<p>This thesis concerns the management and administration of tribal land in Botswana. The administration processes that are practiced today are neither effective nor suitable for present and future needs. Existing problems relates to registration, archiving and order among the ownership rights. A solution to these problems would promote a system that secures the right of each individuals land.</p><p>Our aim is to recognize the processes and work methods that are the reason for the mentioned problems in administration of tribal land. We want to find suggestions for solutions to these problems. To be able to recognize the existing difficulties a thorough literature review has been made as well as interviews with persons with dissimilar positions at three different land boards. Interviews were made at the Mogoditshane Subordinated Land Board, Tlokweng Main Land Board and Mochudi Subordinated Land Board. Questions asked concerned the Tribal Land Act, practice of land allocation and location of plots, appeals, recordkeeping and compensation.</p><p>We have also looked into how a pilot study regarding land adjudication directed by the LAPCAS-project, which is a five year running project in cooperation with Swedish Lantmäteriet and Ministry of Lands and Housing in Botswana, can act as one solution to the many problems that exists.</p><p>Our conclusion is that tribal land tenure in its own meaning is not a problem, the problem concerning tribal land lies in the administration thereof. Some common regulations for all land boards are needed to implement routines and structures that will improve the administration of tribal land. These kinds of routines can be learnt from involvement and close work with the LAPCAS-project.   </p>

This thesis concerns the management and administration of tribal land in Botswana. The administration processes that are practiced today are neither effective nor suitable for present and future needs. Existing problems relates to registration, archiving and order among the ownership rights. A solution to these problems would promote a system that secures the right of each individuals land. Our aim is to recognize the processes and work methods that are the reason for the mentioned problems in administration of tribal land. We want to find suggestions for solutions to these problems. To be able to recognize the existing difficulties a thorough literature review has been made as well as interviews with persons with dissimilar positions at three different land boards. Interviews were made at the Mogoditshane Subordinated Land Board, Tlokweng Main Land Board and Mochudi Subordinated Land Board. Questions asked concerned the Tribal Land Act, practice of land allocation and location of plots, appeals, recordkeeping and compensation. We have also looked into how a pilot study regarding land adjudication directed by the LAPCAS-project, which is a five year running project in cooperation with Swedish Lantmäteriet and Ministry of Lands and Housing in Botswana, can act as one solution to the many problems that exists. Our conclusion is that tribal land tenure in its own meaning is not a problem, the problem concerning tribal land lies in the administration thereof. Some common regulations for all land boards are needed to implement routines and structures that will improve the administration of tribal land. These kinds of routines can be learnt from involvement and close work with the LAPCAS-project.

Botswanas ekonomiska tillväxt utgör ett sällsynt exempel på ett afrikanskt land som har lyckats använda sina naturtillgångar till att driva på en ekonomisk utveckling och samtidigt minimerat effekterna av den så kallade Holländska sjukan (HS). HS är ett ekonomiskt fenomen som går ut på att en växande sektor som baseras på naturtillgångar skadar landets tillverkningssektor och leder därmed till en indirekt de-industrialisering. Botswanas diamantindustri står för drygt 35% av BNP:n och hela 75% av exportintäkterna vilket gör att landet har en mineralbaserad ekonomi. Detta faktum har gjort landet väldigt intressant för forskning. Aktuell forskning har med hjälp av ekonometriska metoder visat att landets tillverkningssektor har undvikit eller drabbats minimalt av de effekter som HS utgör. Detta tack vare att Botswanas regering aktivt, genom ekonomiska styrmedel som finansieras av diamantindustrin, försöker motarbeta effekterna av HS. Eftersom tidigare makrostudier bygger på kvantitativ data i form av tillväxtsiffror finns det all anledning att vara skeptisk till dess slutsatser eftersom HS-modellen utgår från att staten i detta sammanhang ärneutral. Syftet i denna uppsats är att genom litteraturstudier ta reda på hur de två största tillverkningsindustrierna har påverkats av diamantindustrins tillväxt och de HS-effekter som detta medför. Slutsatserna är att industrierna har påverkats på olika sätt. Textilindustrin har drabbats av the resource movement effect vilket uttrycker sig i form av tillväxtsvårigheter samt minskad konkurrensförmåga. Boskapsindustrin upplever också tillväxtsvårigheter men av den anledningen att priset för kött har ökat på den lokala marknaden tack vare the spending effect. Det går inte att tyda några symptom av the exchange rate effect på vare sig textil- eller boskapsindustrin. Slutsatserna i denna studie skiljer sig från tidigare forskning och kan förklaras i att användning av ekonometriska metoder för att studera HS kan vara missvisande eftersom dessa metoder "luras" av positiva tillväxtsiffror hos tillverkningsindustrierna som till stor del finansieras av den dominerande diamantindustrin.

This study analyzed changes in livelihoods before and after tourism development at Khwai, Mababe and Sankoyo villages in the Okavango Delta. Specifically, it analyzed how people interacted with species like giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) and thatching grass (Cymbopogon excavatus) before and after tourism development. This analysis was expected to measure the effectiveness of tourism development as a tool to improve livelihoods and conservation. The concept of social capital, sustainable livelihoods framework and the Community- Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) paradigm informed the study. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered through field-based research, using tools of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and key informant interviews. Results indicate that local customs and institutions at Khwai, Mababe and Sankoyo ensured the conservation of resources in pre-colonial Botswana. However, British colonial rule (1885-1966) affected traditional institutions of resource use hence the beginning of resource decline. The British colonial rule and the first 15-20 years after Botswana’s independence from British rule saw an increase in resource degradation. Results also indicate that since CBNRM began in the 1990s, tourism development has positive and negative effects on rural livelihoods. On the positive side, tourism development in some ways is achieving its goals of improved livelihoods and conservation. Residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and conservation have also become positive compared to a decade ago when these communities were not involved in tourism development. On the negative side, tourism is emerging as the single livelihood option causing either a decline or abandonment of traditional options like hunting and gathering and agricultural production. Reliance on tourism alone as a livelihood option is risky in the event of a global social, economic and political instability especially in countries where most tourists that visit the Okavango originate or in Botswana itself. There is need, therefore, for communities to diversify into domestic tourism and small-scale enterprises. On the overall, tourism development through CBNRM indicates that it is a viable tool to achieve improved livelihoods and conservation in the Okavango Delta.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Sierra Leone is a very poor country in Africa. Botswana is another country, that has a similar history and the same deposit; diamonds. Botswana has reached economic growth and democracy and Sierra Leone has not.</p><p>The purpose with this study is to explain why Botswana is more democratic and has reached a better result economic than Sierra Leone.</p><p>The questions in this study are:</p><p>What explains the democratic and the economic results in Sierra Leone and Botswana?</p><p>* Dahl’s institutions that furthers a polyarchy?</p><p>* Gunnarsson’s and Rojas’ institutional explanations?</p><p>* Diamond’s and Morlino’s ”rule of law”?</p><p>* Other explanations or a combination of the above-mentioned explanations?</p><p>The method that has been used in this study is a comparative case study with a qualitative contents analysis. The result is that it’s hard to say that one explanation is the right one. It’s more likely a combination of multiple factors that furthers democracy and economic development. Not just one combination is the right one, but the institutional explanation about the autonomy of the state is very important for the result.</p>

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses the study objectives as follows: 1. Description of the extent of roll-out of SHW (Solar Water Heater) as a DSM (Demand Side Management) Programme in Botswana. 2. Identification of SWH implementation obstacles/barriers in Botswana. 3. Provision of a strategy for SWH data capture and verification in Botswana. 4. Evaluation of SWH performance through field measurements. 5. Prediction of SWH performance results using performance predictive simulation models. 6. Extrapolation/quantification of the impact of SWH. 7. Provision of energy management/planning/forecasting tool.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Safe Male circumcision (SMC) divides people for or against it, depending upon their attitudes. The Ministry of health (MOH) has built capacity in the country for rapid scale up of the program since 2009. However, despite the efforts, the number of men circumcised is lagging behind set targets. We do not know to what extent attitudes of the managers at national and district levels do influence this underperformance? The effectiveness of the managers at workplace at large will depend on their attitudes towards SMC. Managers with positive attitudes bring at workplace energy, creativity and momentum to fulfill the work objectives and goals. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to; 1) establish the current situation of SMC implementation in Botswana, 2) establish the required attitudes for managers towards SMC program, 3) establish the attitudes of SMC managers at all levels toward SMC program, 4) determine the gap between the required attitudes and SMC managers’ current attitudes toward SMC, and 5) Provide recommendation for reinforcing positive attitudes toward SMC program. Methods: The study used an explorative qualitative design. It was carried out at the Ministry of health headquarters and in ten districts in Botswana. A total of 26 SMC program managers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Results: The study found that the managers were confirming to positive attitudes toward the program as prescribed by the MOH’s standards. Data revealed a positive trend in scaling up of the program albeit lagging behind set targets. Conclusion: This study looked at the desired attitudes of SMC managers should posses and the level of attitudes currently have towards the program. It was not easy to link attitude and performance of individuals. High turnover rate of SMC officers was a worrisome finding that calls for further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Na gelang van hul houdings, is die meeste mense hetsy sterk ten gunste van of heftig gekant teen veilige manlike besnydenis (VMB). Die Ministerie van Gesondheid is reeds sedert 2009 besig met vermoëbou-inisiatie we om die VMB-program vinnig uit te brei. Ondanks hierdie pogings, is die aantal mans wat ingevolge dié program besny word egter veel minder as die vasgestelde teikens. Dit is nie bekend in watter mate die houdings van VMB-programbestuurders op nasionale en distriksvlak hierdie onderprestasie beïnvloed nie. Die algehele doeltreffendheid waarmee dié bestuurders die program in werking stel, sal immers grootliks afhang van hul houdings jeens VMB. Bestuurders met ’n positiewe houding sal energie, kreatiwiteit en stukrag aan die werkplek verleen ten einde die programoogmerke en -doelwitte te verwesenlik. Oogmerke: Die oogmerke van die studie was: 1) om die huidige stand van VMB-inwerkingstelling in Botswana te bepaal; 2) om te bepaal watter houdings bestuurders behóórt te hê jeens die VMB-program; 3) om te bepaal watter houdings bestuurders op alle vlakke wél het jeens die VMB-program; 4) om vas te stel in watter mate bestuurders se vereiste houdings en huidige houdings jeens VMB verskil; en 5) om aanbevelings te doen vir die versterking van positiewe houdings jeens die VMB-program. Metode: Die studie het van ’n verkennende kwalitatiewe ontwerp gebruik gemaak. Dit is by die hoofkantoor van die Ministerie van Gesondheid sowel as in tien gesondheidsdistrikte in Botswana onderneem. Onderhoude aan die hand van ’n semigestruktureerde onderhoudsgids is met altesaam 26 VMB-programbestuurders gevoer. Resultate: Die studie bevind dat die bestuurders wél positiewe houdings jeens die program toon soos wat die standaarde van die Ministerie van Gesondheid vereis. Data dui op ’n positiewe tendens in die uitbreiding van die program, al word die vasgestelde teikens nie bereik nie.

Botswana is considered an exemplary democracy in Africa. It is imperative to assess how an enviable democracy could flourish when the most widely available mass media was not independent. The fact is, despite the fact that media has been at the heart of development in Botswana, it has often been ignored in local academic and popular discussions about democracy and governance. A 1994 seminar on the media in a democracy organized by the Mmegi Publishing Trust (Leepile, 1994), was one of the very few forums where the role of the media in Botswana was given any attention. Even then, most the presentations were not substantive, mainly providing basic information about media institutions in Botswana and laws that protect and threaten freedom of the media. Botswana's contemporary state - media nexus can only be understood within the context of a long history of media dependence and domination by neighbouring South Africa (Zaffiro, 1991) assisted by British colonisation. To appreciate the challenges of cultural production at Botswana Television (BTV) required a study of the problematic encounter between the quest for creative and professional freedom within BTV on the one hand,·and the authoritarian gaze of state power on the other hand. BTV operated under an ill-defined broadcasting model, of a state bureaucratic arm, attempting to fulfil the ethos of public service broadcasting. Through the lens of the Newsroom, in-house productions, commissioning and procurement of foreign and local content, the study shows the subtle ways in which state ownership of the media compromises freedom of expression and freedom of information in Botswana. Yet, Botswana continued to enjoy that status of Africa's exemplar of democracy. Good governance indicators consistently gave media in Botswana cursory attention, thereby reinforcing state authoritarianism in Botswana. With a media dominated by state power, Botswana still emerged as exemplary. This complicated the quest for the ideal communication environment towards democratization in the Third World, particularly in a globalizing context. In situations such as that of Botswana, where the institutions that should protect the media from government control are either absent or weak, universal ideals on media freedom are often not enough. Media practitioners are more likely to find support in the local discourses, repertoires and cultures that call upon all, regardless of status, to tolerate opposition. A local tradition of the kgotla in particular, often heralded as Botswana's indigenous form of democracy, is placed in this chapter, at the heart of much of the freedom, limited as it may be, that BTV enjoyed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.

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