Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-15T12:25:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Militello Couto.pdf: 1027954 bytes, checksum: 4c21a177309f2353a8c5f6bea990d2ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T12:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Militello Couto.pdf: 1027954 bytes, checksum: 4c21a177309f2353a8c5f6bea990d2ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper situates it self in the line of research Program of Graduate Studies in Education: Curriculum of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. It aims to reflect on the approximations between the concept of computational thinking and education in a liberating perspective. In order to do so, it leads to qualitative exploratory research on the subject by the survey of academic production of theses and dissertations produced at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) and at State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), seeking the concept in titles, abstracts and keywords of 58,871 works carried out from 1965 to 2016. From this survey and analysis, the concept of “Computational Thinking for Education” is coined in a liberating perspective, based on the reflections on technology discussed in the works of Vieira Pinto and Milton Santos, of the concepts on Computational Thinking with the contributions of authors like Papert and Valente and liberating education, in the perspective given by Freire and Shor. This research concludes that computational thinking is an embryonic concept in the researched universities appearing in only one academic work and that it is not only possible to transpose computational thinking to basic education, but it is also possible to do so in a liberating way / Esse trabalho situa-se na linha de pesquisa Novas tecnologias na Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação: Currículo da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Objetiva refletir sobre as aproximações entre os conceitos de pensamento computacional e de educação em uma perspectiva libertadora. Para tanto, realiza uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória sobre o tema por meio do levantamento da produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações produzidas no Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) e na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), buscando o conceito em títulos, resumos e palavras chave de 58.871 trabalhos realizados de 1965 a 2016. A partir deste levantamento e análise, é encetada a tessitura do conceito de “Pensamento computacional educacional”, numa perspectiva libertadora, a partir das reflexões sobre tecnologia debatidas nas obras de Vieira Pinto e Milton Santos, dos conceitos sobre Pensamento Computacional com as contribuições de autores como Papert e Valente, e educação libertadora, na perspectiva dada por Freire e Shor. Esta pesquisa conclui que o pensamento computacional é um conceito embrionário nas universidades pesquisadas, aparecendo em apenas um trabalho acadêmico e que não só é possível fazer a transposição do pensamento computacional para o ensino básico, como também é possível fazê-lo de forma libertadora

The curriculum for ICT in UK schools was discontinued in September 2012 and replaced by a 'rebranded' subject of Computing, divided into three sub domains: Computer Science; Information Technology; and digital literacy. The latter was positioned as basic technical skills. There were concerns in the education community that the new curriculum promoted programming and computer science topics to the detriment of digital literacy and applied uses of technology. Much of the Computing education literature perpetuates the hegemony of the logical and abstract, and implies computational thinking and rationality are synonymous with criticality. During the same period, a maker culture was growing rapidly in the UK, and discourses around these activities promoted an entirely different notion of digital literacy, aligned with the wide body of literacy literature that focuses on notions of empowerment and criticality rather than basic functional skills. A digital maker tool called the Raspberry Pi was released with the intention of supporting the development of computer science and digital making competence, and thus sat at the boundary of the academic and maker communities. This thesis argues that developing 'criticality' is a vital component of Computing education and explores how learning activities with the Raspberry Pi might support development of 'criticality'. In setting the scene for the investigation, I will first explore the notions underpinning discourse around both computational and critical thinking and digital literacy, suggesting that the frictions would be best overcome by abandoning abstract constructs of knowledge and assumptions that it is possible to separate theory and practice. I show how the term 'critical' is itself problematic in the literature and I look to Wenger's social theory of learning to avoid the individualistic limits of Papert's constructionism, a popular learning theory in Computing education. Wenger's constructs of knowledgeability and competence help tell a different story of what it means to be a learner of the practice of Computing, both in learning for academic purposes and with intentions towards becoming a practitioner. In concert with learning citizenship, these constructs offer a more ethical framing of 'criticality'. Informed by this theoretical position, I suggest an original, exploratory implementation of Q methodology to explore learning with technology in school settings. I qualitatively compare 'before' and 'after' Q studies that represent perspectives at the individual and collective level, with reference to observations of classroom learning. The methodology facilitates a nuanced and complex investigation and the findings of the project suggest that where pupils are already predisposed to the subject, working with the Raspberry Pi develops a broader knowledgeability, but where there is no such predisposition, a pedagogy of expressibility influences how participation in Raspberry Pi learning activities may impact knowledgeability.

Book Summary: As technology continues to develop and prove its importance in modern society, certain professions are acclimating. Aspects such as computer science and computational thinking are becoming essential areas of study. Implementing these subject areas into teaching practices is necessary for younger generations to adapt to the developing world. There is a critical need to examine the pedagogical implications of these technological skills and implement them into the global curriculum. The Handbook of Research on Integrating Computer Science and Computational Thinking in K-12 Education is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of computer science curriculum development within primary and secondary education. While highlighting topics including pedagogical implications, comprehensive techniques, and teacher preparation models, this book is ideally designed for teachers, IT consultants, curriculum developers, instructional designers, educational software developers, higher education faculty, administrators, policymakers, researchers, and graduate students.

Programmering som verktyg för lärande i matematik- En empirisk studie av elevers resonemangsförmåga i två olika undervisningsmiljöer För att förbereda grundskoleelever för denna allt mer digitaliserade värld, infördes programmering i kursplanen för matematik den första juli 2018. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om arbete i en programmeringsmiljö kan erbjuda nya möjligheter för lärande i matematik jämfört med en ouppkopplad lärmiljö. Detta undersöktes med hjälp av två för ändamålet särskilt designade lektioner, en där arbetet skedde ouppkopplat och en där arbetet skedde i en programmeringsmiljö. De deltagande eleverna arbetade parvis, och deras arbete observerades med hjälp av både fältanteckningar och ljudinspelningar. Elevernas lärande undersöktes genom att analysera deras matematiska resonemang vid de båda lektionstillfällena. Analysen skedde med hjälp av fyra analysfrågor, och resultatet visar tendenser till en skillnad i elevernas matematiska resonemang vid arbete i de två olika lärmiljöerna. På individnivå pekar resultatet på en variation i vilken av lärmiljöerna som var mest fördelaktig. På gruppnivå var det däremot fler elever som i större utsträckning följde varandras resonemang när de arbetade i programmeringsmiljön. Dessutom visade majoriteten av eleverna på en större uthållighet i att lösa uppgifterna när de arbetade med programmering. Vad dessa skillnader kan bero på diskuteras såväl i samband med studiens resultat som tidigare forskning. Slutsatsen lyder att programmering kan erbjuda elever nya sätt att lära matematik och därför bör användas som ett av flera verktyg i undervisningen. / Programming as a learning tool in mathematics - An empirical study of pupils’ mathematical reasoning in two different educational environments In order to prepare pupils for a more and more digitalised world, programming has been included in the Swedish curriculum for mathematics since July 1, 2018. The purpose of this study was to examine if working in a programming environment, in comparison to an unplugged environment, would offer pupils new opportunities for learning mathematics. This was examined by analysing the mathematical reasoning of the pupils during two different lessons; one where they worked without computers and one where they used computers and worked with block programming. The participating pupils worked in pairs, and the work and process of the pupils was observed and recorded by field notes and audio recordings. The learning opportunities was examined and the pupils' mathematical reasoning during both lessons was analysed. Four questions served as basis for the analysis, and the results showed a difference in the pupils’ mathematical reasoning in the two different learning environments. At an individual level, the results varied as regards which working environment was the most beneficial. At a group level, on the other hand, more of the pupils were able to follow each other’s mathematical reasoning when working in the programming environment. Furthermore, most of the pupils were more perseverant in solving the tasks when working in the programming environment. The possible cause of these differences is discussed in connection to the results of this study as well as to previous research. The conclusion is, a programming environment can offer the pupils new opportunities to learn and should be used as one of many ways to teach mathematics.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-02T12:35:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_JRMGR (2).pdf: 5709787 bytes, checksum: 202e0d4b953f954e36da5e22b1d9c53d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T12:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_JRMGR (2).pdf: 5709787 bytes, checksum: 202e0d4b953f954e36da5e22b1d9c53d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-15 / Nowadays the computational thinking is one of the most important skills a person should develop to be more well prepared for the near future. By the middle of this century, this ability will probably have the same level of importance of fundamental skills like reading and writing, and people will need to learn programming and problem solving with computational thinking from an early age. Studies are trying to stimulate the introduction of this skill set to young children, and this has been done since 1967 when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology created the first language aiming this kind of public called LOGO. Although the studies in the area of developing computational thinking on children started almost six decades ago, the importance of teaching programming in schools is not widely spread, in places like Brazil, this skill is starting to be introduced to children older than 10 yearsold. In contrast, the United States and some european countries are using a variable set of approaches to introduce these concepts to young children varying from 4 to 12 years old, usually by creating toys and games which these concepts can be developed within them. Unfortunately most of approaches are aimed for already literate children, very few of them do not require reading skills, limiting the minimum age of users to approximately 6 years old. This work has the intention to argue that toddlers are not only able to develop algorithms and initiate the development of computational thinking skills, but also this practice will be quite profitable for their future. A survey involving 9 children with between 4 and 6 years old is presented, where the selected children played a game developed specially for this work, and their performance was able to produce data that is going to be analyzed further to test the main hypothesis which is " Toddlers can develop algorithmic thinking by playing programming games ", additionally, while reviewing the literature, problems related to the effects of letting children use smart devices and internet without supervision were identified, in order to advocate the usage of this technology by young children, possible causes and risks of these problems are presented and ways to avoid them as well, the results of this work are encouraging, all toddlers involved were able to play the game developed. / Nos dias de hoje o pensamento computacional é uma das habilidades mais importantes que uma pessoa deve desenvolver para se preparar melhor pro futuro próximo. Em poucos anos essa habilidade será tão importante como ler e escrever, pessoas precisarão aprender a programar e resolver problemas com pensamento computacional desde cedo. Estudos que tentam estimular a introdução dessas habilidades para crianças são feitos desde 1967 quando o Institudo de Tecnologia de Massachusetts criou a primeira linguagem para esse público chamada LOGO. Embora os estudos na area de desenvolvimento do pensamento computacional em crianças tenha começado a mais de seis décadas atrás, a importância de ensinar programação em escolas não é amplamente difundida, em lugares como Brasil, essa habilidade está começando a ser introduzida a crianças com mais de 10 anos de idade. Por outro lado, nos Estados Unidos e em alguns países europeus diversas abordagens vem sendo usadas para introduzir esses conceitos para crianças de 4 a 12 anos de idade, normalmente são criados brinquedos e jogos que podem ajudar a desenvolver tais conceitos. Infelizmente a maioria dessas abordagens são focadas em crianças alfabetizadas, poucas não requerem a habilidade de leitura, limitando a idade mínima a 6 anos de idade. Esse trabalho argumenta que crianças muito novas não somente são capazes de desenvolver algoritimos e iniciar o desenvolvimento de habilidades do pensamento computacional, como essa prática será bastante proveitosa para o futuro deles. É apresentada uma pesquisa envolvendo 9 crianças com idade entre 4 e 6 anos, onde as crianças selecionadas jogam um jogo desenvolvido especialmente para este trabalho, e a performance deles foi capaz de produzir dados que foram analisados para testar a hipótese principal que é " Crianças muito novas podem desenvolver pensamento algoritimico jogando jogos de programação ", adicionalmente, enquanto a literatura foi revisada, problemas relacionados aos efeitos de permitir crianças a usar dispositivos móveis e internet sem a supervisão dos responsáveis foram identificados, para defender o uso desse tipo de tecnologia na educação de crianças as possíveis causas e meios de evitar esses problemas foram levantados, os resultados desse trabalho são encorajadores, todas as crianças envolvidas foram aptas a jogar o jogo desenvolvido com uma boa performance.

Orientador: Renata Cristina Geromel Meneghetti / Resumo: Essa dissertação tem como objetivo investigar as habilidades em potencial do Pensamento Computacional no contexto da Educação Matemática no quesito das questões de Matemática dos vestibulares do estado de São Paulo, ENEM e dos documentos oficiais. Além disso, pretende contribuir com a discussão sobre o papel ou não do Pensamento Computacional na Educação Básica. Isso porque muitas habilidades estão próximas de conceitos matemáticos e o processo de ensino e aprendizagem através do Pensamento Computacional pode contribuir com o desempenho de estudantes da Educação Básica. A importância de se buscar uma melhora no desempenho dos estudantes é baseada na avaliação realizada pelo Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Alunos (PISA 2015) que apontou uma grande dificuldade por parte de estudantes em questões que exigem conclusões diretas e fórmulas básicas, sendo que sua maioria está cursando o Ensino Médio e buscando o ingresso no Ensino Superior. A partir disso, essa pesquisa explora argumentos para justificar a inclusão das habilidades do Pensamento Computacional na Educação Básica, especificamente na disciplina de Matemática. Enquadrando-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, essa investigação utilizou da metodologia de Análise de Conteúdo para analisar os documentos oficiais como complemento de possíveis habilidades em potencial do Pensamento Computacional exploradas nestes. Também fez-se a análise das questões de Matemática das avaliações de ingresso do Ensino Superior público como ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation aims to investigate the potential skills of Computational Thinking in the context of Mathematics Education in the area of Mathematics questions regarding the admission exams of the São Paulo state universities, the ENEM and the official documents. In addition, it intends to contribute to the discussion about the role, or not, of Computational Thinking in Basic Education, because many skills are close to mathematical concepts and the process of teaching and learning through Computational Thinking can contribute to the performance of Basic Education students. The importance of seeking an improvement in student performance is based on the assessment carried out by the International Student Assessment Program (PISA 2015), which pointed out that students face great difficulty in issues that consider basic guidelines and formulas, the majority of whom are attending High School and trying to join Higher Education. Based on that, this research explores arguments to justify the inclusion of Computational Thinking skills in Basic Education, specifically in the Mathematics subject. Being a qualitative research, this investigation used the Content Analysis methodology to analyze the official documents as a complement to the potential Computational Thinking skills explored by them. Mathematics questions of the admission exams to join public Higher Education, such as ENEM and the admission exams of state universities of São Paulo, such as USP, UNESP and UNICAMP, for the y... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Programming is a key skill in many domains outside computer science. When used judiciously, programming can empower people to accomplish what might be impossible or difficult with traditional methods. Unfortunately, students, especially non-CS majors, frequently have trouble while learning to program. This work reports on the challenges and opportunities faced by Physical Chemistry (PChem) students at Cal Poly, SLO as they learn to program in MATLAB. We assessed the PChem students through a multiple-choice concept inventory, as well as through “think-aloud” interviews. Additionally, we examined the students’ perceptions of and attitudes towards programming. We found that PChem students are adept at applying programming to a subset of problems, but their knowledge is fragile; like many intro CS students, they struggle to transfer their knowledge to different contexts and often express misconceptions about programming. However, they differ in that the PChem students are first and foremost Chemistry students, and so struggle to recognize appropriate applications of programming without scaffolding. Further, many students do not perceive themselves as competent general- purpose programmers. These factors combine to discourage students from applying programming to novel problems, even though it may be greatly beneficial to them. We leveraged this data to create a workshop with the goal of helping PChem students recognize their programming knowledge as a tool that they can apply to various contexts. This thesis presents a framework for addressing challenges and providing opportunities in domain-specific CS education.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation includes three manuscripts that explore the construct of teacher-readiness for integration of computational thinking (CT) skills in their teaching. The first manuscript is a retrospective observational study that builds a binomial regression model to predict teachers’ competence in CT procedural skills using factors such as number of professional development trainings taken, time since last training, subject taught, educational background, teaching experience, and whether they currently teach CT. This study provides insights for professional development providers to better design CT trainings. Some of these insights are then incorporated in the second study which is a design case of an online gamified professional development for K-12 teachers. The second paper provides design precedents for professional development providers of CT for better CT integration in K-12 education. The third study is a phenomenological multiple case study that investigates teachers’ CT self-efficacy, autonomous motivation, and goal relevance beliefs towards CT. It captures teachers’ understanding of what CT is and what its value is to the subjects that they teach. Together, the three studies holistically understand teacher readiness for integration of CT through teachers’ own perspective and provide key insights into how they can be better prepared for this change.</p>