Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

The aim of the thesis Volunteer programs that support child in adoption or foster care is to monitor the offer of volunteer programs for children in adoption foster care in the Czech Republic and to show possibilities of support which volunteer program could bring to children, including demonstrations of experience from similar programs abroad. The theoretical part of thesis describes the foster care system with respect to the child's needs and ways of support that are available to them in both professional and volunteer sphere. Emphasis is placed on the role of people who accompany a child on his way from the biological family to foster families, including important relationships and ties, which child lose during his way. It will also explain the idea and values of volunteering as unpaid voluntary work, including the typology of programs focusing on children and the ways volunteers can help to improve their situation. Practically oriented empirical part shows the concrete experiences of the actors from the volunteer program supporting children in foster care by the interviews. This program is organized by the volunteer center and respondents are volunteers, parents and children involved in this program, including the head of the program, through which the program was created. At the end of this...

This diploma thesis discusses the children's groups in counselling in the context of active parenting. It maps experiences of parents in groups from the point of view of mothers and therapists. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of the group psychotherapy, the specifics of child psychotherapy and the support groups. Furthermore, it focuses on the experiences of a parent of a problem child and its active role in the process of a child psychotherapy. It also considers the work of a therapist. The qualitative research is presented in the empirical part. Semi-structured interviews with 5 mothers and 4 therapists were conducted. These interviews were analysed based on the method of creating thematic categories. The evaluation of the data is also inspired by the method of grounded theory. The results show that the views of parents and therapists are the same in most areas. Both groups perceive the importance of a parent participating in the group. The group acts therapeutically for both the child and the parents. This affects the process of the whole therapy. KEYWORD: child psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, support groups, parent of a problem child, cooperation with parent

There were different kinds of imbalances that were created by the past regime in which race and colour were determining factors in terms of access to state welfare. The State Maintance Grant was one of the state welfare interventions where African women did not even know how or where to access the grant. When the Child Support Grant was introduced in 1998 it gave hope to the vulnerable section of the society, the children. The CSG is one of the poverty alleviation programs introduced by the government to target the poverty stricken children of South Africa. This is a means tested program which not all children are to benefit but a certain portion of the society. There are special conditions attached to the grant which require to be fulfilled. These conditions require the child to be fed, clothed, immunized, school needs be paid, and have proper accommodation. This study made use of the Mdantsane Township which is 25 km away from East London city centre as a case study to determine whether the CSG has managed to achieve its objective of relieving poverty among children, given the conditions of poverty and unemployment in Mdantsane. The findings of this study indicate that the people of Mdantsane are still in poverty and the most affected sections remain the children. The respondents indicate that the people are unemployed as a result the CSG seems to be the source of livelihood in these households leaving the children at a disadvantage as the grant is intended for x their own needs. Therefore there is a need to investigate whether the CSG has any impact on the lives of these children. Also since Eastern Cape is known to be one of the poorest provinces, it is important to investigate whether the CSG has become the source of livelihood in some households.

South Africa is faced by a huge problem of inequality, twenty years after the dawn of independence. Such inequalities have been addressed by policy intervention such as the social security and assistance of citizens through various classes of grants. One of the grants targeting children under the age of 18 years is the child support grant. However there are deserving children who have been left-out of mainstream social security through social exclusion. The study sought to investigate the problem of the social exclusion of children from the child support grant in the Nkonkobe municipality. Through the use of the Basic Needs Approach (BNA) to understand the need for any state/government to promote the social welfare of its citizens, the study took a triangulated research paradigm which used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches to collect data from forty respondents by way of a questionnaire survey. The study found out that, inter alia, poverty remains high in the Nkonkobe municipal area, there is rampant social exclusion in the area, the amount paid for the child support grant is little and that the effects of the withdrawal of the grant when the child reaches the age of 18 are unbearable to the child. Some of the recommendations which the study made in line with improved mainstream social security in relation to the child support grant are that, the government needs to improve information dissemination about grants to the populace, there should be mandatory policies to make sure all citizens have identification particulars, the government should be mobile and take services to the people and there should a consideration to review the amount paid for the child support grant upwards. The researcher is quite optimistic that the study will play a part in improving policy implementation.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-02-21T17:36:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rosilda_maria_sa_goncalves_medeiros.pdf: 3527322 bytes, checksum: 9a1de7262b1e909f2acdf45168f23b6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T17:36:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosilda_maria_sa_goncalves_medeiros.pdf: 3527322 bytes, checksum: 9a1de7262b1e909f2acdf45168f23b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-13 / The general objective of this doctoral research was to study the creativity expressions that emerged – either by means of listening or playing – during the participation of adolescent mothers in a ceramics workshop under the intervention of the researcher. The literature presents the complexity of the simultaneous experience of being an adolescent and a premature mother in an institutional tender care context. The literature also reveals the importance of artistic activities in pedagogical projects developed by NGOs as a means of symbolization and contribution to the promotion of personal reconstruction, self-esteem and social integration of minors at risk. The research was based on distinct epistemological fields – Winnicott‟s conception of creativity (psychoanalysis, the maturational process) and Ostrower‟s (art, the artistic process). It was developed in a facility which offers tender care services to minors who are under ajudicial protective measure, which is supported by a catholic NGO in Paraíba, where twenty open group meetings happened for two and a half months in which seven young people took partand out of which the cases of three adolescent mothers aged between 15 and 19 were studied. The methodology involved the ceramics workshop as the research locus and the main procedure used for collecting data was “playing” with clay (ceramicar), founded on the clinical reference of “playing” with “squiggle game” proposed by Winnicott; it also considered “materiality” as pointed out by Ostrower – in this case, materiality of clay associated with the language of ceramics. The data collection tools used were audio recordings, photographic record and field diary. In each case studied, an analytical reasoning, as outlined by Mezan, was used, with special emphasis on three basic analysis units: the capacity and ways of playing (playful expressions), the way of using clay (plastic art expressions), the way of talking (verbal expressions) or silence – combining narrative diagrams (conversations) with listening, observation and theoretical interpretation. The results of the research provided answers to the following questions: Which contents do the adolescent mothers express considering the institutional tender care context they live in? Can that which each one of them does with clay express an artistic creation and end up helpingtheir own creation? Can an intervention by means of listening and playing with clay by any chance function as a “potential space” and contribute for the subjects to progress with their lives while they simultaneously live the contexts of adolescence and maternity? Among the results of the research, it was found that those young mothers had a shared experience of artistic creation with the language of ceramics, and could increase their aesthetical and cultural repertoire. At the same time, it was observed the contribution given to them so that they could find, in the listening offered by the researcher as well as in the act of playing, conditions for assuming their difficulties and potentialities during the development of the research as they expressed and symbolized their subjective manifestations. Therefore, art has constituted an important element of self-creation (both clinical and therapeutic effects of the intervention). / Esta pesquisa de doutorado teve como objetivo geral estudar as expressões de criatividade que puderam emergir – por meio da escuta e do brincar – durante a participação de adolescentes mães, numa oficina de cerâmica sob a intervenção da pesquisadora. A literatura aponta a complexidade da vivência simultânea da adolescência e da maternidade prematura em situação de acolhimento institucional. A literatura revela também a importância das atividades artísticas em projetos pedagógicos desenvolvidos em ONGs enquanto meio de simbolização, de contribuição para a promoção da reconstrução pessoal, da autoestima e da integração social de menores em situação de risco. A pesquisa partiu de campos epistemológicos distintos – as concepções de criatividade propostas por Winnicott (a psicanálise, o processo maturacional), e por Ostrower (a arte, o processo artístico). Ela foi desenvolvida numa unidade que oferece o serviço de acolhimento de menores que estão sob medida protetiva judicial, mantida por uma ONG católica na Paraíba, e durante dois meses e meio ocorreram vinte encontros em grupo (aberto) com a participação de sete jovens, das quais foram estudados os casos de três adolescentes mães (entre 15 e 19 anos). A metodologia abrangeu a oficina de cerâmica enquanto locus da pesquisa, o principal procedimento usado na coleta de dados foi o “brincar/jogar” com a argila (o ceramicar), espelhado na referência clínica de “brincar” com o “jogo de rabiscos” proposto por Winnicott, bem como, considerou a “materialidade” conforme pontuou Ostrower – neste caso a materialidade da argila associada à linguagem da cerâmica. Os instrumentos usados na coleta de dados foram a gravação de áudio, o registro fotográfico e o diário de campo. Em cada caso estudado foi usado o “raciocínio analítico” pontuado por Mezan, com ênfase em três unidades básicas de análise: a capacidade e as formas de brincar (as expressões lúdicas), a forma de usar a argila (as expressões plásticas), a forma de falar (as expressões verbais) ou o silêncio – conjugando diagramas de narrativas (conversações), com escuta, observação e interpretação teórica. Os resultados da pesquisa responderam os seguintes questionamentos: Que conteúdos as adolescentes mães expressam considerando o contexto de acolhimento institucional em que vivem? Aquilo que cada uma faz com a argila pode expressar uma criação artística e vir a favorecer na criação de si? Será que uma intervenção por meio da escuta e do brincar com a argila pode funcionar enquanto “espaço potencial” e contribuir para que os sujeitos ponham suas vidas em andamento, ao viverem o contexto simultâneo da adolescência e da maternidade? Dentre os resultados da pesquisa foi constatado que as jovens mães tiveram uma experiência compartilhada de criação artística com a linguagem da cerâmica, e puderam ampliar seus repertórios estéticos e culturais. Ao mesmo tempo, foi observada a contribuição dada para essas jovens encontrarem, na escuta oferecida pela pesquisadora e no brincar, condições para a apropriação das suas dificuldades e de suas potencialidades durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, na medida em que expressaram e simbolizaram suas manifestações subjetivas. Assim, a arte se constituiu como um elemento importante na criação do si mesmo (os efeitos clínicos e terapêuticos da intervenção).

This study aims at investigating the managerial imperatives of teen motherhood in public secondary schools in the Mamaila circuit, Limpopo province. The focus is on the managerial imperatives of teen mothers that principal must fulfil; the experiences of principals that have teen mothers in their school; the ability of the principals to fulfil these managerial imperatives; and the kinds of support principals give teen mothers. The study was informed by the legal framework entrenched in Chapter 2 (Bill of Rights) of the Constitution of South Africa, especially such concepts as equality, human dignity, security, the interest of the child, the right to basic education and the safety of learners. In South Africa it is illegal to expel pregnant girls in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (hereafter Constitution) (RSA, 1996a). Schoolgirls who become pregnant are allowed to return to school after giving birth (Kaufman, De Wet and Stadler, 2001:147). The learner pregnancy policy (DoBE, 2007) puts obligations to principals to deal with each case confidentially (i.e. to respect the human dignity of the learner); to support the learner by encouraging her to continue with education prior to and after the delivery of the baby; to put in place appropriate mechanisms to deal with unfair discrimination, hate speech or harassment that may arise. The findings have revealed that most of the principals are not aware of the departmental policy on learner pregnancy, but they acknowledge that it is unconstitutional to expel a pregnant learner. Principals find it difficult to liaise with learners who are on maternity leave in terms of giving them school tasks as advocated by the learner pregnant policy (DoBE, 2007). Learners who are entitled to receive a child-support grant disrupt school on the social grant payday by queuing for permission to go to local pay points. Principals also experience late-coming and absenteeism from teen mothers due to a lack of reliable people to care for their babies during the school day. The performance of teen mothers deteriorates due to the household chores of taking care of the baby and having no time to attend extralessons or afternoon study sessions at school. The study has also revealed that principals engage the local clinics officials to present pregnancy awareness with the learners as a way of educating them. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

[pt] A embalagem está no centro de questões de sobrevivência alimentar para mais de sete bilhões de pessoas no mundo. A presente pesquisa tem uma característica exploratória, voltada a investigar se as novas tecnologias digitais (especialmente microtomografia e impressão 3D) potencializam as abordagens de pensar e projetar embalagem por meio de analogias entre biologia e design (Biomimética). Tem também, uma característica experimental, objetivando estimular a criação e prototipação de conceitos inovadores biomiméticos para embalagem de alimentos. Os métodos utilizados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo; entrevistas com especialistas (biólogos); coleta de materiais biológicos (especialmente frutos) e experimentação - que foi realizada em dois momentos: Experimento A, onde aplicou-se o pensamento biomimético baseado na abordagem Biologia para Projetar (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), sem uso de novas tecnologias e Experimento B, onde aplicou-se o mesmo pensamento, porém com uso de novas tecnologias (microtomografia e impressão 3D). Graças ao processo de design exploratório e experimental, chegou-se a um conceito de design, que foi resultado de um desdobramento das analogias geradas entre biologia (vagem do amendoim) e design (embalagem). Ele propõe um sistema biomimético inovador para embalagem de alimentos que: aumenta a proteção e conservação, reduzindo o desperdício, permite adaptação a diferentes formatos e dimensões do conteúdo a ser embalado e otimiza o uso de materiais e processos. O resultado final alcançado faz-nos vislumbrar uma série de desdobramentos dessa pesquisa, principalmente ao que se refere à viabilidade técnica e implementação industrial do sistema criado, a fim de que seu uso possa ser generalizado em larga escala e, desta forma, contribuir para gerar impacto positivo nas questões contemporâneas de acesso e preservação de alimentos. / [en] The packaging is at the heart of food survival issues for more than seven billion people in the world. This research has an exploratory characteristic, aimed to investigate whether the new digital technologies (specially microtomography and 3D printing) potentializes the approaches of thinking and designing packaging through analogies between biology and design (Biomimicry). It also has an experimental feature, aiming to stimulate the creation and prototyping of biomimetic concepts for innovative food packaging. The methods used were: bibliographical research, documentary and field; interviews with experts (biologists); collection of biological materials (especially fruit) and trial - which was held in two stages: Experiment A, which applied the biomimetic based thinking approach Biology to Design (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), without the use of new technologies and Experiment B, where we applied the same thought, but with the use of new technologies (microtomography and 3D printing). Thanks to the exploratory process of and experimental feature, this research came to a design concept, which was the result of a breakdown of analogies generated between biology (pod peanuts) and design (packaging). He proposes an innovative system for Biomimetic package for foods which: increase the protection and conservation, reducing waste, allows adaptation to different shapes and dimensions of the content and optimizes the use of materials and processes. The end result achieved makes us glimpse a number of developments of this research, especially when it comes to the technical feasibility and industrial implementation of the system introduced in order to allow its use to be widespread on a large scale and thus help to generate positive impact on contemporary issues of access and preservation of food.

We compared attitudes about child support between the United States and South Korean respondents, using a multiple segment factorial vignette to gather quantitative and qualitative data from 132 Americans and 132 South Koreans. South Koreans were more likely than U.S. respondents to think child support should be paid. Respondents in both countries thought fathers should pay more child support when mothers had sole custody than when both parents shared custody. Remarriage, combined with custody, affected respondents’ attitudes. The primary rationale of U.S. respondents focused on issues of fairness, while Koreans highlighted fathers’ responsibility and obligation. Cross-cultural differences in attitudes regarding child support payments, and their implications for support compliance rates in the United States and South Korea, are discussed.