In this thesis, multipole expansions of mass, momentum and stress density will be made for a body in Newtonian mechanics. Using these definitions / momentum, angular momentum, center of mass, force and torque are defined for N gravitationally interacting isolated bodies. Equations of motions of such a system are derived. Definitions of momentum, angular momentum, center of mass, force and torque are made in a relativistic theory. Dynamical (gravitational) skeleton is defined and the multipole moments of the dynamical skeleton are found. Equations of motion for a test body moving in a gravitational field are derived in terms of the multipole moments. Save the details of the derivations, no originality in this thesis is claimed: it is intended as a review of the subject.

Since 1940, Taiwan has carried out the Local-self Goverment system, Township¡]Country/Town/City¡^has been the front line status of local authority. Because the Constitution does not expressly protect the autonomous status, together with the practical operation of manipulation of local factions and the drawbacks of corruption, as well as the lack of people, money, lack of influence of factors such as the right, resulting in poor functional autonomy, therefore the cancellation of legal status, and that the abolition of self-government elections have been put forward, and caused heated discussion and debate from all walks of life, due to support and oppose the two factions has its own rationale, controversy over the years has not yet come to a conclusion. In this paper, analysis of the Department to collect the relevant papers, periodicals, books, letters Release Act, the meeting information, network information, such as newspapers and magazines as a source of research data and study the use of the rule of law, historical research, secondary data analysis based supplemented by participant observation method of research methods, to be on view. The present paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes introduction, background studies, the motive, the goal, the research framework and the method on this article. The second chapter deliberates origin, the localization and the connotation and the law transformation of the township autonomous status of Autonomous bodies. The third chapter analyzes and explains the design, the implementation and the development of Autonomous bodies. The fourth chapter focuses on the form, the argument of the system, the populace view and analysis of system transformation. The fifth chapter, a conclusion, provides an outcome of the studies, and attempts to propose a strategic solution to the question that has been brought up.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-177). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to UO users.

This thesis analyzes the development of Chinese local people’s congresses (LPCs) in the reform era (1979 onwards). It explores the dynamics behind this development and the role LPCs play in legal-political reform in China. Changes to LPCs are examined in the following areas: national laws and local regulations concerning the LPC system, organization and operation of the LPCs and their standing committees, elections for deputies at both direct and indirect level, and the activities of deputies, including deputy-voter interactions. Based on empirical findings, this thesis argues that LPC reform involves top-down legal reform of the congressional system, social stratification, the emergence of new social classes, a new awareness of rights, and greater public participation. It concludes that through congress elections, Chinese people are increasingly educated and trained to exert their political rights; meanwhile, through congress operations the Party state is becoming more institutionalized, legalized, and pluralistic. That is the contribution made by LPCs to the rule of law and democracy in China. / published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

As we move through our daily lives, the cogency of the world shifts and changes. Many constructs exist to explain and account for how we view and interact with our environment. Education is where our understandings become formalized and are challenged. To this end, a plethora of pedagogical tools are made available to aid educators in illuminating the world(s) around and within each student. However, there is always room for new ways of presenting information, concepts, and ideas. I put forth the mathematical trope of asymptotes as a new pedagogical tool. Asymptotes, as metaphor, work as a pedagogical tool for their utility as both visual and conceptual space. Through highlighting how asymptotes can map conceptualizations of 'the body', be utilized as a means to build and comprehend theoretical inquiry, and reconceptualize difficult issues and concepts within Women's Studies and Feminist classrooms, I posit the asymptotes metaphor as both visual/conceptual space and pedagogical tool.

Η βαριά μυασθένεια είναι μία αυτοάνοση νόσος που οφείλεται στη μείωση του αριθμού των διαθέσιμων λειτουργικών υποδοχέων της ακετυλοχολίνης (AChRs) στις νευρομυϊκές συνάψεις. Η μείωση των διαθέσιμων AChRs διαμεσολαβείται από αυτοαντισώματα έναντι του AChR που ανιχνεύονται σε ποσοστό περίπου 85% των ασθενών. Ο υποδοχέας της ακετυλοχολίνης είναι το ιοντικό κανάλι που εδράζει στη νευρομυϊκή σύναψη και συμμετέχει στη μεταγωγή της νευρικής ώσης από το νευρικό στο μυϊκό κύτταρο. H μυασθένεια χαρακτηρίζεται από αδυναμία και εύκολη κόπωση των σκελετικών μυών και από ανάκτηση της μυϊκής δύναμης με την ανάπαυση. Συχνότερη και σαν πρώτη εκδήλωση και σαν σύμπτωμα, είναι η συμμετρική ή μη προσβολή των οφθαλμικών μυών, που οδηγεί σε πτώση των βλεφάρων και παροδική διπλωπία. Πειραματικά μοντέλα μυασθένειας έχουν επαχθεί σε διάφορους οργανισμούς και κυρίως σε τρωκτικά. Η επαγωγή της ασθένειας σε πειραματόζωα επιτυγχάνεται είτε μέσω ενεργητικής ανοσοποίησης πειραματοζώων με ολόκληρο, ανέπαφο AChR ή τμημάτων του, είτε μέσω παθητικής μεταφοράς ορών μυασθενικών ή αντισωμάτων έναντι του AChR. Στην παρούσα εργασία: 1ον) προσπαθήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε την ύπαρξη και τη σημασία ενός μηχανισμού αντιγόνο-ειδικής παρεμπόδισης της ενεργοποίησης των Β-λεμφοκυττάρων κατά του AChR στην πειραματική βαριά μυασθένεια. Η κατιούσα ρύθμιση των Β- λεμφοκυττάρων μπορεί να διαμεσολαβείται από τον υποδοχέα FcγRIIΒ των Β- κυττάρων. Όταν ο κύριος υποδοχέας των Β κυττάρων (BCR) προσδέσει αντιγόνο το οποίο φέρει προσδεμένο επάνω του ένα άλλο αντίσωμα, ο υποδοχέας FcγRIIB προσδένει το Fc τμήμα αυτού του αντισώματος και μεταδίδει κατασταλτικό σήμα στο εσωτερικό του κυττάρου. Η ανίχνευση και μελέτη αυτού του μηχανισμού στη μυασθένεια, θα μπορούσε μελλοντικά να οδηγήσει στην ανάπτυξη μιας ειδικής θεραπείας για την ασθένεια. Για την μελέτη του παραπάνω μηχανισμού επάχθηκε πειραματική μυασθένεια με ενεργητική ανοσοποίηση AChR από το ηλεκτρικό όργανο του χονδριχθύος Torpedo σε αρουραίους και χορηγήθηκε κατόπιν στα πειραματόζωα σύμπλοκο που αποτελούνταν από Torpedo υποδοχέα και διάφορα μονοκλωνικά αντισώματα έναντι του υποδοχέα Torpedo. Η χορήγηση όμως των συμπλόκων στις συνθήκες του πειράματος δεν φαίνεται να έχει επίδραση στον τίτλο των αντισωμάτων. Περαιτέρω διερεύνηση αυτού του μηχανισμού θα συνέβαλλε στην κατανόηση της δράσης ή όχι του κατασταλτικού υποδοχέα FcγRIIΒ των Β-λεμφοκυττάρων στην πειραματική βαριά μυασθένεια και της πιθανή συμβολή του στην καταστολή της νόσου. 2ον) διερευνήσαμε την παθογένεια των αντισωμάτων έναντι των α- και β- υπομονάδων του AChR από ορούς μυασθενικών μέσω της ικανότητάς τους να προκαλούν πειραματική μυασθένεια όταν χορηγούνται σε πειραματόζωα (αρουραίοι), καθώς επίσης και των ορών, όταν αφαιρούνται τα ειδικά έναντι των α- και β- υπομονάδων αυτοαντισώματα. Σημαντικός παράγοντας για την επίτευξή του στόχου μας είναι η απομόνωση των αυτοαντισωμάτων που επιτεύχθηκε με τη χρήση ανασυνδυασμένων εξωκυτταρικών τμημάτων των α-και β-υπομονάδων του υποδοχέα εκφρασμένα σε βακτηριακές καλλιέργειες E. coli. Τα πειράματα παθητικής μεταφοράς μυασθένειας σε πειραματόζωα μέσω καθαρών-απομονωμένων αντισωμάτων και ορών απαλλαγμένων από τα αντισώματα έναντι της α- και β-υπομονάδας του υποδοχέα οδηγούν στο συμπέρασμα ότι τα αντί-α αντισώματα είναι πιο δραστικά στην πρόκληση της νόσου στα πειραματόζωα, σε σχέση με τα αντί-β αντισώματα. Χαρακτηριστικό των πειραμάτων αυτών είναι το γεγονός πως, όταν από τον ορό των μυασθενικών αφαιρούνται όλα τα αντισώματα που κατευθύνονται κατά του υποδοχέα, ο ορός αυτός δεν προκαλεί συμπτώματα της νόσου στα ζώα, ενισχύοντας την άποψη πως ο μοναδικός παθογόνος παράγοντας του νοσήματος είναι τα αυτοαντισώματα, που κατευθύνονται-στοχεύουν σε επιτόπους του υποδοχέα της ακετυλοχολίνης στη νευρομυϊκή σύναψη. / -

No description available.

The cockroach, with its large brain and physiological resilience, holds many advantages for the development of behavioral paradigms. The work presented here provides a foundation for, and describes the results of, the implementation of studies of neural correlates of learning and memory on restrained animals.Using the antennal projection response (APR) as an indicator of learning and retention, several learning paradigms have been developed. A visual-olfactory associative and a gustatory-olfactory aversive conditioning paradigm demonstrated a plastic behavior that could be driven in an intact and immobilized cockroach. Conditioning the APR to a visual cue paired with an olfactory cue characterized the role of unilateral and bilateral olfactory input in learning and memory. While unilateral olfactory input is sufficient to learn a visual-olfactory association, bilateral olfactory input is necessary for long-term retention of the association. This comparison identified a critical time period in which memory is consolidated. This time period was subsequently used to analyze gene expression during memory consolidation.The split-brain cockroach preparation was developed to investigate what parts of the brain are necessary and sufficient for learning and retention of a visual-olfactory association; this preparation was also used to examine learning-induced changes in test tissue versus control tissue provided by the same animal. Evidence suggests that half of a brain is sufficient for a visual-olfactory association to be established and sufficient for retention of that association between 12 and 24 hours. However, the entire brain is necessary for long-term memory to be established. Using the split-brain cockroach simultaneously as the control and the test subject, learning-induced alterations in the microglomerular synaptic complexes of the calyces were identified in the trained half, but not in the naïve half.Using the APR, spatial learning and memory was examined. Multiple representations of space were revealed in the brain of the cockroach. Cockroaches represent space in terms of an olfactory gradient map, as well as the visuospatial relationship between objects. When both representations of space can be utilized by the cockroach to localize a cue, the positional visual cue is the one that determines the behavioral response.

In the past few years, cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-Bodies) have been identified in eukaryotic cells. P-bodies have roles in translational repression, mRNA storage, mRNA decay and are conserved cytoplasmic aggregations of non-translating mRNAs in conjunction with translation repression and mRNA degradation factors. In this work, I, in collaboration with others provide evidence for a new biological role for P-bodies in viral life cycles. This work can be summarized thus:In a collaborative effort, I have identified connections between retrovirallike transposon life cycles and P-bodies. For example, genetic evidence in yeast indicates that key proteins within P-bodies are required for the life cycles of the Ty1 and Ty3 retrotransposons. Moreover, Ty3 genomic RNA (gRNA) as well as viral structural proteins accumulate in P-bodies, suggesting that P-bodies may serve as sites of viral assembly.Second, I have shown, with assistance of collaborators, that the positivestrand RNA virus, Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) gRNA accumulates in P-bodies Moreover, viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) colocalizes with and co-immunoprecipitates with the P-body protein Lsm1p, suggesting that P-bodies may participate in viral replication. Remarkably, the accumulation BMV gRNA in P-bodies is dependent on cis-elements that have been demonstrated to play critical roles in viral RNA replication.The identification of P-bodies as sites of accumulation of viral gRNA and viral proteins of both retro-virus like elements and positive-stranded RNA viruses, expands the list of important biological roles played by P-bodies. Since P-body proteins and structure are highly conserved, these findings imply that Pbodies will be important for other RNA viruses.

No description available.