Appealing participants' engagement drives collaborative systems to enhance it through system's use or through system's design. However, engaging participants in collaborative systems to create digital resources is not trivial to achieve as the majority of contributions are provided by a very small percentage of engaged participants. In the literature, different approaches, such as human-in-the-loop and co-design, investigate engagement in these lines. This thesis aims to study how reflexivity can help designers to investigate participants' engagement in co-design of collaborative systems. Based on a qualitative approach, the thesis is positioned in the field of Human Computer Interaction and grounded on two studies. The retrospective analysis of the two studies was guided through a framework composed of three phases. In the first phase, supported by the literature review, several qualitative methods were investigated to identify the communities to be involved in the research; in the second phase, different co-design sessions were conducted with participants; and in the third phase, participants evaluated the solutions co-designed. The two studies followed different but intertwined approaches. Study 1 followed a user-centric approach and supported the identification and consolidation of a set of factors that hindered or facilitated engagement. The factors were articulated as barriers, drivers, and workarounds, and were validated in Study 2, which followed a participative approach. These factors constitute the first contribution of this thesis. Moreover, the literature review and the empirical data supported the identification of three dimensions to facilitate the adoption of a reflexive approach in co-design. These dimensions correspond to the second contribution of this thesis. Finally, the set of barriers, drivers, and workarounds was merged with the dimensions to propose a framework to investigate engagement in co-design of collaborative systems, constituting the third contribution of this thesis.

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Ocean wave energy has the potential to play a crucial role in the shift to renewable energy. In order to improve wave energy conversion techniques, a recognition of the sub-optimal nature of traditional sequential design processes due to the interconnectedness of subsystems such as the geometry, power take-off, and controls is necessary. A codesign optimization in this paper seeks to include effects of all subsystems within one optimization loop in order to reach a fully optimal design for an oscillating-surge wave energy converter. A width and height sweep serves as a brute force geometry optimization while optimizing the power take-off components and controls using a pseudo-spectral method for each geometry. An investigation of electrical power and mechanical power maximization also outlines the contrasting nature of the two objectives to illustrate electrical power maximization's importance for identifying optimality. The codesign optimization leads to an optimal design with a width of 12 m and a height of 10 m. The power take-off and controls systems are also examined more in depth to identify important areas for increased focus during detailed design. Ultimately, the codesign optimization leads to a 61.4% increase in the objective function over the optimal design from a sequential design process while also requiring about half the power take-off torque. / Master of Science / Ocean wave energy has the potential to play a crucial role in the shift to renewable energy sources. The Earth's vast oceans have immense energy potentials throughout the world, which often follow the seasonal trends of electricity demand in temperate climates. Wave energy harvesting is a technology which has been studied significantly, but has not yet experienced commercial success, partially due to the lack of convergence on a type of wave energy converter. In order to improve wave energy conversion techniques and support the convergence on a particular type, a recognition of the sub-optimal nature of traditional sequential design processes due to the interconnectedness of subsystems is necessary. A codesign optimization in this paper seeks to include effects of all subsystems within one optimization loop in order to reach a fully optimal design for an oscillating-surge wave energy converter. A width and height sweep serves as a brute force geometry optimization while optimizing the power take-off and control components for each geometry. The codesign optimization leads to an optimal design with a width of 12 m and a height of 10 m. Ultimately, the codesign optimization leads to a 62% increase in performance over the result from a sequential design process.

Yes / Background: Experience-based co-design (EBCD) brings patients and staff together to co-design services. It is normally conducted in one organization which initiates and implements the process. We used the traditional EBCD method with a number of adaptations as part of a larger research study in the British National Health Service.Methods: The primary aim was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of conduct-ing research-initiated EBCD, to enhance intervention development prior to testing. As well as embedding the method in a research study, there were 3 further key adap-tations: (a) working across primary and secondary care sectors, (b) working on multi-ple sites and (c) incorporating theory-informed analysis.Results: We recruited four sites (covering both primary and secondary care) and, on each site, conducted the initial traditional EBCD meetings, with separate staff and patient groups—followed by a single joint patient-staff event, where four priority areas for co-design were agreed. This event was driven by theory-informed analysis, as well as the traditional trigger film of patient experiences. Each site worked on one priority area, and the four co-design groups met over 2-3 months to design prototype tools. A second joint event was held (not usually undertaken in single-site EBCD) where they shared and compared outputs. The research team combined elements of these outputs to create an intervention, now being tested in a cluster randomized controlled trial.Conclusions: EBCD can be successfully adapted for use across an entire patient pathway with multiple organizations and as part of a research process to identify an intervention for subsequent testing in a randomized trial. Our pragmatic approach used the patient experience to identify areas for improvement and co-designed an intervention which directly reflected patient priorities. / National Institute for Health Research programme ‘Improving the safety and continuity of medicines management at care transitions (ISCOMAT)’ RP‐PG‐0514‐2009.

Yes / Optimising the use of patient data has the potential to produce a transformational change in healthcare planning, treatment, condition prevention and understanding disease progression. Establishing how people's trust could be secured and a social licence to share data could be achieved is of paramount importance. The study took place across Yorkshire and the Humber, in the North of the England, using a sequential mixed methods approach comprising focus groups, surveys and co-design groups. Twelve focus groups explored people's response to how their health and social care data is, could, and should be used. A survey examined who should be able to see health and care records, acceptable uses of anonymous health and care records, and trust in different organisations. Case study cards addressed willingness for data to be used for different purposes. Co-creation workshops produced a set of guidelines for how data should be used. Focus group participants (n = 80) supported sharing health and care data for direct care and were surprised that this is not already happening. They discussed concerns about the currency and accuracy of their records and possible stigma associated with certain diagnoses, such as mental health conditions. They were less supportive of social care access to their records. They discussed three main concerns about their data being used for research or service planning: being identified; security limitations; and the potential rationing of care on the basis of information in their record such as their lifestyle choices. Survey respondents (n = 1031) agreed that their GP (98 %) and hospital doctors and nurses (93 %) should be able to see their health and care records. There was more limited support for pharmacists (37 %), care staff (36 %), social workers (24 %) and researchers (24 %). Respondents thought their health and social care records should be used to help plan services (88 %), to help people stay healthy (67 %), to help find cures for diseases (67 %), for research for the public good (58 %), but only 16 % for commercial research. Co-creation groups developed a set of principles for a social licence for data sharing based around good governance, effective processes, the type of organisation, and the ability to opt in and out. People support their data being shared for a range of purposes and co-designed a set of principles that would secure their trust and consent to data sharing. / This work was supported by Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (NIHR Yorkshire and Humber PSTRC).

The core objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive understanding of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines' (FOWTs') dynamic behavior and design robust control strategies to enhance their performance and reliability in offshore environments. This begins with a detailed dynamic model of FOWTs, accounting for complex interactions between the wind field and the turbine, leading to transient motions and structural loadings. The model's novelty lies in its use of an acausal modeling environment, facilitating reconfigurability, reuse, and plug-and-play features for Control Co-Design (CCD), where system design and control development occur in parallel, optimizing performance. A significant contribution of this work is applying the Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) framework to FOWT control systems. QFT is a robust control methodology that enables the synthesis of controllers to accommodate uncertainties and disturbances. QFT-based controllers are designed to ensure stable and efficient FOWT operation under varying environmental conditions. Specific goals include reducing vibrational loads from blade root bending moments, tower fore-aft oscillations, and tower side-to-side oscillations, in addition to wind turbine speed control. The main actuations used are generator torque in addition to collective and individual blade pitch actuations. To validate the proposed modeling and control strategies, comprehensive simulations are performed. The dynamic model of FOWTs is rigorously validated against industry-standard tools such as OpenFAST and experimental data from a prototype FOWT. This validation ensures the model's accuracy and reliability, providing confidence in its suitability for control system design and analysis. The validation process includes achieving accurate aerodynamic characteristics, joint force predictions, and blade pitch predictions during operation. The findings of this research significantly advance floating offshore wind turbine technology. By enhancing the understanding of FOWT dynamics and providing robust control solutions, this work contributes to optimizing offshore wind energy generation, reducing the cost of energy production, and improving the sustainability of energy infrastructure.

The need for adapting rapidly to IT and business changes, reducing costs, delivering improved functionality of services and better integration push organizations towards service oriented architecture (SOA) adaption. Delivering SOA requires building systems at the business level, not just at the IT level. Delivery of services needs concentration on the business needs first. As people are the most important factors in defining business requirements, processes and making business decisions, their active involvement in SOA adoption is essential. SOA adoption is evolutionary rather than revolutionary; it is not possible to be accomplished without cooperation of stakeholders who have effect on the system. Many organizations fail to deliver SOA since they underestimate the role of key business people in SOA development. In order to evolve SOA successfully from business perspective, stakeholder involvement should be conducted from early phases of SOA when important decisions are made and business processes are defined. Service identification is one of the important and main activities in SOA development. This study therefore focuses on service identification of SOA from a business view and regard to stakeholders. Text analysis and interviews are the method components used in this research. Some aspects covering the importance of service identification in SOA development, role of stakeholders in service identification and role of scenarios in stakeholder involvement have been identified through text analysis. And three interviews with experts within the area have verified the identified aspects. The result shows that co-design is an appropriate strategy for conducting service identification regard to stakeholders in an effective way. Different ideas can be visualized, explored and examined through this perspective and a realistic appropriate solution can be found. The challenges of co-design in addressing SOA benefits are also studied through theoretical and empirical parts of the study, and the result is summarized in a table which shows the strengths and weaknesses of co-design strategy in service identification process in addressing SOA goals. The results are categorized to two forms of service identification, consultant driven service identification and internal staff driven service identification. The result of the study can be a contribution in determining the employment of co-design in service identification considering different situations. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Detta arbete handlar om att undersöka hur vi kan använda oss av det visuella i ett spel för att motivera till samarbete och locka till gemenskap. Vårt intresse låg i att undersöka kring tanken med att inte tänka sig ett spel som enbart en passiv flykt från verkligheten, utan som ett verktyg som kan användas till att motivera till samarbete. Det spel som vi valt att utveckla var bestämt att vara anpassat för barn runt 10-års ålder. Vi valde att använda oss av en metod som heter Layered Elaboration för att lära känna vår målgrupp tydligare, samt få idéer och inspiration till hur vi kan anpassa ett spel för denna målgrupp. Efter att vi haft en workshop tillsammans med barnen på en skola, där vi lät barnen rita vad de kom att tänka på kring olika teman de fått, utvecklade vi en spelbar prototyp som vi sedan lät barnen på samma skola testa för att få en utvärdering. Efter genomfört speltest fick vi reda på att grafiken i vårt spel måste vara tydlig nog för att man ska veta vad målet är, men samtidigt ändå ha en viss otydlighet, inom en viss gräns, för att tvinga spelare till att samarbeta med varandra för att de ska förstå hur de ska gå tillväga för att nå målet. / This work is about how we can make use of the visuals in a game to motivate cooperation and attract community. Our interest was to explore around the idea of not imagining a game only as a passive escape from reality, but as a tool that can be used to motivate cooperation. The game that we have chosen to develop was determined to be suitable for children around the age of 10. We chose to use a method called Layered Elaboration as a way to learn about our target audience more clearly, and also as a tool to get ideas and inspiration on how we can adapt a game for this target group. After we had a workshop with the children at a school, where we let the children draw what they came to think of about different themes they received, we developed a playable prototype we then let the children in the same school test to get an evaluation. After the gaming test was over we found out that the graphics in our game must be clear enough that you should know what the goal is, yet still have a certain ambiguity, within certain limits, to force players to cooperate with each other in order to understand how to proceed in order to reach the goal.

Engaging older adults in the development of digital services is an important aspect.Although previous studies have identified challenges associated with involving this targetgroup, more research is required on how technologies in participating design can be usedto address these challenges. To investigate how older adults can be involved indevelopment, we have investigated the question at issue:"How can older adults be involved in the development of digital services?"In our study, we have identified challenges associated with the involvement of olderadults in the development of digital services, and selected three participating designtechniques for the purpose of managing these challenges. Each technique represents apart of a development process. This study is driven by a qualitative research approach,where data collection has been conducted by observations, focus groups interviews andworkshops. The main contribution of the study is guidelines that describe how challengesassociated with the involvement of older adults can be managed using selectedtechniques.

Healthcare systems need to adjust services and methods to accommodate the needs, desires, and capabilities of people. Experience-Based Co-Design (EBCD) is the state of the art in participatory service design within the UK National Health Service (NHS), that draws upon design tools and ways of thinking in order to bring healthcare staff and patients together to improve the quality of care. The Co-design process that is integral to the EBCD approach is powerful but also challenging, as it requires active collaboration among multidisciplinary teams, including organizational stakeholders (e.g., investors, managers, advocates, etc.), end-users (e.g., staff, patients, carers, etc.), designers/researchers, and developers. Over the last decade, given the evaluation of the EBCD approach, there has been a gap between theory and practice resulting in limited outcomes in healthcare service improvements. Systematic reviews suggest this low success results from the lack of a systematic elaboration of Co-Design methods, limited tools and insufficient guidance on the ideation process, the tendency to develop a solution without enough divergent thinking, and a poor structure of participation. In order to improve health care services and address the gaps mentioned, we propose a methodology called Double Hexagon, that includes principles of Co-Design, Human-Centred Design, and Design Thinking. This framework is a Human-Centred Design framework that seeks to assist designers and non-designers in moving from designing “product” categories to designing for “people” by providing a concrete and step-by-step realization for “Designing for People”. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)