The purpose of this study was to explore the aspects of therapy as proposed by "common factors" literature (e.g., extratherapeutic change, hope and expectancy, therapy technique, and therapeutic relationship) by surveying the clients of a university based family therapy clinic. Data were used to provide information about what factors are therapeutically helpful according to the client's perspective. Surveys provided a quantitative and qualitative description of the client's therapeutic experience and were compared with those aspects of therapy found in the research. Quantitative results indicate that therapeutic relationship, client motivation, factors outside of therapy, and hope and expectancy accounted for around 49% of the variance of clients' perception of change and about 73% of the variance of clients' perceptions of therapy helpfulness. Findings further suggest that the clients' level of hopefulness and expectancy for positive change is the most significant predictor for both client change and therapy helpfulness. Qualitative results indicate that the therapeutic relationship is considered by clients to be the most helpful aspect of their therapeutic experience. / Master of Science

Eastern black nightshade, Palmer amaranth, and common pokeweed are three hard to control weed species on the Eastern Shore regions of Virginia and Maryland. Herbicide resistance and lack of herbicide efficacy further complicate the job of controlling these weeds. Studies were conducted on each of these weeds in order to determine herbicide efficacy and potential herbicide resistance. In addition, the translocation and metabolism of 14C-glyphosate was studied in common pokeweed. This research identified a population of eastern black nightshade that was differentially sensitive to families of ALS-inhibiting herbicides, with tolerance to members of the sulfonylurea family, but controlled with herbicides of the imidazolinone family. A population of Palmer amaranth was found to be glyphosate-resistant, but herbicide programs were identified that could control this biotype in soybean and corn systems. Experiments on the fate of glyphosate in common pokeweed indicated that glyphosate does not readily translocate from treated foliage to other plant parts, which may contribute to shoot regeneration from taproots following glyphosate treatment. Taken together, this research highlights the important weed control issues, including resistant and perennial weeds in agronomic crops that have arisen in Eastern Shore agriculture. This work will help growers to better assess their particular control issues, and take appropriate steps to mitigate any problems. / Ph. D.

In both individual and relational psychotherapy contexts, it has been argued that the effectiveness of psychotherapy practice is associated with common factors cutting across the models including client factors, therapist factors, hope/expectancy of the clients, allegiance of the therapists, the quality of therapeutic relationship, and the basic counseling skills rather than model specific factors (Davis and Piercy, 2007a, 2007b; Lambert, 1992; Hubble, Duncan, and Miller, 1999; Sprenkle, Davis, and LeBow, 2009; Sprenkle, Davis, and LeBow, 2009; Wampold, 2001, 2008, 2015). However, the common factors perspective has been criticized for not having a theoretical framework, operationalization of its elements, and research support (Sexton, Ridley, and Kleiner, 2004). Despite gradually increasing interest in the literature, the research exploring the common factors of effective psychotherapy practice is still in its baby steps in the context of relational psychotherapy. In this study, motivational interviewing (MI) is presented as a theoretical framework and a practical research tool for exploring common factors in the context of relational psychotherapy. The research questions of to what extent motivational interviewing elements are implemented in the context of relational psychotherapy and to what extent therapist behaviors are associated with client change behaviors were explored by using task analysis and sequential analysis methodologies. Using the AAMFT Masters Series Tapes of MFT Model developers, including Boszmormenyi-Nagy, Minuchin, Satir, Whitaker, and White, the exemplary demonstrations of relational psychotherapy were rated on the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Scale (MITI 4.2.1., Moyers et al., 2014) for therapist behaviors and on the Motivational Interviewing Skills Code-Client Behaviors Scale (MISC; Miller, Moyers, Ernst, and Amrhein, 2003) and the Experiencing Scale (EX; Klein, Mathieu, Kiesler, and Gendlin, 1969) for the client change behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of a common factors perspective. / Ph. D.

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) can cause detrimental soybean yield loss. Due to widespread resistance to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides, growers rely on protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibiting herbicides (PPO) such as flumioxazin applied preemergence (PRE) and fomesafen postemergence (POST) to control both weeds. Experiments were conducted with the overarching goal of reducing PPO selection pressure for Palmer amaranth and common ragweed. Flumioxazin alone PRE controlled Palmer amaranth near 100%. However, sulfentrazone combined with pyroxasulfone or pendimethalin provided similar control to flumioxazin. Acetochlor and linuron controlled common ragweed <74%, yet controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Glufosinate applied POST controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed 74-100%, regardless of PRE treatment. Flumioxazin PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled common ragweed well; however, several non-PPO herbicide treatments or programs with only 1 PPO-inhibiting herbicide provided similar common ragweed control as the 2 PPO system (flumioxazin followed by fomesafen). Treatments consisting of a PRE and POST herbicide controlled Palmer amaranth at least 80% and common ragweed 95%. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant soybean growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Soybean producers planted 35.4 million hectares in the US during 2018. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) are both common and problematic in soybean production. The introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars coupled with glyphosate allowed soybean producers to easily control these weeds along with many other broadleaf and grass weeds. However, over reliance on glyphosate selected for biotypes of common ragweed and Palmer amaranth resistant to the herbicide. In response, soybean producers have reverted to preemergence (PRE) herbicides and alternative modes of action postemergence (POST) to control these herbicide-resistant weeds. One such herbicide mode of action is inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both PPO-inhibiting herbicides and have been widely used in soybean, however increasing reliance on PPOs has selected for resistant common ragweed and Palmer amaranth biotypes. This research focused on reducing risk of PPO-inhibiting herbicide resistance development (“selection pressure”) by finding alternatives to or combinations with PPOinhibiting herbicides that would effectively control both weeds and thus preserve effectiveness of a valuable herbicide group. Of PRE herbicides applied alone, flumioxazin was the only treatment to control Palmer amaranth >79% 14 DA-PRE at Painter 2017. However, combination of PRE herbicides such as sulfentrazone or metribuzin in combination with pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + sulfentrazone, all controlled Palmer amaranth well. While metribuzin and pendimethalin alone did not provide as much control, a POST application of glufosinate coupled with these residual herbicides adequately controlled Palmer amaranth. Soybean producers can effectively control Palmer amaranth with a non-PPO PRE herbicide followed by glufosinate postemergence (POST) or residual combinations of a PPO + non-PPO while reducing risk of herbicide resistance development. Several PRE herbicide treatments adequately controlled common ragweed. During 2017, residual herbicides that controlled common ragweed at least 90% included flumioxazin, flumioxazin + clomazone, linuron, or metribuzin, fomesafen + linuron, and linuron + clomazone. All treatments controlled common ragweed greater than 94% during 2018, except metribuzin, linuron, and clomazone, which controlled the weed 75, 86, and 90%, respectively. Fomesafen alone or in combination with metribuzin controlled common ragweed 80 to 84%. Regardless of PRE, glufosinate POST controlled common ragweed 99% 56 and 70 days after planting (DAP). In fields infested with common ragweed yet to develop PPO resistance, growers should use a non-PPO herbicide in combination with flumioxazin PRE. Additionally, tank mixtures of effective MOAs PRE followed by glufosinate rather than a PPO POST may reduce herbicide selection pressure. The final study set out to determine which was more critical to controlling herbicideresistant Palmer amaranth and common ragweed in soybean, a PPO-inhibiting herbicide applied PRE or POST. Flumioxazin applied PRE controlled both weeds almost completely. Acetochlor and linuron did not control common ragweed as well, but controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Both metribuzin and clomazone were weaker on common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. However, all PRE herbicide treatments followed by glufosinate or fomesafen controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed at least 80 and 95%, respectively. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. Results from these experiments suggest PPO-inhibiting herbicides are critical for common ragweed and Palmer amaranth control. Previous research has shown effective tank mixtures with various effective MOAs has reduced the risk of herbicide resistance development. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides should be used sparingly and in combination with effective non-PPO herbicides to reduce selection pressure. / Soybean producers planted 35.4 million hectares in the US during 2018. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) are both common and problematic in soybean production. The introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars coupled with glyphosate allowed soybean producers to easily control these weeds along with many other broadleaf and grass weeds. However, over reliance on glyphosate selected for biotypes of common ragweed and Palmer amaranth resistant to the herbicide. In response, soybean producers have reverted to preemergence (PRE) herbicides and alternative modes of action postemergence (POST) to control these herbicide-resistant weeds. One such herbicide mode of action is inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both PPO-inhibiting herbicides and have been widely used in soybean, however increasing reliance on PPOs has selected for resistant common ragweed and Palmer amaranth biotypes. This research focused on reducing risk of PPO-inhibiting herbicide resistance development (“selection pressure”) by finding alternatives to or combinations with PPOinhibiting herbicides that would effectively control both weeds and thus preserve effectiveness of a valuable herbicide group. Of PRE herbicides applied alone, flumioxazin was the only treatment to control Palmer amaranth >79% 14 DA-PRE at Painter 2017. However, combination of PRE herbicides such as sulfentrazone or metribuzin in combination with pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + sulfentrazone, all controlled Palmer amaranth well. While metribuzin and pendimethalin alone did not provide as much control, a POST application of glufosinate coupled with these residual herbicides adequately controlled Palmer amaranth. Soybean producers can effectively control Palmer amaranth with a non-PPO PRE herbicide followed by glufosinate postemergence (POST) or residual combinations of a PPO + non-PPO while reducing risk of herbicide resistance development. Several PRE herbicide treatments adequately controlled common ragweed. During 2017, residual herbicides that controlled common ragweed at least 90% included flumioxazin, flumioxazin + clomazone, linuron, or metribuzin, fomesafen + linuron, and linuron + clomazone. All treatments controlled common ragweed greater than 94% during 2018, except metribuzin, linuron, and clomazone, which controlled the weed 75, 86, and 90%, respectively. Fomesafen alone or in combination with metribuzin controlled common ragweed 80 to 84%. Regardless of PRE, glufosinate POST controlled common ragweed 99% 56 and 70 days after planting (DAP). In fields infested with common ragweed yet to develop PPO resistance, growers should use a non-PPO herbicide in combination with flumioxazin PRE. Additionally, tank mixtures of effective MOAs PRE followed by glufosinate rather than a PPO POST may reduce herbicide selection pressure. The final study set out to determine which was more critical to controlling herbicideresistant Palmer amaranth and common ragweed in soybean, a PPO-inhibiting herbicide applied PRE or POST. Flumioxazin applied PRE controlled both weeds almost completely. Acetochlor and linuron did not control common ragweed as well, but controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Both metribuzin and clomazone were weaker on common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. However, all PRE herbicide treatments followed by glufosinate or fomesafen controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed at least 80 and 95%, respectively. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. Results from these experiments suggest PPO-inhibiting herbicides are critical for common ragweed and Palmer amaranth control. Previous research has shown effective tank mixtures with various effective MOAs has reduced the risk of herbicide resistance development. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides should be used sparingly and in combination with effective non-PPO herbicides to reduce selection pressure.

Common mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) can compromise electronics systems, interfere with communication systems, and degrade mechanical systems. Multiple inverters can also generate excessive CM EMI that often exceeds individual inverter EMI standards. Due to their weight, volume, cost, and suboptimal performance, active and passive filters and chokes are inefficient as EMI mitigation options. By utilizing frequency modulation (FM) or spread spectrum frequency modulation (SSFM), EMI energy is dispersed. In spite of not requiring expensive, bulky, and heavy filters, these techniques produce significant ripples in output voltages and currents. This dissertation uses enhanced sinusoidal frequency modulation to reduce CM EMI output, bridging the gap between existing EMI solutions: 1) To reduce performance degradation, a state-of-the-art FM topology with duty cycle correction is proposed. Due to large output voltage and current ripples, FM techniques have limited bandwidth and utilization. Duty cycle correction allows for a wider FM bandwidth with better EMI attenuation while minimizing output ripple performance tradeoffs. 2) CM EMI accumulation is a growing concern in power converter networks. Even if each converter complies with EMI regulations, multiple converters may produce CM EMI that exceeds EMI standards in parallel operation. A novel algorithm is proposed to suppress CM EMI in a large-scale network using SFMCW frequency indexing. The algorithm minimizes aggregate EMI by minimizing switching frequency overlap among converters. 3) CM EMI noise in complex systems presents a critical challenge. Since standalone converters are rarely affected by CM EMI phases, they were usually overlooked in most studies until recently. CM currents generated by multiple converters can be added or subtracted based on phase differences. The CM currents in large systems with multiple inverters are distributed randomly, resulting in multiple peaks and nulls. In order to reduce network EMI, a sinusoidal FM technique with phase shift is proposed to attenuate CM EMI on multiple parallel inverters. This method overcomes conventional methods' critical disadvantages, including the need for accurate component characterization and modeling, and reducing CM EMI without additional passive components.

Inledning: Syftet med den här uppsatsen att undersöka hur fem psykodynamiskt inriktade privatpraktiserande psykoterapeuter definierar begreppet det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet, hur de arbetar med det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet och vilka effekter de anser att detta arbete ger. Frågeställningar: Hur definierar du begreppet psykoterapeutiskt kontrakt? Hur arbetar du praktiskt med det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet? Vilka effekter ser du av ditt arbete med det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet? Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv analys har använts. Fem psykodynamiskt inriktade psykoterapeuter har intervjuats med semistrukturerade frågor. Därefter har materialet kodats, tematiserats, analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: Det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet som begrepp har inte upplevts som vedertaget av de intervjuade. Samtliga använder sig dock av ett psykoterapeutiskt kontrakt på olika sätt. Samtliga intervjuade upplever fördelar av att arbeta med det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet under förutsättning att det används på rätt sätt. Diskussion: Det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet tolkas och tillämpas på varierande sätt beroende på teoretisk inriktning. Utifrån uppsatsens ramar kan slutas att psykodynamisk psykoterapi tolkas och utövas på olika sätt beroende på hur psykoterapeuten förhåller sig till det psykoterapeutiska kontraktet. / Introduction: The purpose of this paper to examine how five psychodynamic oriented private practice psychotherapists define the concept of the psychotherapeutic contract, how they work with the psychotherapeutic contract and what effects they think this work provides. Issues: How do you define the concept of psychotherapeutic contract? How do you work practically with the psychotherapeutic contract? What impact do you see your work with the psychotherapeutic contract? Method: A qualitative inductive analysis has been used. Five psychodynamic oriented psychotherapists were interviewed with semi-structured questions. The material has thereafter been encoded, thematized, analyzed and compiled. Results: The psychotherapeutic contract terms have not been perceived as acknowledged by those interviewed. All uses, however, a psychotherapeutic contract in different ways. All interviewees are experiencing the benefits of working with the psychotherapeutic contract provided it is used correctly. Discussion: The psychotherapeutic contract is interpreted and applied in various ways depending on the theoretical orientation. Based on the frames of the essay it can be concluded that psychodynamic psychotherapy is interpreted and practiced in different ways depending on how the psychotherapist relate to the psychotherapeutic contract.

Este trabalho tem como tema a aquisição do constituinte-QU in situ por crianças adquirindo o Português Brasileiro (doravante PB). Tal construção é encontrada em outras línguas também e, de modo análogo ao PB, é aparentemente opcional no Espanhol e no Francês. Realizando um paralelo entre os estudos de outras línguas e o PB, analisamos a frequência da construção na fala infantil no PB, comparada à fala adulta, e, principalmente, os contextos que favorecem sua produção, em oposição à contraparte movida. Para tanto, utilizamos uma metodologia experimental que elicia perguntas em contextos sem e com Common Ground (informação previamente compartilhada) e com priming sintático (fenômeno em que a exposição a uma sentença facilita o processamento de uma outra sentença com estrutura igual ou similar), com o objetivo de verificar em quais contextos a produção de QU-in situ é facilitada. Além disso, observamos também a escolha da estratégia de pergunta diante da influência exercida pelo estatuto do elemento-QU (como adjunto ou argumento). Os resultados das análises quantitativas sugerem que, na fala infantil, há um favorecimento do QU-in situ em contextos de Common Ground. Também ficou clara a influência do priming sintático na fala de ambos os grupos, infantil e adulto. Podemos dizer, então, que a metodologia obteve sucesso na eliciação da construção estudada e evidenciou que as perguntas com QU-in situ e QU-movido, embora aparentemente opcionais, não são intercambiáveis, já que o primeiro tipo de pergunta ocorreria na fala infantil apenas em um contexto pragmático específico. / This study explores the acquisition of Wh-questions in which the whconstituent remains in situ by children acquiring Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP). Such construction is found in other languages as well and, like in BP, it is optional in Spanish and in French. Drawing a parallel between the studies of other languages and BP, we analyze the frequency of the construction in child speech, compared to the adult speech, and, most importantly, the contexts that favor its production, in opposition to its moved counterpart. In order to do so, we used an experimental methodology that elicits questions in contexts with and without Common Ground (previously shared information) and contexts with syntactic Priming (phenomenon in which the exposure to an utterance facilitates the processing of another utterance with the same or similar structure), with the purpose of checking which contexts facilitate the production of Wh-in situ. Besides that, we also investigated the choice of question strategy in face of the influence imposed by the status of the wh-element (as adjunct or argument). Results of the quantitative analyses suggest that, in child speech,Wh-in situ is favored in contexts of Common Ground. It also has been clear that theres an influence of the syntactic Priming in both adult and child speech. Therefore, we point out that the methodology was successful in eliciting Wh-in situ questions and has made it clear that Wh-in situ and moved Wh, although apparently optional, are not interchangeable, since the first one is bound to a specific pragmatic context in child speech.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os binômios que ocorrem em contratos de common law à luz da Lingüística de Corpus, procurando dar subsídios que auxiliem os tradutores de textos jurídicos a chegar a uma tradução natural, ou seja, para que traduzam linguagem jurídica por linguagem jurídica. Os binômios são formados por duas palavras pertencentes à mesma categoria gramatical, ligadas pela conjunção and ou or. Alguns exemplos são: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Os binômios são uma marca do inglês jurídico e como tal têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. O mesmo, porém, não ocorre com a linguagem jurídica em português. Assim, ao lidar com a tradução de binômios, estudos mostram que os tradutores brasileiros se apegam à opção mais literal. A escolha de estudar os binômios nos contratos de common law se deve ao fato de estarem os contratos entre os documentos mais difíceis de traduzir e de ler e por terem uma altíssima concentração de binômios. Por essas razões, para estudar os binômios na linguagem jurídica em inglês e dar elementos para o tradutor chegar à tradução em português do Brasil, compilamos um corpus comparável de agreements e contratos autênticos perfazendo, aproximadamente, 1 milhão de palavras - 705 744 em inglês e 289 984 em português - composto por 5 amostras de 28 espécies de contratos e agreements, totalizando 140 documentos em cada língua. O corpus foi explorado de acordo com os princípios e ferramentas da Lingüística de Corpus. Para etiquetar o corpus usamos o programa CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) do UCREL (Universidade de Lancaster) e para explorá-lo, o WordSmith Tools de Mike Scott. / This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL\'s CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott\'s WordSmith Tools.

The Master's Thesis deals with the common property of spouses in a case of business activities of one of the spouses. The main goal of the Master's Thesis is to summarize the main information concerning the topic of the common property of spouses in a case of business activities of one of the spouses and a presentation of several practical cases. Except for introduction and conclusion the Master's Thesis contains three parts. The first one describes the historical development. The second part defines the main concepts of common property and enterpreneur. The third part contains several practical cases regarding the chosen topic.

Este trabalho tem como tema a aquisição do constituinte-QU in situ por crianças adquirindo o Português Brasileiro (doravante PB). Tal construção é encontrada em outras línguas também e, de modo análogo ao PB, é aparentemente opcional no Espanhol e no Francês. Realizando um paralelo entre os estudos de outras línguas e o PB, analisamos a frequência da construção na fala infantil no PB, comparada à fala adulta, e, principalmente, os contextos que favorecem sua produção, em oposição à contraparte movida. Para tanto, utilizamos uma metodologia experimental que elicia perguntas em contextos sem e com Common Ground (informação previamente compartilhada) e com priming sintático (fenômeno em que a exposição a uma sentença facilita o processamento de uma outra sentença com estrutura igual ou similar), com o objetivo de verificar em quais contextos a produção de QU-in situ é facilitada. Além disso, observamos também a escolha da estratégia de pergunta diante da influência exercida pelo estatuto do elemento-QU (como adjunto ou argumento). Os resultados das análises quantitativas sugerem que, na fala infantil, há um favorecimento do QU-in situ em contextos de Common Ground. Também ficou clara a influência do priming sintático na fala de ambos os grupos, infantil e adulto. Podemos dizer, então, que a metodologia obteve sucesso na eliciação da construção estudada e evidenciou que as perguntas com QU-in situ e QU-movido, embora aparentemente opcionais, não são intercambiáveis, já que o primeiro tipo de pergunta ocorreria na fala infantil apenas em um contexto pragmático específico. / This study explores the acquisition of Wh-questions in which the whconstituent remains in situ by children acquiring Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP). Such construction is found in other languages as well and, like in BP, it is optional in Spanish and in French. Drawing a parallel between the studies of other languages and BP, we analyze the frequency of the construction in child speech, compared to the adult speech, and, most importantly, the contexts that favor its production, in opposition to its moved counterpart. In order to do so, we used an experimental methodology that elicits questions in contexts with and without Common Ground (previously shared information) and contexts with syntactic Priming (phenomenon in which the exposure to an utterance facilitates the processing of another utterance with the same or similar structure), with the purpose of checking which contexts facilitate the production of Wh-in situ. Besides that, we also investigated the choice of question strategy in face of the influence imposed by the status of the wh-element (as adjunct or argument). Results of the quantitative analyses suggest that, in child speech,Wh-in situ is favored in contexts of Common Ground. It also has been clear that theres an influence of the syntactic Priming in both adult and child speech. Therefore, we point out that the methodology was successful in eliciting Wh-in situ questions and has made it clear that Wh-in situ and moved Wh, although apparently optional, are not interchangeable, since the first one is bound to a specific pragmatic context in child speech.