[pt] Um aspecto muito importante a ser considerado no dimensionamento e planejamento de sistemas de comunicações rádio celulares móveis e de rádio acesso, é a determinação da cobertura, para o que tem sido propostos, na literatura técnica, vários métodos de cálculo. O cálculo de cobertura dos sistemas wireless, e sua otimização, requerem o desenvolvimento de programas de computação, que se constituem numa poderosa ferramenta para o planejamentos de sistemas. No presente trabalho, são analisados diversos fatores que devem ser considerados nesse dimensionamento e planejamento de sistemas wireless, com ênfase na análise e desenvolvimento de algoritmos apropriados para a determinação da distância de cobertura dos sistemas de rádio acesso WLL (wireless Local Loop) e do sistema LMDS. Os resultados são apresentados através da análise dos diversos fatores que influenciam na área de cobertura destes sistemas. Os algoritmos foram implementados, com auxílio de programadores, no programa NETDimension, que foi utilizado para gerar alguns exemplos de planejamento. / [en] A very important aspect that must be considered in the dimensioning and planning of a cellular mobile and acess radio communication systems is the coverage prediction. The technical literaute several methods of calculations have been proposed. The coverage calculation of wireless systems, and its optimization, require the development of computer programs, that are powerful tools for systems planning. In this work, a wide range of factors that must be considered in the planning of wireless systems are analyzed, with emphasis in the development of algorithms for coverage prediction in WLL (Wireless Local Loop) and LMDS systems. The results are presented and several factors, which have influence in the coverage area of these systems, are analyzed. The algorithms were implemented with help of programmers, in the NETDimension software, and examples of design of radio acess systems developed usign the software are presented.

[pt] A predição da área de cobertura de um sistema celular CDMA é um dos pontos mais importantes no planejamento deste tipo de sistema. Esta dissertação visa englobar todos os aspectos relevantes para o planejamento e dimensionamento de sistemas CDMA, desenvolvendo uma metodologia de cálculo de cobertura que simultaneamente atenda aos modelos de propagação existentes e as condições de interferência. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada no programa denominado NetDimension, que está sendo desenvolvido pelo Centro de Estudos em Telecomunicações (CETUC) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC/Rio) no âmbito do programa de Softex. Na última parte da dissertação são apresentados alguns exemplos de cálculos de cobertura que foram realizados através do NetDimension, cujos resultados são expressos graficamente, facilitando a análise pelo usuário. / [en] CDMA cellular system coverage prediction is one of the most important issues in the planning of this type of system. This dissertation intends to discuss all the important aspects fo the planning and desing of CDMA systems, developing a coverage prediction methodology that simultaneously comply with the existent propagation models and the interference conditions. The developed methodology was implemented in the program named NetDimension, that is being developed by the Telecommunications Studies Center (CETUC) of the Rio de Janeiro Catholic University (PUC/RJ). In the last part of the dissertation some examples of coverage calculations are presented, which were performed using the software NetDimension. The results are expressed graphically, facilitating the analysis by the user.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Marcos Menon .pdf: 3167428 bytes, checksum: 96cc8c447b8b6a9f07be5f85fb5733dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / Research regarding voice and data dimensioning models applied to Telecommunication Networks. For circuit switched voice networks dimensioning, the Erlang formulas are used. When it comes to newer data networks, a packet based dimensioning is required, and the complexity is significantly increased due to the diversity of applications and its multiple features. This work goes from the mathematical model (proposed by Erlang) applied to circuit switched voice networks to a mathematical model applicable to data services and packet based network dimensioning. User and application requirements are detailed as well as the correlation between them, which is key to understanding the dimensioning model. The mathematical model is applied (and a study case is presented) to an existing 3G technology (1xEVDO) in Brazil using practical input values. A computer program is generated to run prompt tests or different study cases. Then, the obtained results for the given case are measured in the field to validate the packet based network dimensioning model. Computer simulations are run to test the edge of the 1xEVDO technology with the aid of appropriate software containing queuing theory concepts. The experiments permit the correct visualization of the possible values that can be obtained and should be ignored on the dimensioning of a packet based network. Although ITU s 1xEVDO technology is used for the experiments, the dimensioning model is proposed to be applicable to any technology which needs packet based dimensioning and has data applications (i.e. other ITU 3G technologies such as UMTS and IEEE technologies such as wifi e wimax). The model is constructed, applied to study cases, tested on the field with practical values, promptly validated and pushed to the edge during simulations. / Pesquisa sobre os modelos de dimensionamento de rede de voz e de dados aplicados nas redes de telecomunica??es. Para a aplica??o de voz, as redes s?o dimensionadas a circuito, realiza-se um resgate do dimensionamento desse servi?o utilizando-se as f?rmulas de Erlang. Destaca-se, em seguida, que as novas redes de dados requerem um dimensionamento baseado a pacotes e a complexidade aumenta significativamente devido a diversidade das aplica??es e de suas m?ltiplas caracter?sticas. Evolui-se, do modelo matem?tico proposto por Erlang, aplic?vel ?s redes de voz baseado em circuito, at? um modelo matem?tico aplic?vel aos servi?os de dados a ser utilizado no dimensionamento das redes a pacotes. Detalham-se os requisitos dos usu?rios e das aplica??es, bem como a correla??o entre eles, que ? a chave para o entendimento do modelo de dimensionamento. Aplica-se o modelo matem?tico (gera-se um case) para a tecnologia 3G existente em opera??o no Brasil no momento, 1xEVDO com valores de entrada utiliz?veis na pr?tica. Gera-se um programa para ensaios pontuais ou diferentes cases. Medem-se em campo os resultados obtidos do case utilizado para valida??o do modelo de dimensionamento de rede a pacotes. Para os extremos da tecnologia, 1xEVDO, s?o ensaiados com a utiliza??o de um simulador de um software aderente e alinhado a teoria das filas. Promovem-se ensaios que permitem a vis?o correta dos valores poss?veis de serem obtidos e que devem ser ignorados no dimensionamento de uma rede a pacotes. Destaca-se que, apesar de se haver utilizado a tecnologia 1xEVDO do ITU para ensaio, o modelo de dimensionamento ? proposto a ser aplicado em qualquer tecnologia que necessite de dimensionamento baseado em pacotes e com aplica??es de dados (demais da terceira gera??o do ITU como UMTS e do IEEE como wifi e wimax). O modelo ? conceituado, aplicado em case, testado em campo com valores pr?ticos, convalidado pontualmente e extremado em simula??o.

This thesis describes fundamental approaches to quantify rate versus power consumption tradeoffs for cascaded communication systems. The discussion is bolstered by a large number of in-situ channel measurements, which are used in discussions of the power consumption of future massively broadband cellular systems. Chapter one provides an introduction. Chapter two discusses power consumption trends in modern communication systems. Chapter three introduces the consumption factor framework. Chapter four discusses the channel measurement campaign. Chapter five concludes the thesis, and uses the measurement results to estimate power consumption and capacity of future cellular systems. In addition, chapter five extends the consumption factor theory and draws fundamental conclusions about the energy price per bit for a general cascaded communication system. / text

Managing interference is the main technical challenge in wireless networks. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) methods are key components to overcome the interference bottleneck and deliver higher data rates. The most efficient MIMO techniques require channel state information (CSI). In practice, this information is inaccurate due to errors in CSI acquisition, as well as mobility and delay. CSI inaccuracy reduces the performance gains provided by MIMO. When compounded with uncoordinated intercell interference, the degradation in MIMO performance is accentuated. This dissertation investigates the impact of CSI inaccuracy on the performance of increasingly complex interference limited networks, starting with a single interferer scenario, continuing to a heterogeneous network with a femtocell overlay, and finishing with a clustered multicell coordination model for randomly deployed transmitting nodes. First, this dissertation analyzes limited feedback beamforming and precoded spatial multiplexing over temporally correlated channels. Assuming uncoordinated interference from one dominant interferer, using Markov chain convergence theory, the gain in the average successful throughput at the mobile user is shown to decrease exponentially with the feedback delay. The decay rate is amplified when the user is interference limited. Interference cancellation methods at the receiver are shown to mitigate the effect of interference. This work motivates the need for practical MIMO designs to overcome the adverse effects of interference. Second, limited feedback beamforming is analyzed on the downlink of a more realistic heterogeneous cellular network. Future generation cellular networks are expected to be heterogeneous, consisting of a mixture of macro base stations and low power nodes, to support the increasing user traffic capacity and reliability demand. Interference in heterogeneous environments cannot be coordinated using traditional interference mitigation techniques due to the on demand and random deployment of low power nodes such as femtocells. Using tools from stochastic geometry, the outage and average achievable rate of limited feedback MIMO is computed with same-tier and cross-tier interference, and feedback delay. A hybrid fixed and random network deployment model is used to analyze the performance in a fixed cell of interest. The maximum density of transmitting femtocells is derived as a function of the feedback rate and delay. The detrimental effect of same-tier interference is quantified, as the mobile user moves from the cell-center to the cell-edge. The third part of this dissertation considers limited coordination between randomly deployed transmitters. Building on the established degrading effect of uncoordinated interference on practical MIMO methods, and the analytical tractability of random deployment models, interference coordination is analyzed. Using multiple antennas at the transmitter for interference nulling in ad hoc networks is first shown to achieve MIMO gains using single antenna receivers. Clustered coordination is then investigated for cellular systems with randomly deployed base stations. As full coordination in the network is not feasible, a random clustering model is proposed where base stations located in the same cluster coordinate. The average achievable rate can be optimized as a function of the number of antennas to maximize the coordination gains. For multicell limited feedback, adaptive partitioning of feedback bits as a function of the signal and interference strength is proposed to minimize the loss in rate due to finite rate feedback. / text

[pt] Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para a solução de uma equação integral que possa ser aplicado de forma eficiente na previsão da cobertura de sistemas celulares. Este algoritmo compara-se com o algoritmo proposto originalmente e com a mesma aplicação baseada na técnica de traçado de raios. A técnica de traçado de raios utiliza o método das imagens no traçado dos raios pertencentes a trinta diferentes classes, caracterizadas pela multiplicidade e pelos tipos e ordens das interações com o terreno. Os coeficientes de reflexão e de difração são calculados pelas equações clássicas de Fresnel e pelas equações da Teoria Uniforme da Difração, respectivamente, modificadas para considerar a rugosidade do terreno. Ambos os algoritmos foram aplicados para calcular a intensidade de campo ao longo de um perfil de terreno e em uma região montanhosa do sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados são comparados entre si e com os resultados de medidas, quando disponíveis. Esta comparação considera tanto os resultados obtidos quanto os tempos de processamento necessários em ambos os casos. / [en] In this work an algorithm for the solution of an integral equation, which can efficiently be applied to estimate the coverage areaof a cellular system, has been developed. This algorithm is compared with the original proposed algorithm and also woth Ray tracing Techiniques for the same applications. The Ray Tracing Tecniques uses the image Tecnique to trace thirty different classes of rays, which are characterised by multiplicity of the paths and also the nature of graund. The coefficients of reflection and diffraction have been calculeted by using the classical Fresnel and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction equations respectively, and have been modified to include the roufhness of the ground. Both algorithms have been used to calculate the fiels intensity along a land profile and also a mountainous region South comparison takes into consideration the quality of the results as well as the processing time of both algorithms.

[pt] Este trabalho é uma contribuição para um melhor entendimento de questões de planejamento e operação de sistemas móveis celulares.Através da implementação de um modelo de simulação simples e eficiente, são analisadas cinco configurações diferentes de um mesmo sistema móvel celular. O modelo de simulação é composto de um modelo de rede (baseado no modelo de referência de rede do padrão IS- 41-C), de fluxos de mensagens entre as entidades funcionais da rede e de modelos de geração de tráfego de mensagens. O sistema móvel celular analisado atende à população da região metropolitana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, proporcionando uma visão mais realista dos resultados fornecidos pelo modelo de simulação e permitindo um melhor entendimento das questões de planejamento e operação envolvidas. / [en] This dissertation is a contribution towards a better unders tanding of mobile cellular systems planning and operation issues.Five different configurations of the same mobile cellular system are analyzed, through the implementation of a simple and efficient simulation model. The simulation model is composed by a network model (based on the IS-41-C network reference model), message flows between the network functional entities and message traffic models. The cellular system analyzed could serve the population of the metropolitan region of the Rio de Janeiro state, as suring a more realistic view of the results provided by the simulation model, and allowing a better understating of the related planning and operation issues. / [es] Este trabajo es una contribución a un mejor entendimiento de cuestiones de planificación y operación de sistemas móviles celulares. A través de la implementación de un modelo de simulación simple y eficiente, son analizadas cinco configuraciones diferentes de un mismo sistema móvil celular. EL modelo de simulación está compuesto de un modelo de red (basado en el modelo de referencia de red del padrón IS- 41-C), de flujos de mensajes entre las entidades funcionales de la red y de modelos de generación de tránsito de mensajes. EL sistema móvil celular analizado atiende a la población de la región metropolitana del estado del Rio de Janeiro, proporcionando una visión mas realista de los resultados obtenidos por el modelo de simulación y permitiendo un mejor entendimento de las cuestiones de planificación y operación involucradas.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Supply-demand analysis (SDA) is a tool that allows for the control, regulation and behaviour of metabolic pathways to be understood. In this framework, reactions are grouped into reaction blocks that represent the supply and demand of a metabolic product. The elasticities of these supply and demand blocks can be used to determine the degree of control either block has over the flux in the pathway and the degree of homoeostasis of the metabolic product that links the blocks. Rate characteristic plots, on which the rates of supply and demand blocks are plotted as functions of the concentration of the linking metabolite, represent a powerful visual tool in this framework. Generalised supply-demand analysis (GSDA) allows for the analysis of metabolic models of arbitrary size and complexity without prior knowledge of the regulatory structure of the pathway. This is achieved by performing SDA on each variable metabolite in a pathway instead of choosing a single linking metabolite. GSDA also provides other benefits over SDA as it allows for potential sites of regulation and regulatory metabolites to be identified. Additionally it allows for the identification and quantification of the relative contribution of di erent routes of regulation from an intermediate to a reaction block. Moiety-conserved cycles present a challenge in performing in silico SDA or GSDA, as the total concentration of a moiety must remain constant, thereby limiting the range of possible concentrations of the metabolites between which it cycles. The first goal of this thesis was to develop methods to perform GSDA on two-membered and interlinked moiety-conserved cycles. We showed that by expressing the members of a moiety-conserved cycle as a ratio, rather than individual metabolite concentrations, we can freely vary the ratio without breaking moiety conservation in a GSDA. Furthermore, we showed that by linking the concentrations of the members of two interlinked two-membered moiety-conserved cycles to a “linking metabolite”, we could vary the concentration of this metabolite, within constraints, without breaking moiety conservation. The Python Simulator for Cellular Systems (PySCeS) is a software package developed within our group that provides a variety of tools for the analysis of cellular systems. The RateChar module for PySCeS was previously developed as a tool to perform GSDA on kinetic models of metabolic pathways by automatically generating rate characteristic plots for each variable metabolite in a pathway. The plots generated by RateChar, however, were at times unclear when the models analysed were too complex. Additionally, invalid results where steady-states could not be reached were not filtered out, and therefore appeared together with valid results on the rate characteristic plots generated by RateChar. We therefore set out to improve upon RateChar by building plotting interface that produces clear and error-free rate characteristics. The resulting RCFigure class allows users to interactively change the composition of a rate characteristic plot and it includes automatic error checking. It also provides clearer rate characteristics with e ective use of colour. Using these tools two case studies were undertaken. In the first, GSDA was used to investigate the regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. A central result was that the direct interaction of aspartate-semialdehyde (ASA), a metabolite at a branch point in the pathway, with the enzyme that produces it only accounts for 7% of the total response in the flux of supply. Instead, 89% of the observed flux response was due to ASA interacting with of the downstream enzymes for which it is a substrate. This result was unexpected as the ASA producing enzyme had a high elasticity towards ASA. In a second case study moiety-conserved cycles in a model of the pyruvate branches in lactic acid bacteria were linearised using the above mentioned method. This served to illustrate how multiple reaction blocks are connected by these conserved moieties. By performing GSDA on this model, we demonstrated that the interactions of these conserved moieties with the various reaction blocks in the pathway, led to non-monotonic behaviour of the rate characteristics of the supply and demand for the moiety ratios. An example of this is that flux would increase in response to an increase in product for certain ranges. This thesis illustrates the power of GSDA as an entry point in studying metabolic pathways, as it can potentially reveal properties of the regulation and behaviour of metabolic pathways that were not previously known, even if these pathways were subjected to previous analysis and a kinetic model is available. In general it also demonstrates how e ective analysis tools and metabolic models are vital for the study of metabolism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vraag-en-aanbod analise (VAA) is ’n analisemetode wat mens in staat stel om die beheer, regulering en gedrag van metaboliese paaie beter te verstaan. In hierdie raamwerk word reaksies gegroepeer as reaksieblokke wat die aanbod (produksiestappe) en die aanvraag (verbruik-stappe) van ’n metaboliese produk verteenwoordig. Vanaf die elastisiteite van hierdie aanbod- en aanvraag-blokke kan die graad van beheer van elkeen van die blokke oor die fluksie, asook die graad van homeostase van die metaboliese koppelingsintermediaat, bereken word. Snelheidskenmerk-grafieke, waarop die snelhede van die vraag- en aanbod-blokke as funksies van die konsentrasie van die koppelingsmetaboliet uiteengesit word, verteenwoordig ’n kragtige visuele hulpmiddel in hierdie raamwerk. Veralgemeende vraag-aanbod analise (VVAA), die veralgemeende vorm van VAA, maak dit moontlikommetaboliese modelle van arbitrêre grootte en kompleksiteit te analiseer sonder enige vooraf-kennis van die regulatoriese struktuur van die paaie. Die prosedure is om VAA op elk van die veranderlike metaboliete in die pad uit te voer, eerder as om ’n enkele koppelingsmetaboliet te kies. VVAA het ook ander voordele bo VAA aangesien dit potensiële setels van regulering en regulatoriese metaboliete kan identifiseer. Daarbenewens kan dit die relatiewe bydrae van verskillende regulerings-roetes van vanaf ’n intermediaat na ’n reaksieblok identifiseer en hulle kwantifiseer. Groep-gekonserveerde siklusse bied ’n uitdaging vir in silico VAA of VVAA, aangesien die totale konsentrasie van die gekonserveerde groep konstant moet bly. Dit beperk die waardes van moontlike konsentrasies van die metaboliete wat die siklus uitmaak. Die eerste doelstelling van hierdie tesis was dus om metodes te ontwikkel waarmee VVAA op tweeledige en saamgebonde groep-gekonserveerde siklusse uitgevoer kan word. Deur die lede van groep-gekonserveerde siklusse eerder as verhoudings uit te druk in plaas van as individuele metabolietkonsentrasies, het ons gewys dat ons hierdie verhouding vrylik kan varieer sonder om die groep-konservering te breek in ’n VVAA. Ons het ook gewys dat die konsentrasies van die lede van ’n saamgebonde groep-gekonserveerde siklus gekoppel kan word aan ’n “koppelingsmetaboliet”, waarvan die konsentrasie dan binne perke gevarieer kan word sonder om die groep-konservering te breek. Die “Python Simulator for Cellular Systems” (PySCeS) is ’n programmatuur-pakket wat binne ons navorsingsgroep ontwikkel is met die doel om sellulêre sisteme numeries te analiseer. Die RateChar module vir PySCeS was reeds voor die aanvang van hierdie projek ontwikkel om VVAAop kinetiese modelle van metaboliese paaie uit te voer deur outomaties snelheidskenmerke vir elke veranderlikke metaboliet te genereer. Die grafieke wat deur RateChar gegenereer is, was egter soms onduidelik wanneer die modelle te groot of kompleks geraak het. Daarbenewens is ongeldige resultate, waar ’n bestendige toestand nie bereik kon word nie, nie uitgefiltreer nie, en het dus saam met geldige resultate op die snelheidskenmerke verskyn. Een van die doelstellings was dus om RateChar te verbeter deur ’n koppelvlak vir grafieke te ontwikkel wat duidelike en foutlose snelheidskenmerke kon produseer. Dit het gelei tot die RCFigure klas wat outomatiese foutopsporing uitvoer en gebruikers in staat stel om op ’n interaktiewe wyse die samestelling van ’n snelheidskenmerkgrafiek te verander. Dit bied ook duideliker snelheidskenmerke deur e ektief van kleur gebruik te maak. Met hierdie ontwikkelde gereedskap is twee gevallestudies onderneem. In die eerste is VVAA gebruik om die regulering van aspartaat-afgeleide aminosuursintese in Arabidopsis thaliana te bestudeer. Die belangrikste resultaat was dat die direkte interaksie van aspartaat-semialdehied (ASA), ’n metaboliet by ’n vertakkingspunt in die pad, met die ensiem wat dit produseer, slegs vir 7% van die totale respons in die aanbod-fluksie verantwoordelik was. Daarteen was 89% van die waargenome fluksierespons die gevolg van die interaksie van ASA met drie van die stroomafensieme, waarvoor dit ’n substraat is. Hierdie resultaat was onverwag aangesien die ensiem wat ASA produseer ’n hoë elastisiteit teenoor ASA toon. In ’n tweede gevallestudie is die groep-gekonserveerde siklusse in ’n model van die pirovaat-takke in melksuurbakterie-metabolisme gelineariseer deur gebruik te maak van die bo beskrewe metode. Dit illustreer hoe verskeie reaksieblokke verbind word deur hierdie gekonserveerde groepe. M.b.v. ’n VVAA van hierdie model het ons gedemonstreer dat die interaksies van die gekonserveerde groepe met die verskeie reaksieblokke in die pad kan lei tot nie-monotoniese gedrag van die snelheidskenmerke van die vraag- en aanbod-reaksies vir die verhouding van die gekonserveerde groep-komponente. ’n Voorbeeld hiervan is die onverwagte waarneming dat die fluksie toeneem met toenemende produk-konsentrasie oor sekere gebiede. Hierdie tesis illustreer die krag van VVAA as ’n beginpunt vir die studie van metaboliese paaie, aangesien dit onbekende regulatoriese eienskappe en gedragspatrone kan ontbloot, selfs al is die paaie vantevore m.b.v. kinetiese modelle geanaliseer. Oor die algemeen demonstreer dit die noodsaaklikheid van e ektiewe analisegereedskap en metaboliese modelle vir die bestudering van metabolisme. / National Research Foundation

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται και αναλύεται διεξοδικά ο μηχανισμός μεταπομπής (handover) σε συστήματα κινητής επικοινωνίας. Οι μέθοδοι μεταπομπής βρίσκουν σημαντική εφαρμογή στα κυψελωτά συστήματα (cellular systems) και κατηγοριοποιούνται με βάση διάφορα χαρακτηριστικά τους, σε handovers σε σκληρά ή μαλακά, οριζόντια ή κάθετα, ελεγχόμενα από το Δίκτυο ή από την κινητή συσκευή, ή υποβοηθούμενα από την κινητή συσκευή. Σημαντικό ρόλο στις διαδικασίες handover παίζουν οι αλγόριθμοι απόφασης. Βασικές κατηγορίες αλγορίθμων απόφασης handover είναι αυτοί που στηρίζονται στη στάθμη της λαμβανόμενης ισχύος του σήματος, οι αλγόριθμοι που στηρίζονται σε fuzzy logic και οι αλγόριθμοι προτεραιότητας. Στην παρούσα εργασία προσομοιάζεται ένας αλγόριθμος προτεραιότητας γνωστός ως SJ-scheme με χρήση του λογισμικού Matlab και ειδικότερα των υποσυστημάτων του Simulink και Stateflow. Το προταθέν μοντέλο αποτελείται από έξι βασικά επιμέρους υποσυστήματα: το Υποσύστημα Εισόδου (Input Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Καθορισμού της Χωρητικότητας των Καναλιών (Channels Size Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Μνήμης (Memory Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα Ολοκλήρωσης Κλήσεων (Call Completion Subsystem), το Υποσύστημα των Αποτελεσμάτων (Scope Subsystem) και το Υποσύστημα Handover (Handover Subsystem) που αποτελεί την «καρδιά» του μοντέλου και περιλαμβάνει δύο βασικά blocks, ένα το οποίο υλοποιεί τη διαδικασία διαχείρισης νέων κλήσεων (New_calls_process) και ένα που υλοποιεί τη διαδικασία διαχείρισης των handovers (Handover_process). Πέραν της δημιουργίας μοντέλου προσομοίωσης, στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά και σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα εκτέλεσης της προσομοίωσης και τα μετρούμενα μεγέθη. Μέσα από τις γραφικές αναπαραστάσεις που παράγονται και εξετάζονται, γίνεται αντιληπτός ο τρόπος λειτουργίας και οι ιδιαιτερότητες του προτεινόμενου μοντέλου. / In the current study the mechanism of switching between cells (handover) in mobile communication systems is presented and analyzed in detail. The handover methods are mainly applied in cellular systems and categorized according to various characteristics in hard or soft handovers, horizontal or vertical handovers, and handovers controlled by the network or the mobile device, or assisted by the mobile device. Handover decision algorithms play important role in the described processes. Main categories of handover decision algorithms are those based on the received signal strength, fuzzy logic and priority. In this study, a priority algorithm known as SJ-scheme is simulated, using Matlab software and, in particular subsystems Simulink and Stateflow. The proposed model consists of six major subsystems: Input Subsystem, Channels Size Subsystem, Memory Subsystem, Call Completion Subsystem, Scope Subsystem and Handover Subsystem which is the "heart" of the model and includes two main blocks, one that implements the new call management process and one that implements the procedure for managing handovers. Besides creating a simulation model, in this work results of running the simulation and measured data are presented and discussed. Matlab plots and graphical representations produced are examined to make clear the way that the proposed model works.

A evolução dos sistemas de comunicação sem fio ou wireless apresentam até agora três gerações em menos de duas décadas. Fazendo parte desta evolução estão os sistemas de telefonia celular e os emergentes Sistemas de Comunicação Pessoal ou PCS (Personal Communications Systems). Este trabalho visa apresentar duas questões importantes na evolução destes sistemas, primeiro a questão da segurança e segundo a questão da interconexão com redes heterogêneas. No trabalho, abordando a questão de segurança, são estudados, analisados e comparados os mecanismos de autenticação e privacidade implementados nos atuais padrões de telefonia celular digital e analógico, como sistemas AMPS (celular analógico americano), USCD (celular digital americano) e GSM (celular digital europeu). São identificadas a vulnerabilidade e os fraudes mais comuns nestes sistemas. Também são analisados as propostas das recentes pesquisas e o state of art em termos de segurança, para os sistemas PCS emergentes. Como conclusão apresentado um quadro comparativo resumindo as principais características de segurança adotados pelos sistemas abordados neste estudo. Uma vez apresentado os aspectos de segurança em forma isolada para cada um dos sistemas acima mencionados, é apresentado a questão segurança no contexto da interconexão com redes heterogêneas. A interconexão com redes heterogêneas é outro problema a ser resolvido na implementação da terceira geração de sistemas wireless, para fornecer o roaming automático e a mobilidade pessoal e de terminal. Neste trabalho são revisados os protocolos de sinalização SS7 (Signaling System Number 7) e MAP (Mobile Application Part), como requisitos importantes na solução da interconexão e interoperabilidade entre as redes fixas atuais com as futuras redes móveis. Como conclusão deste estudo é apresentado a proposta de uma arquitetura de protocolos de sinalização, representando a interconexão de um sistema PCS baseado no padrão J-STD-007, com a rede de telefonia celular IS-95. Esta interconexão é realizada através de uma interface de rede denominada IIF (Interworking and Interoperability Function) usando protocolos de sinalização por canal comum SS7 e MAP. Finalmente são apresentados as conclusões quanto aos objetivos alcançados, e é proposto um trabalho futuro, tomando como base o desenvolvido neste trabalho. / The evolution of wireless communications systems has developed into the third generation which is mainly represented by the Telephone Cellular Systems and PCS (Personal Communication systems). This work presents an overview about two importante issues in the evolution of the Wireless Communication Systems: Security and Interworking. Initially we carry out our study on the wireless communication security issue by analyzing and comparing some major authentication features and privacy characteristics implemented in the currently standardized cellular phone systems such as AMPS (American Analog Cellular), USCD (American Digital Cellular) and GSM (Euroupean Digital Cellular). For this end. we tentatively determine how vulnerable to the fraudulent attacks these systems are and what are those frauds commonly occurring in these systems. Also we analyze the state of art and some proposals for security problems in PCS systems found in the literature. We conclude our preliminary study with a table summarizing some principal systems' characteristics in the security issue. Next, we extend our discussion to the case of heterogeneous networks. In fact, the interconnection of heterogeneous networks is another important issue that needs to be deeply investigated in order to develop a rebust third generation of wireless communication systems, special those capable of providing automatic "roaming" and personal as well as terminal mobility. In this work we particularly discuss the protocols employed in the signaling system SS7 ( Signaling Systems Number 7) and MAP ( Mobile Application Part) which are important issues in terms of the interworking and interoperability of wireless and wireline networks. As a conclusion of this discussion, we propose a protocol architecture based on the RM-OSI model relating to the interconnection of a PCS system, J-STD-007, with the IS-95 cellular phone networks. Note that the proposed model uses the signaling systems SS7 and MAP. Finally we present some importante conclusion with respect to the objetives achieved in this work, and propose some future research activities based on this work.