Orientador: Prof. Dr. Caetano Rodrigues Miranda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, Santo André, 2018. / A pasta de cimento 'e um material complexo, heterog¿eneo e poroso com excelentes propriedades que o tornam um aglutinante adequado para aplica¸c¿oes em constru¸c¿oes. A qualidade e a durabilidade do cimento t¿em uma forte rela¸c¿ao com a 'agua contida nele. Embora uma boa compreens¿ao das intera¸c¿oes complexas entre os poros do cimento e os flu'ýdos confinados 'e necess'aria para resolver os atuais problemas de durabilidade, at'e ent¿ao nenhum modelo foi bem sucedido na captura de todos os processos e o papel da 'agua no cimento continua a ser uma 'area de pesquisa ativa. Com o intuito de contribuir para a compreens¿ao atual da estrutura do cimento, este trabalho se concentrou no estudo dos processos din¿amicos que acontecem na nanoescala da 'agua confinada em poros de cimento. Utilizamos simula¸c¿oes atom'ýsticas que v¿ao desde primeiros princ'ýpios at'e din¿amica molecular para estudar a principal fase de hidrata¸c¿ao, ou seja, hidrato de silicato de c'alcio (C¿S¿H), modelado por uma estrutura de tobermorita com defeitos. A partir de primeiros princ'ýpios, investigamos a morfologia da superf'ýcie da tobermorita a qual rege as intera¸c¿oes da 'agua com o modelo C-S-H. Demonstramos que a tobermorita forma cristais pseudo-hexagonais e a faceta mais est'avel 'e a (004). A fim de explorar sistemas maiores, checamos a transferabilidade do potencial cl'assico CLAYFF na descri¸c¿ao dos componentes do cimento atrav'es de um estudo comparativo entre simula¸c¿oes de mec¿anica molecular e DFT. Embora as frequ¿encias calculadas com DFT e CLAYFF sejam diferentes, as propriedades estruturais e termodinâmicas apresentam grande concord¿ancia, indicando que o potencial CLAYFF 'e adequado para nossos c'alculos. Um par¿ametro importante para quantificar a din¿amica da 'agua no nanoconfinamento 'e o tempo de relaxa¸c¿ao T2. Para validar a metodologia implementada na determina¸c¿ao te'orica do tempo de relaxa¸c¿ao T2, realizamos simula¸c¿oes para a 'agua confinado dentro de nanoporos de calcita (1¿6 nm). Observamos que a din¿amica translacional 'e a principal respons'avel pela relaxa¸c¿ao de spin das mol'eculas de 'agua pr'oximas 'a superf'ýcie. O tempo de relaxa¸c¿ao T2 para mol'eculas de 'agua adsorvidas na superf'ýcie 'e menor e independente do tamanho de poro, no entanto, uma relaxa¸c¿ao de spin do tipo bulk 'e observada no centro dos poros maiores que 3 nm. Buscando elucidar as diversas propriedades da 'agua nanoconfinada em poros C¿S¿H, dividimos nosso estudo em tr¿es partes. Inicialmente, nos dedicamos a compreender os efeitos de confinamento da 'agua entre camadas (< 1 nm) e poros de gel (1¿5 nm) do modelo C-S-H, assim como suas influ¿encias nas intera¸c¿oes de superf'ýcie. A natureza hidrof'ýlica da superf'ýcie C¿ S¿H 'e evidenciada pela din¿amica lenta da 'agua que interage diretamente com a superf'ýcie. Entre as camadas, a 'agua se encontra praticamente im'ovel e exibe propriedades similares aquelas observadas em 'agua super-resfriada. Na sequ¿encia, investigamos o transporte da 'agua dentro da pasta de cimento implementando a relaxa¸c¿ao de troca do tipo 2D T2¿T2 RMN entre poros de gel com 1 nm e 4 nm conectados entre si. Nossos resultados mostraram que h'a trocas de mol'eculas de 'agua entre poros com um tempo caracter'ýstico de troca de 18 ns. Finalmente, conclu'ýmos nossos estudos considerando a natureza particulada do C¿S¿H a fim de estabelecer uma conex¿ao entre os fen¿omenos observados nas escalas nano e meso. Demonstramos que a 'agua confinada dentro do ambiente C¿S¿H edge-edge apresenta uma din¿amica semelhante ao caso das superf'ýcies planares. / Cement paste is a complex, heterogeneous and porous material with outstanding properties that make it a suitable binder for construction applications. The quality and durability of cement have a strong relationship with the water contained in it. While a good understanding of the complex interactions between the cement pores and the confined fluids is necessary to solve the current durability issues, no single model has been successful in capturing all the processes so far and the role of water in cement still remains an area of active research. To contribute to the current understanding of cement structure, this work has focused on studying the dynamical processes happening at the nanoscale of water confined in cement pores. We employ atomistic simulations ranging from first principles to molecular dynamics to study the main hydration phase, i.e calcium silicate hydrate (C¿S¿H), modeled by a defected tobermorite structure. Starting from first principles, the surface morphology of tobermorite which governs the interactions of water with the C¿S¿H model was investigated. It was shown that tobermorite forms pseudohexagonal crystals and the most stable facet is the (004). To upscale the calculations, the transferability of CLAYFF in the description of cementitious materials was tested through a comparative molecular mechanics and DFT study. Although the frequencies calculated with DFT and CLAYFF differ, the structures and thermodynamic quantities agree quite well, making CLAYFF a reasonable potential for our cement calculations. An important parameter to quantify water dynamics in nanoconfinement is NMR T2 relaxation time. To underpin the implemented methodology for theoretical determination of T2 relaxation time, simulations were performed for water confined within calcite nanopores (1¿6 nm). It was revealed that translational dynamics are the main contribution to spin relaxation of near surface water molecules. The T2 relaxation time for water molecules directly adsorbed on the surface is short and pore size independent, however a bulk¿like spin relaxation is observed at center of pores larger than 3 nm. To disentangle the diverse properties of water nanoconfined in C¿S¿H pores, the study of water within C¿S¿H was subdivided into three parts. The first part was dedicated to understanding the relative effect of the C¿S¿H surface and progressive confinement to water confined in the interlayer (< 1 nm) and gel pores (1¿5 nm) of C¿S¿H model. The hydrophilic nature of the C¿S¿H surface is evidenced by the slow dynamics for the water interacting directly with the surface. Within the interlayer, water is highly immobile and exhibits similar properties as those observed in supercooled water. Next, transport within cement paste was investigated by implementing 2D T2¿T2 NMR exchange relaxation between a 1 nm and 4 nm gel connected pores. We showed that there is water exchange in gel pores quantified by an exchange time of 18 ns. Lastly, the particulate nature of C¿S¿H is taken into consideration to facilitate bridging the gap between the atomistic and the mesoscale cement understanding. It was shown that water confined within the C¿S¿H edge¿edge environment portrays similar dynamics as in the C¿S¿H planar surfaces.

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Biomineralized structures are complex functional hierarchical assemblies composed of biomineral building blocks joined together by an organic phase. The formation of individual mineral units is governed by the cellular tissue component that orchestrates the process of biomineral nucleation, growth, and morphogenesis. These processes are imprinted in the structural, compositional, and crystallographic properties of the emerging biominerals on all scales. Measurement of these properties can provide crucial information on the mechanisms that are employed by the organism to form these complex 3D architectures and to unravel principles of their functionality. Nevertheless, so far, this has only been possible at the macroscopic scale, by averaging the properties of the entire composite assembly, or at the mesoscale, by looking at extremely small parts of the entire picture. In this study, the newly developed synchrotron-based dark-field X-ray microscopy method is employed to study the link between 3D crystallographic properties of relatively large calcitic prisms in the shell of the mollusc Pinna nobilis and their local lattice properties with extremely high angular resolution down to 0.001°. Mechanistic links between variations in local lattice parameters and spacing, crystal orientation, chemical composition, and the deposition process of the entire mineral unit are unraveled.

Ce travail concerne l'évolution au cours du temps d'un système carbonaté sous l'effet de phénomènes de transport et de processus chimiques. La diagenèse carbonatée étudiée ici est la calcitisation, i.e., la transformation en calcite de l'aragonite constituant le squelette des coraux du genre Porites. En effet, le corail, qui sécrète son squelette en environnement marin peut subir au cours de son histoire une évolution au milieu sub-aérien suite à l'émersion du récif. Le squelette aragonitique alors confiné dans les lentilles d'eau douce, caractéristiques des aquifères coralliens, devient métastable et peut, à terme, être totalement calcitisé.<br />La compréhension de ces phénomènes est appréhendée par une approche pluridisciplinaire qui relève à la fois de la géologie (1) et de la physique des milieux poreux (2).<br />1. Géologie - Différents stades de calcitisation sont investigués sur des coraux fossiles datés de l'Holocène et du Pléistocène échantillonnés sur les terrasses soulevées de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Vanuatu et Wallis et Futuna (Pacifique Sud-Ouest). Les produits de la diagenèse sont observés et caractérisés par différentes techniques d'analyses (Diffraction de Rayons X, microscopie optique, imagerie de cathodoluminescence, spectroscopie Raman, Microscopie Electronique à Balayage, microsonde électronique...) pour argumenter l'origine de la calcite néoformée et identifier les processus mis en jeu, notamment l'implication ou non d'une étape de transport. <br />2. Physique des milieux poreux - Les données expérimentales révèlent l'existence d'hétérogénéités structurales à l'échelle de la lame mince. Pour expliquer ces hétérogénéités, on développe, à l'échelle microscopique, un modèle de transport réactif multicomposant incluant les processus représentatifs de la diagenèse du corail (diffusion de type traceur, migration, adsorption/désorption, réactions cinétiques et /ou à l'équilibre). Des simulations numériques préliminaires 1D sont présentées et discutées pour évaluer l'importance relative des phénomènes intervenant dans la précipitation de la calcite. Ce type de simulations numériques peut servir de point de départ à une procédure de changement d'échelles, permettant d'intégrer des paramètres supplémentaires (notamment plusieurs échelles de descriptions...). Ceci est illustré à l'aide de la prise de moyenne volumique, dans le cas d'un échantillon 3D de Porites subissant un processus de transport réactif fortement idéalisé.

Numerous organisms produce ornately detailed inorganic structures (often known as shells) with features on length scales from 50 nm to several centimeters. One class of such organisms are the diatoms; microscopic algae that form silica frustules. Another group of algae, the coccolithophorids, produce similar calcium carbonate structures. Over 100,000 species comprise these two classes of algae, every one of which is endowed with a unique cytoskeleton structure. Using various types of displacement reactions, the chemistry of the original structure can be modified to produce a new material. Magnesium vapor has been found to displace the silicon in diatom frustules to yield an MgO structure. The conversion has been reported at temperatures from 650°C to 900°C. In the current work, the conversion and processing of silica frustules to MgO was examined in depth. The effect of reaction temperature on grain size and extent of conversion was evaluated. With the goal of obtaining high purity MgO structures, various methods for removing the silicon products of reaction were investigated. Wet chemistry and high temperature vapor etches were evaluated. The MgO reaction served as an intermediate step in the production of magnesium tungstate diatoms, which were imbued with photoluminescent properties. Reactions were identified to allow the conversion of calcium carbonate (calcite) structures to alternative chemistries. Calcite sand-dollars were converted to calcium tungstate or calcium molybdate by aqueous solution chemistry. In this process, sand dollar tests (shells) and coccolithophore frustules were reacted with ammonium para-molybdate or ammonium para-tungstate. The reactions were evaluated for shape preservation, phase purity, and photoluminescence of the structures.

Les spéléothèmes constituent une des rares archives continentales susceptibles de fournir des enregistrements à haute résolution de la variabilité climatique, datés de manière fiable. Cependant, ceux développés en contexte archéologique n'ont jamais fait l'objet d'études approfondies. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de tester leur potentiel informatif. Des spéléothèmes du stade isotopique 5, formés en entrée de cavités et intercalés dans des séquences archéologiques (Coudoulous et Bourgeois-Delaunay), ont fait l'objet d'analyses radiochronologiques, pétrographiques, chimiques et isotopiques. L'utilisation de la méthode de datation U-Th par TIMS a permis d'améliorer le calage chronologique des épisodes de concrétionnement et d'affiner la chronostratigraphie des gisements. Un continuum de structures cristallines a été identifié et mis en relation avec les conditions de précipitation de la calcite et avec le signal du δ13C. Les variations du δ13C et du δ18O enregistrées par les spéléothèmes ont été analysées à haute résolution et comparées avec les enregistrements d'autres archives climatiques. Elles ont été principalement influencées par la température. Des événements climatiques de courte durée ont été mis en évidence et un enregistrement très détaillé a été obtenu pour le SIO 5e. Cette étude démontre que les spéléothèmes d'entrées de grottes peuvent être exploités pour reconstituer les paléoenvironnements régionaux et pour préciser le cadre chronologique des occupations préhistoriques. Ils sont donc susceptibles de participer à la résolution des problèmes de corrélation de site à site et d'apporter des éléments de discussion aux thématiques traitant de l'influence de l'environnement sur les sociétés préhistoriques.

Carbonate minerals play a very important role in nature, they represent some of the most diverse and common mineral species on the Planet. They are directly involved in the carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle acting as relatively stable long term chemical storage reservoirs, moderating both global warming trends and oceanaquatic chemistry through carbonate buffering systems. A range of synthetic metal carbonates have been synthesised for analysis under multiple experimental conditions, in order to study the variation in physical and chemical properties such as phase specificity, metal substitution, hydration/hydroxy carbonate formation under varying partial pressures of CO2 and thermal stability. Synthetic samples were characterised by a variety of instrumental analysis techniques in order to investigate chemical purity and phase specificity. Some of the techniques included, vibrational spectroscopy (IR/Raman), thermal analysis (TGA-MS) (thermal Raman), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). From the instrumental characterisation techniques, it was found that single phase smithsonite, hydrozincite, calcite and nesquehonite could successfully be synthesised under the conditions used. Minor impurities of other minerals and / or phases were found to form under specific chemical or physical conditions such as in the case of hydrozincite / simonkolleite if zinc chloride was used during hydrothermal synthesis.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-28T21:49:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE CASTRO NÓBREGA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1849613 bytes, checksum: c5a145f0dd677d54aab0ed55f6ccc4e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-28T21:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE CASTRO NÓBREGA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1849613 bytes, checksum: c5a145f0dd677d54aab0ed55f6ccc4e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / CNPq / A perfuração de poços de petróleo pode danificar fortemente a formação, incluindo a região de interesse: o reservatório. Perfurar sem que se danifique o reservatório caracteriza-se como um grande desafio, e por isso, tem sido estimulado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de fluidos e otimização de processos de perfuração, incluindo, por exemplo, o uso de fluidos argilosos com vistas à minimização de perdas excessivas de filtrado para as formações permeáveis. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos aditivos carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e calcita (CaCO3) e suas interações nas propriedades de filtração de fluidos de perfuração argilosos. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma amostra de argila bentonítica, comercialmente conhecida por Volclay, duas amostras de CMC com diferentes massas molares (CMC 1 (9,0 x 104g/mol) e CMC 2 (2,5 x 105g/mol)) e mesmo grau de substituição (DS = 0,7) e, duas amostras de calcita (CaCO3), com diferentes diâmetros médios de partículas e curvas de distribuição em tamanho. Foram realizadas a caracterização física e mineralógica da amostra de argila e a caracterização granulométrica das amostras de calcita, em seguida determinadas as propriedades reológicas (viscosidades aparente (VA) e plástica (VP), limite de escoamento (LE) e força gel (FG)) e de filtração (volume de filtrado (VF), volume de filtrado corrigido (VFcorr), spurt loss (SPL), espessura (h) e permeabilidade (k) do reboco e poder de retenção (R)) dos fluidos argilosos estudados. Os resultados evidenciaram que os fluidos estudados apresentaram comportamento pseudoplástico e os fluidos argilosos preparados com elevada concentração de CMC 2 (2g/350mL de água) apresentaram melhores valores de propriedades reológicas, pois estas propriedades são fortemente influenciadas pelo grau médio de polimerização dos aditivos poliméricos. A aditivação de fluidos argilosos com carboximetilcelulose de baixa massa molar e com calcita de granulometria fina conferiu aos fluidos melhor desempenho na melhoria das propriedades de filtração. Isto aconteceu, porque no meio aquoso a CMC 1 em elevada concentração associada a calcita 1 conduziu a menores valores de VF, h e k e, elevados valores de R. / The drilling of oil wells can greatly damage the formation, including the region of interest: the reservoir. Drilling without damaging the reservoir is characterized as a big challenge, and therefore, has been stimulated the development of fluid technologies and optimization of drilling processes, including, for example, the clay fluids use aiming at minimization excessive losses of the filtrate into the permeable formations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of additives carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and calcite (CaCO3) and their interactions in the filtration properties of clay drilling fluids. For this, it was used a sample of bentonite clay, commercially known by Volclay, two samples of CMC with different molecular weight (CMC 1 (9,0 x 104g/mol) and CMC 2 (2,5 x 105g/mol) ) and the same degree of substitution (DS = 0,7) and two samples of calcite (CaCO3) with different average diameters of particles and size distribution curves. It was done the physical and mineralogical characterization of the clay sample and the particle size characterization of the calcite samples it was also determined the rheological properties (apparent viscosity (AV) and plastic (PV), yield limit (YL) and gel strength (GS)) and of filtration (filtrate volume (FV), filtrate volume corrected (FVcorr), spurt loss (SPL), cake thickness (h) and permeability (k) and retaining power (R)) of the studied clay fluids. The results showed that the studied fluids showed pseudoplastic behavior and clay fluids prepared with high concentration of CMC 2 (2g/350mL of water) showed better values of rheological properties, because these properties are strongly influenced by the average degree of polymerization of polymeric additives. The additived clay fluids with low molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose and with fine granulometry calcite gave the fluids best performance in improving the filtration properties. This happened because in the aqueous medium the CMC 1 in high concentration associated at calcite 1 led at lower values of FV, h and k and high values of R.

Anorthite is crystalline phase in the ceramic body. Is acquired on burning a mixture of calcium ceramic raw material. This work deals with the influence on the resulting properties of anorthite ceramic body, especially flexural strength, porosity, shrinkage, thermal expansion coefficient. And the influence of different CaO sources on the properties. As a source of CaO was used calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and fluid fly ash.