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no / Singapore commercial contract law has taken an Asian perspective in respect of express terms of good faith in the negotiation of contract. In general, however, it adheres to the English contract law orthodoxy regarding good faith. More specifically, Singapore, like England, does not recognize a general duty or principle of good faith and it is reluctant to imply a duty of good faith into a contract. However, as a hub of international trade and a rising forum for commercial dispute resolution, Singapore will have a stronger need to reconcile the differences in good faith in contract law between the English/Commonwealth and the European-Asian legal traditions. Conventional wisdom and international commercial law instruments in this respect are not as helpful as one would expect for such a need. Instead, to an enlightening but limited extent, the “organizing principle” approach in Bhasin v Hrynew could be useful for setting up a framework for reconciling the differences. This framework could consist of an organising principle of (honouring) reasonable expectations, a duty of honesty, and a duty of fair dealing. The framework realistically concretises good faith into the three components, all of which are essentially objective and ascertainable in specific factual matrix and are well-recognised in both common law and civil law.

Every person is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in international human rights instruments without distinction of any kind: this includes race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. In particular, every person is entitled to access justice to vindicate his or her rights. Although age is not expressly mentioned as one of the prohibited grounds of discrimination, particular provisions provide for special legal protection for minors. In addition, other particular instruments have been adopted to protect the rights of minors. The right to an effective judicial remedy for acts violating fundamental rights is guaranteed to minors by human rights instruments. The notion of ‘access to justice’ is used here in reference to an individual’s opportunity to enjoy equal access to legal services necessary for the protection of one’s rights and interests regardless of one’s means. It also implies the mechanism by which an individual may seek legal assistance including, among other things, drafting formal documents (wills, contracts), In reality,the effective enjoyment of rights is not possible when the holders of the rights have limited access to justice, i.e. access to judicial remedies in cases where their rights have been violated. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Les modèles du contrat FIDIC sont parmi les conditions de référence les plus couramment utilisées dans les projets internationaux. Le contrat FIDIC est calqué sur des conceptions juridiques enracinées dans le système de Common Law. Cependant, il y a une augmentation dans l’utilisation des modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil. Ainsi, les employeurs, les entrepreneurs, les organismes de financement internationaux, les ingénieurs, les avocats et les parties prenantes des projets, utilisant les modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil, doivent comprendre l'interprétation des dispositions FIDIC dans le contexte du droit civil. Dans cette recherche, l’application des provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaires sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) sera étudiée dans le contexte du droit civil, avec une attention particulière pour l’application spéciale de telles provisions sur le droit civil Egyptien. Les ressemblances et différences entre les provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaire sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) et le droit civil Egyptien seront identifiées. Des recommandations concernant les provisions concernées seront faites quant aux modifications à apporter soit au Code civil Egyptien soit au modèle FIDIC (CONS), selon le cas. Cette recherche vise à illuminer les employeurs, les ingénieurs et les entrepreneurs concluant des projets fondés sur le modèle FIDIC (CONS) et ayant élu le droit Egyptien en tant que loi applicable; gérer correctement les délais, retards et risques entraînant des paiements supplémentaires dans les contrats de construction. Cela devrait permettre de minimiser, autant que possible, les litiges associés aux retards et aux demandes de prorogation de délai et/ou du paiement supplémentaire. Étant donné que la plupart des systèmes juridiques du Moyen-Orient sont fondés sur les principes du droit civil et sont fortement influencés par le droit civil Egyptien, il est envisagé que cette recherche soutienne l'administration effective et efficace des contrats de construction dans la région. / The FIDIC forms of contract are one of the most commonly used standard conditions of contract in international projects. The FIDIC is based on legal concepts rooted in the Common Law system. However, there is an increase use of the FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions. Thus, employers, contractors, international financing organizations, engineers, lawyers and stakeholders of projects, using FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions, need to understand the interpretation of the FIDIC provisions against a Civil Law background. In this research, the application of time and additional payment provisions of the FIDIC (CONS) will be studied in the context of the Civil Law, with special application on the Egyptian Civil Law. Similarities and differences between the relevant provisions of time and additional payment under the FIDIC (CONS) and the Egyptian Civil Law will be recognised. Recommendations will be yielded as to amendments to be made either to the Egyptian Civil Code or to the FIDIC (CONS), as the case may be, in relation to the provisions at issue. It is envisaged that this research would help employers, engineers and contractors, entering into projects based on the FIDIC (CONS) and with the Egyptian Civil Law as the applicable law, properly manage time provisions, delays and risks leading to additional payment in the construction contracts. This should help minimize, as much as possible, disputes associated with and/or resulting from the delays and claims for extension of time and/or additional payment. Since most of the legal systems of the Middle East are founded upon Civil Law principles, and are most heavily influenced by the Egyptian Civil Law, it is envisaged that this research would support effective and efficient contract administration of construction projects among the region.

Civil liability in healthcare Abstract The topic of this master thesis is civil liability in healthcare. The aim of the author of this master thesis was to provide an analysis of the existing legislation, while also discussing individual aspects of legal liability, lex artis and as well as the individual actus reus of the duty to provide compensation for damage. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the hierarchical division of relevant legal sources with a focus on the regulation concerning the term lex artis. In the area of international law, the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine is discussed, which can be considered as a basis for national regulation, namely the Health Services Act. In conclusion, a brief explanation of the Code of Ethics issued by the Czech Medical Chamber is provided. In the second chapter, the concept of civil liability and its influence on civil liability is explained first and then the author of this master thesis discusses the individual conceptual theories of civil liability. It specifically concerns civil liability as a threat of sanction, sanction conceptual theory, other concepts of legal liability and a current view on this issue. It is followed by individual conditions of liability and its functions. The third chapter deals with the terminological analysis of...

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1 Civil-law liability arises upon the provision of health services Abstract This diploma thesis aims to analyze in detail the civil-law liability arising out of the provision of health services; special focus is drawn to non-pecuniary damage to health and life of the patient and non-pecuniary damage of the close persons during the provision of health services by the breach of duties of the doctor, including ways and extent of compensation sustained harm. The thesis explains the current legal framework within which civil-law liability for the provision of health sevices is assessed, with individual references to the previous legal acts (i.e. the 1964 Civil Code and the Decree on compensation of non-pecuniary damage). The changes and weaknesses of the current legal framework are pointed out. The thesis comprises of an introduction, five main chapters and a conclusion. First and second chapters delimitate the issue at hand, introduce elementary terms important for the field [of civil-law liability for the provision of health services], and sources of law and shed light onto the relationship between the two key legal acts governing the provision of health services, that being the Civil Code and the Act on Provision of Helath Services. The substance of human life and health as two individual personal rights is...

1 Civil-law liability arises upon the provision of health services Abstract This diploma thesis aims to analyze in detail the civil-law liability arising out of the provision of health services; special focus is drawn to non-pecuniary damage to health and life of the patient and non-pecuniary damage of the close persons during the provision of health services by the breach of duties of the doctor, including ways and extent of compensation sustained harm. The thesis explains the current legal framework within which civil-law liability for the provision of health sevices is assessed, with individual references to the previous legal acts (i.e. the 1964 Civil Code and the Decree on compensation of non-pecuniary damage). The changes and weaknesses of the current legal framework are pointed out. The thesis comprises of an introduction, five main chapters and a conclusion. First and second chapters delimitate the issue at hand, introduce elementary terms important for the field [of civil-law liability for the provision of health services], and sources of law and shed light onto the relationship between the two key legal acts governing the provision of health services, that being the Civil Code and the Act on Provision of Helath Services. The substance of human life and health as two individual personal rights is...