its ability to alter all three elements of decision-making. However, foreign military training can strengthen military capacity faster than it socializes norms of restraint. When organizational interests are threatened, militaries with enhanced capabilities from security assistance may be more likely to intervene politically or abuse human rights. Second, liberal assistance imparts norms with potentially contradictory implications for behavior. Conflict between liberal norms can arise when political leaders, who militaries are supposed to obey, order the military to harm the population that they are supposed to protect. The contradiction can lead to perverse behavioral outcomes by reducing support for both of the conflicting norms. The dissertation uses micro-level, sub-national, and cross-national data to test the arguments both between and within countries. My empirical focus is on Africa, where many states receive assistance from multiple providers. To evaluate the effects of socialization on belief change, I conduct an original survey of the Liberian military, which the United States rebuilt after Liberia’s civil war ended in 2003. The survey includes an experiment in which soldiers hear a scenario about civilians ordering the military to repress protests, engendering conflict between the two liberal norms. I find that higher levels of training strongly increase support for liberal norms. The experimental evidence suggests, however, that exposure to norm conflict leads to reduced support for both norms and the effects are strongest among soldiers with more US training. To examine the effects of counter-messages from competing providers, I conduct a case study of the Tanzanian military, which Canada and China concomitantly tried to train during the 1960s. Canada attempted to build a liberal military in Tanzania, while China sought to shape a socialist military (China prevailed). The case study draws on hundreds of archival documents from the Canadian military training mission to process trace Canada’s influence and socialization attempts. Finally, to test the link between security assistance and military behavior, I build a new dataset of military involvement in politics and human rights abuses across Africa from 1999 to 2010. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that US foreign military training corresponds to less military interference in politics and repression. These effects are strongest at higher levels of training and training has stronger effects on military behavior than other forms of security assistance. But there is a catch: rapid increases in training appear to drive worse outcomes. By showing the ways, some of them unexpected, that security assistance can change military beliefs and behavior, this study illuminates both the promise and pitfalls of security assistance as a tool of statecraft.

No description available.

Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour cadre la vérification formelle, et plus spécifiquement le projet ANR Blanc CLIMT (Categorical and Logical Methods in Model Transformation) dédié aux grammaires de graphes. Ce projet, qui a démarré en février 2012 pour une durée de 48 mois, a donné lieu à la définition du langage Small-tALC, bâti sur la logique de description ALCQI. Ce langage prend la forme d’un DSL (Domain Specific Language) impératif à base de règles, chacune dérivant structurellement un graphe. Le langage s’accompagne d’un composant de preuve basé sur la logique de Hoare chargé d’automatiser le processus de vérification d’une règle. Cependant, force est de constater que tous les praticiens ne sont pas nécessairement familiers avec les méthodes formelles du génie logiciel et que les transformations sont complexes à écrire. En particulier, ne disposant que du seul prouveur, il s’agit pour le développeur Small-tALC d’écrire un triplet de Hoare {P} S {Q} et d’attendre le verdict de sa correction sous la forme d’un graphe contre-exemple en cas d’échec. Ce contre-exemple est parfois difficile à décrypter, et ne permet pas de localiser aisément l’erreur au sein du triplet. De plus, le prouveur ne valide qu’une seule règle à la fois, sans considérer l’ensemble des règles de transformation et leur ordonnancement d’exécution. Ce constat nous a conduits à proposer un environnement d’assistance au développeur Small-tALC. Cette assistance vise à l’aider à rédiger ses triplets et à prouver ses transformations, en lui offrant plus de rétroaction que le prouveur. Pour ce faire, les instructions du langage ont été revisitées selon l’angle ABox et TBox de la logique ALCQI. Ainsi, conformément aux logiques de description, la mise à jour du graphe par la règle s’assimile à la mise à jour ABox des individus (les nœuds) et de leurs relations (les arcs) d’un domaine terminologique TBox (le type des nœuds et les étiquettes des arcs) susceptible d’évoluer. Les contributions de cette thèse concernent : (1) un extracteur de préconditions ABox à partir d’un code de transformation S et de sa postcondition Q pour l’écriture d’une règle {P} S {Q} correcte par construction, (2) un raisonneur TBox capable d’inférer des propriétés sur des ensembles de nœuds transformés par un enchaînement de règles {Pi} Si {Qi}, et (3) d’autres diagnostics ABox et TBox sous la forme de tests afin d’identifier et de localiser des problèmes dans les programmes. L’analyse statique du code de transformation d’une règle, combinée à un calcul d’alias des variables désignant les nœuds du graphe, permet d’extraire un ensemble de préconditions ABox validant la règle. Les inférences TBox pour un enchaînement de règles résultent d’une analyse statique par interprétation abstraite des règles ABox afin de vérifier formellement des états du graphe avant et après les appels des règles. A ces deux outils formels s’ajoutent des analyseurs dynamiques produisant une batterie de tests pour une règle ABox, ou un diagnostic TBox pour une séquence de règles / The overall context of this thesis is formal verification, and more specifically the ANR Blanc CLIMT project (Categorical and Logical Methods in Model Transformation) dedicated to graph grammars. This project, which started in February 2012 for 48 months, gave rise to the development of the Small- tALC language, a graph transformation language based on the ALCQI description logic. This language takes the form of an imperative DSL (Domain Specific Language) based on rules; from each rule structurally derives a graph. It goes with a proof component based on Hoare's logic designed to automate the process of rule verification. However, it must be assumed that not all developers are familiar with formal methods of software engineering, and that graph transformations are complex to write. In particular, using exclusively the prover, the Small- tALC developer must write a Hoare triple {P} S {Q} and wait for the feedback in the form of a counterexample graph in case of failure. This counter-example is sometimes difficult to interpret, and so it does not allow to easily locate the error within the triple. Moreover, the prover validates only one rule at once, without considering all the transformation rules and their execution order. This fact led us to propose an assistance framework for Small- tALC to help developers write their triples and prove their transformations, providing them more feedback than the prover does. To this purpose, the Small- tALC instructions have been reviewed according to the ABox and TBox aspects of the ALCQI logic. Thus, in accordance with description logics, updating the graph by the rule corresponds to the ABox updating of individuals (nodes) and their relationships (edges) of a TBox terminology domain (nodes concepts and edges labels) that is also expected to evolve. The contributions of this thesis concern: (1) an ABox precondition extractor from a transformation code S and its post-condition Q in order to produce a correct by construction rule {P} S {Q}, (2) a TBox reasoner to infer properties on sets of nodes transformed by a rule sequence {Pi} Si {Qi}, and (3) other ABox and TBox diagnostics based on tests to identify and locate errors in programs. The static analysis of the code of a transformation rule, combined with an alias calculus of the variables that can not designate the same nodes of the graph, allows to extract a set of ABox preconditions validating the rule. TBox inferences related to a sequence of rules result from a static analysis by abstract interpretation of the ABox rules. These inferences formally check graph states before and after rule calls. Beside these two formal tools, the framework features dynamic analyzers that produce test cases for an ABox rule, or a TBox diagnosis for a sequence of rules

Orientador: Claudinei Magno Magre Mendes / Banca: Zélia Lopes da Silva / Banca: Beatriz Anselmo Olinto / Banca: Ivana Guilherme Simili / Banca: Tania Regina de Luca / Resumo: O presente trabalho busca analisar a construção de um modelo de assistência à infância e amparo à maternidade no Brasil entre os anos de 1927-1940. Pretende, também, examinar como foi o processo de elaboração que levou à centralização da assistência à infância aos cuidados da União, passando pelo debate entre juristas e médicos na Construção do Código de Menores e na Constituinte de 1934. Neste período, o saber médico-social prevaleceu, juntamente com o modelo de assistência que buscava dividir as responsabilidades de atendimento entre o público e o particular. Porém, manteria como responsabilidade do Estado a formulação de diretrizes e normatizações referentes ao assunto, criando para este fim um organismo nacional que foi o responsável por organizar, pesquisar, fiscalizar e divulgar as medidas que deveriam ser implementadas em relação à Assistência à Infância e o Amparo à Maternidade em todo o território nacional. / Abstract: The present work searches to analyse the construction of a model of assistance to infancy and support to the maternity in Brazil during the period of 1927-1940. It intends, also, to examine as it was the elaboration process that led to the centralization of the assistance to infancy to the cares of the Union, passing for the debate between jurists and doctors in the Construction of the Code of Minors and in the Constituent of 1934. In this period, doctor-social knowing would prevail together with the assistance model that it searched to divide the responsibilities of attendance between the public and the particular one. However, it would keep as responsibility of the State the referring building of the lines of direction and polices to the subject, creating for this end a national organism, called DNCr, that would be the responsible one for organizing, searching, finalising and publicising the measures that would have all to be implemented in relation to the Assistance to Infancy and the Support to the Maternity in the national territory. / Doutor

The newly released Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP) aims to gender mainstream all stages of Canada’s international development projects with the goal of using a “truly feminist approach that supports the economic, political and social empowerment of women and girls, [making] gender equality a priority, for the benefit of all people” (Government of Canada, 2017). However, it is not clear what comprises a “truly feminist approach” in the policy or how this is being applied in the field. This thesis therefore aims to assess what feminist approaches can be found within the evaluations of projects that have been conducted under the FIAP and what type of feminism they portray. The methodology consisted of examining three case examples through a document review of key evaluation materials, an interview with a representative from each organization, and a ‘Feminist Evaluation Scorecard’ to summarize the findings. The analysis of these qualitative methods demonstrated that the evaluations, although found to be using some feminist approaches, align better with a technocratic version of feminism rather than a transformational one. It was also found that the participating organizations have limited knowledge of the FIAP and face barriers in implementing feminist approaches within their evaluation work. Some suggestions for future practice were provided including increasing clarity in the wording of the FIAP, providing additional resources to organizations through training and funds so that they may better implement feminist evaluations, and increasing overall communication on expectations so that a “truly feminist” approach may be used in evaluations going forward. / Graduate

The problem with which this study is concerned is to determine the extent to which American colleges and universities utilize employee assistance programs (EAPs) to overcome faculty and non-faculty staff members' personal, social, and medical problems. The purpose of this study is to assess the employee assistance programs at institutions that were involved in a related 1979 study conducted by the University of Missouri, Columbia. This study reviews the content and process of the responding programs to determine the extent to which they provide for early recognition, treatment, and rehabilitation of employees for personal, social, and medical problems that potentially affect job performance. The direct outcome of this study is the development of an EAP model for use by higher education institutions.