This thesis explored the management of change, from a British model of Design and Technology (D&T) curriculum to the Botswana model intended for senior secondary schools. There is little research on the management of change in D&T education especially at senior secondary school level. The study employs the ADKAR (Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement) change model, originally designed for business and industry as the theoretical framework to assess the nature of change and use insights gained to identify gaps in the implementation and make proposals for more effective implementation. The study employed a multi-phase case study as a data collection strategy, which was mainly qualitative and situated within a post-modernist inquiry paradigm. A multi-method approach was adopted for data collection, which included questionnaires, individual and group interviews as well as literature review. The data were collected from in-service officers and teachers because of their role as change managers and implementers respectively. Data analysis employed a thematic analysis approach for qualitative data while descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed the following issues affecting the curriculum: limited implementation strategy. limited participation by key stakeholders. weak coalition for change. limited administrative support especially in terms of provision of resources. and a limited teacher support system as well as weak reinforcement mechanisms to sustain the change. The findings showed that the existing D&T curriculum included new advanced technological content areas to align it with the country s vision of moving away from the traditional agro-based economy to the industrial one. These findings suggest that the technology content areas were barely taught in secondary schools primarily due to limited teachers expertise and inadequate provision of equipment. The study proposes a school-based continuous professional development (CPD) model, which recognises that teachers are change agents and a vital resource that can be developed to build the necessary change capability. The premise of this framework is that the current regional management system was not effective considering the constraints of limited implementation capacity and resources, the vastness of some regions as well as the fact that schools operated under different contexts. The envisioned CPD recognises the uniqueness of school and teachers input into the design and development of CPD programmes. The proposed CPD model promotes also research-based evidence that ensures that it is not a mere skill upgrading exercise, but one that integrates teachers professional development needs, with those of the curriculum and students. This thesis contributes to the field by providing some insights into some of the dynamics of implementing and coping with change within the context of Botswana. The ADKAR framework employed in this study is an original contribution in the field of D&T education. This framework will be of particular use to other countries undertaking D&T curriculum innovation in terms of guiding change management activities such as: readiness assessment; resource provision; developing communications strategies; identifying gaps in terms of training needs for teachers; creating enabling structures; resistance management and reinforcement strategies.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science school of Geosciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Hydrogeology. Johannesburg, June 2017. / The Masama Sandstone Aquifer is located in a semi-arid region of south-eastern Botswana where there are no perennial rivers. Groundwater is the main source of water supply for the communities. Historically many water drilling programs have been carried out in this area and the hydrogeological system has been conceptualized. An integrated approach coupling environmental isotopes, radioisotopes and multivariate statistical analysis of the hydrochemical variables was employed to study the origin, age, recharge conditions, rock-water interaction and the hydrological link between the aquifer and geological structures. The major ions in this area are Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO-3. Groundwater in the Masama area fall in the transition from a Na-HCO-3 –type through Ca-Na-HCO-3 to Ca-Mg-HCO-3 -type waters from the western to the eastern part of the area. The water types are as a result of cation exchange, carbonate dissolution and rock-weathering processes. The δ18O and δ2H values vary spatially depending on the source of moisture, rainfall season, geology, topography and groundwater circulation depth. Deep circulating groundwaters are isotopically depleted whilst shallow circulating groundwaters are isotopically enriched with respect to winter rain. Low tritium values < 0.8TU and 14C values < 80pmc testifies for recharge. Recent rainfall amount in the area is not sufficient enough to make a profound replenishment in the aquifer. Tritium, 14C and Chloride Mass Balance helped in identifying recharge location and hydrologic connections between structures and the sandstone aquifer elucidating that recharge zones are in the NE and NW of the study area. High recharge rates occur in the north-eastern part and the Makhujwane fault act as a conduit for groundwater recharge. This study provides a better understanding of the aquifer and the information contained herein can be incorporated into future works for sustainable use of the groundwater resource. / XL2017

ABSTRACT Since independence in 1966, centralized development planning has ensured the availability of basic facilities and services in rural areas of Botswana but has also contributed to over-reliance on the government for the majority of rural people. The consequence of this centralized and accelerated approach to rural development has been the exclusion of rural communities from planning and implementation of facilities meant to benefit them. The international debate on sustainable rural development led the Botswana government to re-think its rural development policy with a view to establishing more effective strategies for rural development. The Community Based Strategy for Rural Development, introduced in 1997 emphasizes the important role of communities in their own development, by promoting Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). This study sought to discover insights into the implementation of PRA in Botswana by questioning extension workers and community members in four villages about the application and impact of PRA on their communities. The research uses the frameworks of qualitative research and critical adult education theory to enquire into the basis for participatory rural development in Botswana and the implementation of Community Action Plans (CAPs). Case studies of the four villages were conducted to illuminate problematic areas of programme design and implementation. Interviews with thirty-two people and observations were the main methods of collecting data. Documents, reports and records on PRA training and application in the four villages and from outside were consulted. The research results show that the application of PRA in the participating villages has had negligible impact in reversing the state-dominated approach to development. PRA facilitators seem disinterested in its application and sustenance. However, the findings also suggest that PRA application in Botswana is not hopeless, but needs a different kind of investment, for example, introducing measures of accountability, addressing paternalistic attitudes among development workers, and exploiting key principles of adult education.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the limitations of the housing policy in Botswana when dealing with poverty alleviation. Botswana is faced with high levels of poverty that does not conform to the country’s economic success since independence. Very few opportunities exist for the urban poor to earn a living and work themselves out of poverty. Efforts to address poverty in the past yielded mixed results and failed the urban poor more especially that the interventions were biased towards rural areas. Evidence has been provided that housing has a critical role to play in poverty alleviation. The Government of Botswana has put in place housing projects (one of which is used for this enquiry) through which poverty can be addressed alongside other human needs such as shelter. An enabling environment has to be created for the successful exploitation of housing for poverty alleviation. It is therefore imperative that the government ensures the existence of such an environment.

This thesis investigates the role of masculinities on men’s sexual and reproductive health in Botswana. Botswana is currently in the throes of a severe heterosexually driven HIV/AIDS epidemic that has eroded some of the developmental gains the country had achieved since independence. A unique feature of Botswana’s HIV epidemic is the rapid and phenomenal increase in infection and prevalence rates in the face of good levels of knowledge of HIV prevention and an early and comprehensive HIV prevention strategy that guaranteed access to free HIV prevention and treatment services, including ARV treatment. The lack of effectiveness of the country’s HIV efforts and subsequent increase in infection rates have been blamed on men’s risky sexual behavior and lack of support of their partners’ decisions to utilize these services. In fact, quantitative studies on men’s sexual behavior and HIV such as the Botswana AIDS Impact Surveys show that men are less likely to use VCT services and more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior that increases risk of HIV infection to themselves and their partners. While studies provide the evidence that implicates men in the rapid growth Botswana’s HIV epidemic, the studies provide little or no explanation of factors that motivate men’s behavior in reproductive health. This lack of insights on factors that motivate men’s behavior leads to stereotypes about male promiscuity and may contribute to the lack of effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies. The current HIV epidemic has thus thrust heterosexual masculinities at the centre of HIV prevention efforts and provides an opportunity for research to interrogate the role of heterosexual masculinities in reproductive health, especially HIV transmission and prevention. The thesis employs qualitative data to provide in-depth appreciation of the prevalent masculine norms and beliefs and to highlight contextual factors and processes that shape and give rise to various masculinities. It further uses quantitative data to provide measures of levels of men’s masculine and gender role beliefs that may influence HIV prevention and transmission and to test the association between masculinities and men’s sexual and reproductive health attitudes and practices. The results show that men’s sense of identity is socially constructed, and revolves around the notion of superiority to women, independence and having and being in control of the family. However, men face many challenges to the realization of this masculine ideal. Men’s perceived difficulty or failure to live up to socially constructed Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana vii notions of masculinities affects their experience of sexual and reproductive health programs, especially women’s empowerment and HIV prevention programs. By their nature, these programs tend to challenge men’s dominance of women’s decision on sexuality, and are therefore experienced as a threat to some men’s sense of identity. Quantitative results indicate an association between masculinities and sexual and reproductive health. While men’s sense of masculinities is not the overriding factor determining their sexual and reproductive health attitudes and practices, the results show a strong association traditional masculine beliefs and negative sexual and reproductive health beliefs and practices. However, there is also strong evidence that men and masculinities are responding to contextual factors, such as the HIV epidemic, which has become a specific stress on the local construction of masculinities. In focus group discussions, many men challenged traditional masculine norms, beliefs and practices that increase their vulnerability to HIV infection and those that either encourage or condone violence within intimate relationships. Significantly high proportions of men had positive attitudes towards HIV prevention programs. It is evident that now more than ever (and thanks to the HIV/AIDS epidemic) many men are ready to question the predominant masculine norms, beliefs and practices that increase their vulnerability to infection and disease. These voices of change represent a window of opportunity for research and programs can meaningfully engage with men and masculinities on issues of sexuality, gender roles, sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. There is need for future research and interventions to move away from focusing exclusively on individual models of preventive health behaviors to more multilevel, cultural and contextual explanations. Taking account of multilevel, cultural and contextual factors that shape masculinities and men’s sense of identity will ensure increased effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health programs, especially HIV/AIDS prevention programs. On the other hand, failure to account for cultural and contextual factors that shape individuals’ behavior will only ensure that the shortcomings of such intervention program will continue to be blamed on the individual.

Centre of African Ecology Animal, Plants and the Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. / Arid African savannas experience seasonal, variable rainfall, resulting in unpredictable patterns in vegetation distribution. Understanding the spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity and the resulting behavioural responses of native herbivores is essential for the analysis of the vulnerability of savanna ecosystems to climatic and human-induced threats. The Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), Botswana, is open to free-ranging wildlife to its south and west. The mostly homogeneous dune landscape is interspersed with valley and pan systems, which deviate considerably from dune regions in their soil and vegetation structures. I assessed the phenology of green vegetation across the pan-valley and dune habitats of the northern CKGR, using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery, and related variations in greenness to the ecology of gemsbok (Oryx gazella), a herbivore species that is highly adapted to arid conditions. Eight female gemsbok were collared in the northern CKGR, and their patterns of habitat selection and responses to three greenness measures (NDVI, ΔNDVI and Relative Greenness) were assessed using logistic regression models. Gemsbok 12-hour displacement distances for each herd were compared seasonally to assess whether gemsbok in the northern CKGR differ in their movement strategies depending on the prevailing environmental conditions at that point in time and space. The northern CKGR experiences high inter-annual variability in NDVI greenness and phenology. Pan-valley and dune habitats did not have significantly different rates of green-up or green season durations, but dune habitats had higher NDVI levels. Patches with the highest greenness levels showed little spatial persistence from year to year. Gemsbok did not select for higher NDVI or ΔNDVI, but they selected for categories of relative greenness that were higher than the lowest relative greenness level. Gemsbok selected pan-valleys over dunes during the green season, but were not selective during the brown season, probably as a result of the loss of green grasses in pan-valley habitats during this period. Finally, gemsbok had no specific general trend in seasonal displacement distances. Gemsbok in the CKGR are likely to be opportunistic feeders, and herds probably made varying behavioural decisions based on their immediate environmental conditions.

BackgroundHIV is a virus, which attacks the immunesystem in the body. In the year 2000 themillennium declaration was adopted. Combat against HIV and primary education for all thechildren are two goals that were presented. HIV was predicted to have big consequences onschool because there would be a lack of trained teachers, there would not be any children toteach and the quality of the education would be low.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to look into how the effects of HIV and AIDS have affected theschool situation in Botswana.MethodThe choice of method is based on hermeneutics with influences from a phenomenographicapproach. The data collection tool used is self-report, where the informants get to writeabout their own perceptions of a question.ResultsAbsenteeism, the Work-load for Teachers and Awareness are the three biggest effects ofHIV and AIDS on the selected schools for this study. / Program: Lärarutbildningen

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / The Mahalapye sub District Development Committee is the most significant organization in the sub district as it sets overall goals, direction and priorities with which all development initiatives within the district should conform to. The membership of the committee includes all heads of central and local government departments, government planners, heads of Parastatals, and representatives of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Effective management of projects requires collective consciousness, effort and will and it is important that members of the sub District Development Committee work as a team to ensure that all projects are implemented within the set time frames and limited resources. The development challenges facing Mahalapye sub district are complex. These challenges are not peculiar to the sub district, but are also a challenge to other districts in Botswana. These challenges include the need to implement village infrastructure projects in a cost effective manner in that the projects are completed within the estimated budget and time schedule. The research findings are that indeed the problem of project cost and time overruns is a problem in Mahalapye sub District and that the problem is attributed to the way the projects are managed, in particular, by the sub District Development Committee. A number of recommendations have been provided to help overcome the problem

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural economics)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The cattle (especially beef) industry in Botswana has traditionally played an important role in the country’s economy, with significant contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exports, and employment, as well as playing an important role in social and cultural spheres. Agriculture contributes about 2.3 % of GDP, out of which 70% - 80% is attributable to cattle production. By 2004, beef exports amounted to P284m, approximately 1.7% of total exports of P16.2 billion. In recent years, however, there have been signs of decline and stagnation, especially in the beef export subsector, with adverse implications for the viability of cattle farming in the country, and more generally for rural livelihoods. Botswana’s beef subsector has not fulfilled its potential as a contributor to economic growth and development, especially in the rural areas. The BMC has never been able to meet its quota of 19 000 tonnes of beef to the European Union (EU), despite being cushioned by the Continuo agreement against price competition from more efficient beef producers like Brazil. With the above background, the study was undertaken to examine the supply response of beef farmers in Botswana to various economic (e.g. prices) and non-economic [e.g. rainfall, technology and inventory (cattle population)] factors. This study used historical data on Botswana’s beef subsector for the period 1993 to 2005, and Nerlove’s partial adjustment model was used for the empirical analysis of the data. The results of the study revealed that Botswana beef farmers respond positively to price incentives and time trend (proxy for technology), and negatively to all other variables. Elasticities of supply showed that cattle supply is elastic with respect to variations in producer price and almost unit elastic to changes in cattle inventory. However, the response to shocks in other variables included in the model was inelastic. Short run price elasticity of supply is 1.511 whereas long run price elasticity is 10.57, a clear sign that pricing can be employed as a strategy to enhance beef production in Botswana. The speed of adjustment however, was relatively very low at 14% per period. This slow adjustment perhaps tells us that Botswana farmers, who are predominantly subsistence farmers, may not be having enough capacity (in terms of resources and technology) to immediately increase production when economic environment improves in their favour. Based on the results it is recommended that price increase be adopted as a strategy for improving cattle supply. Extension services need to be strengthened with a view of promoting cattle farming as a commercial activity. Current technology of using communal grazing and indigenous breeds need to be improved. It is also recommended that studies be conducted to determine the suitability of technology that is at the disposal of the farmers. Lastly Botswana government needs to come up with a strategy by which farmers can change from their attitude of oxen production to weaner production.

Late Carboniferous to Permian strata of the Lower Karoo sequence in the Kalahari Karoo Basin, Botswana, contains suitably preserved palynomorphs for biostratigraphic classifications. All taxa described from eight out of the nine coreholes sampled for the study comprise sixty-eight genera made of one hundred and sixty-five miospore species, eleven arcritarchs species, seven prasinophytes species, and 1 chlorophyte species. Two wellsampled coreholes, namely STRAT 1 and CKP6, have lacial facies, to warm and drier conditions during deposition of the lower Ecca sequences. Palaeoclimatic conditions ultimately turned wet during middle Ecca times generating coal-forming settings. Palaeoenvironmental interpretations based on palynofacies data indicate a predominantly proximal palaeo-depositional setting for the entire Lower Karoo sequence at STRAT 1 borehole. The broader depositional environment transformed from glacial sub-environments, during deposition of the Dwyka Group, into a relatively wider basin punctuated by some rare marine incursions, in the early Ecca Group, and ultimately developing into a deltaic system.