Le droit naturel a servi tout au long de la Troisième République d’outil épistémologique qui a permis de discuter le droit de manière rationnelle. La doctrine civiliste a fourni à cette époque de multiples séries des discours examinant les prises de position juridico-politiques dans le langage du droit naturel. L’intérêt d’écrire l’histoire d’un concept, celui du droit naturel, conçu le plus souvent comme éternel, universel et absolu, est non seulement de découvrir les mutations et les incohérences existant dans les discours portant sur ce concept mais aussi de constater ce que nous pouvons apprendre à propos des interactions entre l’histoire socio-politique, l’histoire juridique, et l’histoire doctrinale. Les usages de la notion démontrent à quel point ceux-ci varient selon les époques et selon les auteurs qui la mettent forme. L’idée du droit naturel implique l’existence d’un système juridique idéal et universel. Les législations nationales, considérées à la lumière du droit naturel, ne peuvent être que des créations arbitraires limitées par les frontières d’un État. Par conséquent, la recherche scientifique du droit ne devrait plus se borner à l’examen des textes législatifs. Les règles coutumières et jurisprudentielles sont devenues aussi la source du droit. Cette démarche, en réalité, a accordé à la doctrine le pouvoir de décider la source et l’interprétation du droit. Partant d’une telle observation, nous nous intéressons sur le rôle du droit naturel dans les discours des juristes face aux crises politiques, sociaux, mais aussi scientifiques. / If “natural law” is understood as a set of principles, legal or moral, that is eternal, immutable and universal, human understandings of this idea never cease to change in different time and location. These understandings, existing in form of discourse, enters into the interaction in context and circumstance. The dissertation examines the usages of natural law in the Third French Republic. It argues that French jurists use the idea of universal and ideal law as the response to socio-political issues: the establishment of republican regime and its anticlericalism, the rise of social sciences and social problems, and the construction of an international order after the WWI. Their responses, in turn, enrich the conceptions of natural law: metaphysically secular justifications of natural law are made by lawyers who are deeply catholic. This old idea is made compatible with social progress, and the universalism and idealism consisted in this idea are used to serve the patriotic cause.

[pt] Este trabalho consiste em uma análise do pensamento de Spinoza, buscando compreender as conexões existentes entre a ontologia, a ética, a política e o direito no interior das reflexões spinozanas. O objeto do trabalho envolve, portanto, a identificação das estruturas ontológicas e éticas da obra de Spinoza, explicitando-se as derivações político-jurídicas que podem ser delineadas a partir de tais estruturas. Cabe ressaltar que o trabalho ora apresentado se preocupa em selecionar os aspectos ontológicos e éticos que possam reorientar determinadas noções políticas e jurídicas que a tradição do pensamento jurídico cristalizou, o que produziu um consenso sólido e consistente a respeito dos seguintes temas: os fundamentos transcendentes do direito, a constituição do direito a partir de uma decisão livre e racional, a legitimidade do estado de exceção e a oposição entre ser e dever-ser. A finalidade da tese se orienta, portanto, pela exposição de conceitos spinozanos que são úteis para redefinir os termos nos quais tais noções consensuais se sustentam, visando a se conceber um horizonte alternativo para a intelecção de tais problemas. / [en] This work consists of an analysis of the thought of Spinoza and intends to demonstrate the relations between metaphysics, ethics, politics and law in the spinozian reflections. The object of this thesis refers to the identification of the metaphysical and ethical structures of Spinoza´s works and aims at the exposition of the necessary link between these structures and the political and juridical concepts whose foundations are metaphysical and ethical. It is important to figure out that this thesis selects the ontological and ethical aspects of Spinoza´s works that are able to rebuild some political and juridical notions that had been insistently reaffirmed by the legal reasoning. The jurisprudence produced a solid consensus of the themes that involves the transcendent foundations of law, the constitution of law by a free and rational decision, the legitimacy of the state of exception and the opposition between ought and be. In the end, the thesis is oriented by the exposition of the spinozian concepts which are able to redefine the terms that sustain these consensual notions and to establish an alternative horizon to a better comprehension of these problems.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Not available / text

Socialinis teisingumas šiame darbe suvokiamas kaip tam tikra schema (modelis), apimanti keletą pagrindinių elementų, kuriuos galima laikyti tam tikrais vertinimo kriterijais: silpnosios šalies gynimas, autonomijos teisė ir jos ribos, teismo diskrecijos teisė civilinėje teisėje ir žmogaus teisių poveikis civilinei teisei. Vadovaujantis minimais kriterijais ir jų visetu kaip socialinio teisingumo vertinimo sistema siekiama ištirti civilinės teisės šaką – panagrinėti atskirus civilinės teisės institutus iš socialinio teisingumo perspektyvos. Pabrėžtina, kad aptariamas socialinio teisingumo modelis yra tik pasiūlymas, tam tikra perspektyva, iš kurios civilinė teisė galėtų būti vertinama. Dėl ribotos darbo apimties nagrinėjami tie civiliniai teisiniai santykiai, kurie darbo autorės nuomone, su socialinio teisingumo modeliu susiję glaudžiausiu ryšiu. Detalizuojant kiekvieną minėto modelio elementų, darbe ypač akcentuojami sutartiniai teisiniai santykiai. Aiškinantis silpnosios šalies gynimo principo turinį, kaip vieno socialinio teisingumo modelio elementų, daug dėmesio skiriama vartojimo sutartiniams teisiniams santykiams - nagrinėjamas vartojimo sutarties institutas, vartotojo, kaip silpnosios vartojimo sutarties šalies statusas, taip pat aiškinamasi, kodėl silpnosios šalies statusas tam tikrais atvejais suteiktinas ir verslo subjektams. Darbe siekiama atskleisti pusiausvyros tarp asmens autonomijos teisės bei jų tarpusavio solidarumo būtinybę socialinio teisingumo požiūriu –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this thesis the social justice is conceptualized as a particular scheme (model) which embraces several essential elements, in other words certain evaluation criteria. According to these criteria an author of this thesis analyzes a branch of civil law – in particular certain legal institutes from the perspective of social justice. The chosen social justice model implicates five elements: regulatory legitimacy, protection of weaker party, individual autonomy and social solidarity, discretion of courts and human rights‘ impact on civil law. Four of them (excluding regulatory legitimacy) are applied. A great attention is paid to contract law, especially to the consumer contracts, as well as consumer‘s category itself. One of the aims of this thesis is to discuss the importance of fairness in contract law (contractual and pre-contractual obligations) as a restrictive factor of individual autonomy. Discretion of courts is being discussed from the perspective of social justice – how broad is the discretion given for the purposes of social justice. Lastly the impact of human rights to civil law is being discussed – it is relevant to ascertain whether human rights doctrine and civil law are related. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the civil law norms and case law in Lithuania from the perspective of social justice and to compare separate institutes to the social justice model mentioned above. The hypothesis of this thesis has been affirmed. It is assumed that due to... [to full text]

We are witness today, within a context of an increasingly integrated European Union, to the making of a new common legal order which is that of the European Community. This new ius commune Europaeum will have to be based on legal foundations that can be adhered to by all member states. In this perspective, it is indispensable to investigate whether domestic legal systems of the member states are able to adopt legal concepts of other member states without undermining their cohesive natures. Only then will it be possible to build the emerging ius commune on a conceptual legal framework, which is not to be perceived as a Fremdkorper in the participating states. The present thesis analyzes how Quebec's civilian jurisdiction adopted the common law concepts of the trust and unconscionability, in order to answer the question whether, and if so how, European civil law jurisdictions may adopt common legal concepts and yet remain cohesive.

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Diss., 2008 / Includes bibliographical references (p. [306]-328) and index.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Kassel. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-307).

No description available.

Thomas Hobbes está preocupado com as consequências do desacordo moral que, segundo ele, impedem as sociedades de viverem em paz, a qual é condição necessária para a garantia uma vida confortável a todos. Para apresentar uma solução a esse problema, o autor começa estudando a condição natural dos humanos, que, sem um poder soberano, vivem em condição de guerra. Depois de alcançar essa conclusão, Hobbes nos mostra como é possível constituir corretamente uma república. Apesar de apresentar o argumento do estado de natureza como sendo o ponto de partida para a instituição da soberania, ele está focado principalmente no seu significado para a estabilidade da república. Hobbes afirma, assim, estar consciente de que as pessoas sempre desejam viver juntas e de que elas têm vivido assim desde sempre. Seu principal interesse está, na verdade, em demonstrar como as pessoas podem viver juntas em paz ao longo do tempo. Hobbes mostra aos seus leitores que a paz só é possível quando os cidadãos conhecem as leis de natureza e estão corretamente motivados a segui-las. Essa tese tem dois objetivos principais: (i) discutir como Hobbes desenvolve sua teoria moral, e como ele conecta essa teoria à lei civil, e (ii) debater sua teoria sobre a natureza humana e a possibilidade de ensinar os cidadãos sobre a necessidade de obedecer ao soberano. Os principais tópicos discutidos e as contribuições que essa tese pode proporcionar estão relacionados à questão da normatividade das leis de natureza e ao impacto que ela pode ter no restante da teoria política de Hobbes, com particular destaque à relação, em uma república, entre moralidade e educação, pois a segunda motiva os cidadãos a seguirem a primeira. / Thomas Hobbes is concerned with the consequences of moral disagreement as, according to him, they prevent societies from living in peace, which is a necessary condition to guarantee a comfortable life to everyone. In order to present a solution to this problem, Hobbes starts studying the natural condition of humans, who, in the absence of a sovereign power, live in a state of war. After reaching this conclusion, Hobbes shows us how it is possible to correctly institute a commonwealth. Despite presenting the argument concerning the state of nature as a starting point to the institution of the sovereignty, he is focused mainly on the state of nature’s meaning to the stability of the commonwealth. Hobbes hence asserts that he is aware that people always desire to live together and have always lived like that. His main interest is actually to demonstrate how people can live together in peace over time. Hobbes shows his readers that peace is only possible when citizens know the laws of nature and are correctly motivated to follow them. This paper has two main aims (i) to discuss how Hobbes advances his moral theory and how he connects it to the civil law, and (ii) to reflect his theory about human nature and the possibility of teaching citizens about the need of obeying the sovereign. The main topics discussed and the contributions this paper may make concern the normativity of the laws of nature and the impact it may have on the rest of Hobbes’s political theory, with particular emphasis on the relation, in a commonwealth, between morality and education, as the latter motivates citizens to follow the former.