Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martinezperez_cff_me_fran.pdf: 528475 bytes, checksum: 74b3738717fe738bb434f282171d7661 (MD5) / A presente dissertação discorre sobre a responsabilidade do Estado-juiz, com especial atenção à concretização da decisão judicial, uma vez que o Estado Democrático de Direito deve materializar as promessas erigidas no texto constitucional, dentre elas a inafastabilidade da jurisdição e a efetivação de direitos fundamentais. Da mesma forma, é importante visualizar o poder judiciário como prestador de serviço público essencial à democracia e ao implemento das garantias dos cidadãos. Entende-se que é possível a responsabilização do Estado quando não presta este serviço de justiça com a eficiência necessária, sob a teoria da faute du service, feitas algumas considerações: eficiência do serviço público se o resultado não se realiza, o estado é responsável / This work discusses the responsibility of the Judiciary-State, specially towards the deliverance of the judicial provision, once the Democratic State ruled under Law must make the promises erected in the Constitutional text come true, including the unremovability of jurisdiction and enforcement of fundamental rights. Similarly, it is important to look at the judiciary branch as a provider of essential public service to democracy as well as an implementer of the guarantees of citizens. It is understood that accountability is possible when the State does not provides this justice service adequately, under the faute du service theory, with some special considerations

The Peruvian Civil Code commemorates its thirty years of existence. Some of its rules’content is clear, while some other rules are –in the words of the author– dark andquestionable.  One of these controversial rules in its meaning and application is that contained in article 226 of the Code, relatedwith a person’s legal capacity.In this article, the author makes a historical and comparative analysis of such article, to then approach the problems contained in it, contrasting their role in the current social reality and verifying if such figure is still useful in our legal system. / El Código Civil peruano cumple treinta años de vigencia. Algunas de sus disposiciones son claras respecto a su contenido y otras son –en palabras del autor– oscuras y discutibles. Una de las normas controvertidas en su significado y aplicación es la contenida en el artículo 226del Código, relacionado con la capacidad jurídica de la persona.En este artículo, el autor realiza un análisis histórico-comparativo del mencionado artículo, para luego abordar los problemas en él contenidos, contrastar su función en la realidad social actual y verificar si tal figura es aun útil en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar a relação estabelecida entre o estabelecimento de ensino superior privado e seus alunos, principalmente quanto à qualidade do serviço educacional prestado. Por se tratar de uma relação de consumo, a prestação de serviços educacionais sem a observância do padrão de qualidade, conforme previsto na Constituição Federal, pode caracterizar vício do serviço, o que resultaria na responsabilidade do fornecedor, nos termos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. No que concerne à aferição da qualidade do serviço prestado, entendemos que a utilização dos indicadores quantitativos provenientes das avaliações realizadas pelo Estado não é adequada, uma vez que desconsidera os elementos subjetivos envolvidos na prestação de serviços educacionais, importantes no aprendizado do aluno. Finalmente, analisa-se a participação do Estado na ocorrência do vício de qualidade, frente ao seu dever de credenciar e fiscalizar a qualidade do serviço, e em que medida o Poder Público poderia ser responsabilizado. / The objective of the present essay is to analyze the relationship between the establishment of private higher education and its students, mainly towards the quality of educational service which is offered. Because it is about a consume relationship, the educational customer service without the compliance of quality standard, as per the Federal Constitution, can characterize vicious of service, what would result in the suppliers responsibility, according to the terms of the Code of Consumer Defense. Concerning the standardization of quality of service provided, we understand that the use of quantitative indicators from evaluations performed by the State is not adequate, once that it considers the subjective elements involved on the educational customer service, important to the students learning. Finally, we analyze the participation of the State on the occurrence of vicious of quality, concerning its duty of accrediting and supervising the service quality, and at what lever the Public Power could be responsible.

A formação territorial do Brasil foi marcada por duas grandes características: a grande extensão das propriedades e a indefinição quanto aos seus limites. Se em um primeiro momento a sua aquisição se dava por concessões feitas pela Coroa Portuguesa, ou pela simples ocupação, com o passar do tempo também surgiram vendas entre os próprios particulares. Com estas características, uma questão inevitável surge já no final do século XIX na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras: havendo divergência entre a área tratada e a efetivamente apurada, a quem cabe a responsabilidade? O primeiro problema é o do direito aplicável: Ordenações ou Direito Subsidiário? E, neste último caso, qual seria o direito? Os Códigos Civis de 1916 e de 2002 trouxeram em seu bojo artigos tratando especificamente da questão. Contudo, permaneceram dúvidas, em especial quanto à natureza da proteção concedida às partes chave de todo o sistema. O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar, com base em subsídios históricos, que a solução tradicionalmente adotada a cisão das vendas entre ad corpus e ad mensuram é inadequada, propondo um outro modo, resgatado do passado, de se compreender o tema. / The territorial evolution of Brazil is regarded by two important characteristics: the great extension of the land properties, and the unclear definition of its limits. At first, the acquisition of land occurred by concession of the Portuguese monarchy or simply by the territorial occupation. Later on, there would be a land trade between commoners. By the end of the nineteenth century, the characteristics of the land occupation bring about an unavoidable question to the legal thinkers and court decisions: who should be responsible in case of divergence between the contracted dimensions and the found dimensions ? The first problem regards the applicable law. Portuguese \"Ordenações do Reino\" or the \"Direito Subsidiário\"? And, on the latter case, what would be the solution? The Brazilian civil codes of 1916 and 2002 brought within articles regarding the question. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty, especially concerning the nature of the legal protection given to the parts - the key of the whole system. The aim of the present work is to demonstrate that, based on the historical facts, the solution traditionally adopted - the division of the purchasing agreements, between ad corpus and ad mensuram selling - is inappropriate. In addition, the work proposes a distinctive way of understanding the topic, based on the past.

A presente dissertação trata de situações nas quais o prejuízo decorre de conduta praticada por parcela de indivíduos integrantes de agrupamento, sem que seja possível identificá-los. No âmbito do nexo causal, essa hipótese se traduz no conceito de causalidade alternativa, e a maior controvérsia relacionada ao tema é definir se, e em quais circunstâncias, há responsabilidade solidária de todos os integrantes do agrupamento. Para analisar essas questões, o presente trabalho apresenta capítulo introdutório, cujo foco recai sobre as diversas doutrinas desenvolvidas a respeito da causalidade. O espoco desse exame é analisar como essas teorias descrevem o fenômeno entre causa e efeito e, ainda, como os doutrinadores e a jurisprudência lidam com elas ao se defrontar com situações envolvendo diversas causas potenciais relacionadas a determinado evento. Tendo a parte introdutória como base, a dissertação analisa especificamente a causalidade alternativa sob perspectiva histórica, tecendo considerações sobre o desenvolvimento do conceito ao longo do tempo. A dissertação ingressa, então, na análise da causalidade alternativa em diversas jurisdições. O propósito dessa parte do trabalho é examinar as diferentes perspectivas adotadas por doutrinadores e cortes estrangeiras em relação a cenários envolvendo danos cometidos por grupos de diversos indivíduos, sem que seja possível identificar o verdadeiro ofensor. A parte final da dissertação trata especificamente do fenômeno da causalidade alternativa no direito brasileiro. O trabalho analisa essa matéria examinando algumas decisões relevantes dos tribunais, juntamente com opiniões de doutrinadores relacionadas ao tema. Também há o contraste das diversas teorias desenvolvidas para explicar a solidariedade dos integrantes do grupo com o regime jurídico estabelecido no Código Civil brasileiro, enfatizando-se as potenciais deficiências de cada doutrina. A partir dessa análise, e das principais conclusões decorrentes da pesquisa desenvolvida nos demais capítulos, a parte final da dissertação propõe (i) uma explicação que justifica a solidariedade dos indivíduos que integram um grupo; e (ii) os critérios para definir as circunstâncias nas quais essa espécie de responsabilidade se aplica. O trabalho propõe, ainda, a alteração no Código Civil brasileiro, com a inclusão de normas específicas acerca da causalidade alternativa. / This thesis approaches situations wherein damage arises from conducts incurred by one or several individuals that compose a group, being altogether impossible to identify the actual torfeasors. In terms of causation, this situation is usually known as alternative causation, and the main controversy arising from such scenario is whether and under which circumstances all members of the group should be held liable for damages. In order to analyze these issues, the present work brings an introductory chapter, which focuses on the several theories developed with respect to the concept of causation. This aims at verifying how such doctrines describe the cause-and-effect phenomenon, and the way scholar and courts handle with these doctrines whereas facing situations involving several causes potentially related to a certain outcome. Having the first part as a conceptual background, the dissertation specifically approaches the alternative causation under a historical perspective, particularly concerning the development of such concept throughout relevant moments of history. The dissertation then moves to the analysis of the concept of alternative causation in several jurisdictions. The purpose of that part of the work is to verify the different perspectives adopted by foreign scholars and courts as to the scenarios involving damages performed by members of a group, wherein it is altogether impossible to identify the actual tortfeasors. The final part of the dissertation deals particularly with the phenomenon of alternative causation under Brazilian law. The work approaches this subject by examining some relevant court decisions and opinion of scholars related to the issue. It also contrasts the several doctrines developed to explain the joint liability of the members of the group with the legal regime established by the Brazilian Civil Code, stressing the flaws applicable to each of them. Relying upon this analysis, and on main elements arising from the analysis carried out in the previous chapters, the final part of the dissertation proposes (i) an explanation to justify the joint liability applicable to individuals that compose a group of potential tortfeasors; and (ii) the criteria to define the circumstances wherein this sort of liability prevails. It also proposes the amendment of the Brazilian Civil Code, in order to include specific regulation regarding alternative causation.

Europeanisation of civil law Abstract This diploma thesis aims to discuss the phenomenon of Europeanization of civil law. This is a contemporary phenomenon in the law of the member states of the European Union. Its substance is the process of influencing the sphere of private law and civil law respectivelly, as a result of the ongoing process of European integration. The first chapter deals with the definition of basic concepts. The second chapter briefly discusses the history of the whole process and then discusses the underlying theoretical questions: whether Europeanization is at all necessary and, if so, whether it is feasible and what methods thereof are being used. It aims to introduce and confront different approaches. The third chapter gives an overview of the current state of hard law in the field of civil law at the EU level. The fourth chapter focuses on the soft law in the field of European civil law and provides an overview of some of the most important academic initiatives in that field. It also demonstrates how some of the academic projects had influence on the current Czech Civil Code. The fifth chapter then specifically focuses on one area of civil law at EU level - the European tort law, which it seeks to discuss in a synthetic way. The final part of the thesis summarizes key facts and...

This study examines the effect of using toeholds in domestic and cross-border acquisitionprocesses on the bidder’s acquisition performance. The sample constitutes 1,701 acquisitionsof European listed firms over the period 2003-2016. Results reveal significant evidence of anadverse effect of toeholds on the bidder’s acquisition performance. However, in cross-borderacquisitions, the use of toeholds results on average in significantly higher abnormal returns.Finally, the use of toeholds is found to be more efficient in target countries with a civil-lawsystem compared to countries with a common-law system. Overall, these findings increase ourunderstanding of management actions about the application of toeholds as an acquisitionstrategy.

Les partages des articles 1075 et suivants du Code civil permettent à un disposant de réaliser par anticipation le partage de sa succession entre ses héritiers présomptifs. Cette faculté, durant les deux siècles qui ont suivi la codification, était réservée aux seuls ascendants au profit de leurs descendants et ce n’est que par la loi du 23 juin 2006 qu’elle a été étendue en dehors de la ligne directe descendante. Cette ouverture résulte d’une évolution progressive de cet acte, réalisée tout au long du XXe siècle pour répondre aux blocages nés des interprétations divergentesdéveloppées au cours du XIXe siècle. Le caractère hybride des partages d’ascendants qui se trouvent au confluent des successions et des libéralités est une donnée établie. Tout comme une médaille est constituée d’un avers et d’un revers, les partages d’ascendants sont constitués d’un élément répartiteur et d’un élément attributif. La réunion indissociable de ces deux éléments confère aux partages des articles 1075 et suivants leur identité. Or, pour indissociables et constitutifs qu’ils soient, les deux côtés ne sont jamais perçus simultanément. Tout l’intérêt d’une approche historique des articles 1075 et suivants consiste à mettre en lumière la façon dont la médaille s’est retournée : comment l’élément attributif s’est développé jusqu’à devenir l’avers, la face principale. / The estate distribution established by the articles 1075 s. of the civil code enables a disposer to anticipate the distribution of his inheritance between the heirs apparent. During the next two centuries which followed the codification, this ability was reserved to the only ascendants in favor of their descendants. The law of the 23rd June 2006 had the effect that it was no longer limited to the direct descending line. This opening was the result of a progressive evolution of the act, which was established all along the twentieth century in order to respond to the blockings arising from the different interpretations developed during the nineteenth century. The hybridity of the ascendants’ estate distribution, situated at the confluence of inheritance and liberalities, is an established fact. As well as a medal has an obverse and reverse side, the ascendants’ estate distribution consists of a distributive element and an attributive element. The inseparable union of these two elements gives the estate distribution established by the article 1075 s. its identity. As inseparable and constituent the obverse and reverse side might be, they are yet never perceived simultaneously, even though the reverse side is generally described by its relation with the obverse: It is the opposite of the one presented as the principal, it is the supporting side of the second listing. All the interest in a historical approach to the articles 1075 s. consist of bringing to light the way the distributive element evolved into becoming the obverse of our institution leading to a notable change of the nature of these estate distributions which nevertheless remain dual acts.

La Révolution est un phénomène politique attaché à bouleverser en priorité l’ordre de l’exercice de puissance publique. Les acteurs de la Révolution, tout comme leurs adversaires, comprennent rapidement que le destin de la société et celui de la Révolution sont étroitement liés à la transformation radicale du droit privé. La première résistance à l’individualisme juridique est venue des défenseurs de l’ordre traditionnel, parmi ces députés désignés par leurs adversaires sous les noms de « parti aristocrate », avant que les grandes figures de la Contre-Révolution telles que Louis de Bonald ou Joseph de Maistre poursuivent, par d’importantes publications, le combat idéologique. Sous le Consulat, le Code civil de 1804 est au cœur des enjeux soulevés par le mouvement de contestation de l’individualisme juridique. Code de « transaction » selon le mot de Portalis, il fait droit à nombre d’aspirations anti-individualistes, sous l’influence des quatre membres de la commission de rédaction. Pourtant, il n’en ménage pas moins des concessions à la législation révolutionnaire, ce qui continue de nourrir une opposition contre-révolutionnaire. La Restauration de la monarchie permet de poursuivre cette genèse du courant anti-individualiste, puisque les débats concernant le droit privé sont nombreux, notamment en matière familiale. La puissance paternelle, l’abrogation du divorce, les successions et les majorats, ainsi que le projet de remettre la religion au centre de la société, sont une préoccupation majeure pour les ultraroyalistes qui désirent « renouer la chaîne des temps ». Le parti ultraroyaliste, d’abord hostile à la Charte de 1814, use habilement des Chambres pour promouvoir une réaction cette fois intégrale contre l’individualisme juridique de la Révolution. / The French Revolution of 1789 is a political phenomenon focused on upsetting the order of priority in the exercise of public powers. The actors of the Revolution and their opponents alike were quick to understand that the destiny of society and that of the Revolution were closely linked to the radical transformation of private law. Resistance to legal individualism first came from defenders of traditional order, among those members referred to by their opponents as the “aristocratic party”, before such great figures of the Counter-Revolution as Louis de Bonald and Joseph de Maistre continued the ideological combat threw major writings. Under the Consulat, the French Civil Code of 1804 was at the heart of the issues raised by the movement against legal individualism. As a Code of “Transaction”, as Portalis put it, it acceded to many anti-individualistic aspirations, under the influence of the four members of the drafting committee. Yet the fact remains that the Code allowed for concessions to revolutionary legislation, which continued to fuel opposition to the Revolution. The Restoration of the monarchy made it possible to amplify the scope of the anti-individualistic movement, as there were a lot of discussions on private law, especially on the subject of the family. Paternal power, abrogation of divorce, inheritance and primogeniture were major concerns for the ultra-royalists party, who was also planning to make religion central to society again, in an attempt to “reconnect with the chain of times”. The ultra-royalist party, initially hostile to the Charter of 1814, skillfully used the parliamentary Chambers to promote a full reaction against the Revolution’s legal individualism.

In this article, the author explains the forms, consequences, and exceptions of breach of a contract from the perspective of comparative law. Thus, he aims to understand legal situations, which seek to protect the right of credit, such as the repair of the damages. The author makes distinctions when defining whether the security obligation is part of the contract or not, which allows to distinguish the nature of objectivity or subjective contractual liability. / En el presente artículo, el autor explica las formas, consecuencias y excepciones del incumplimiento de un contrato desde el derecho comparado. Así, pretende comprender las situaciones jurídicas, las cuales buscan tutelar el derecho de crédito, como el hecho de reparar el daño.El autor hace distinciones al momento de definir si la obligación de seguridad forma parte o no del contrato, permitiendo distinguir la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de la responsabilidad contractual.