Magister Artium - MA / The intention of this dissertation is to clarify the psychological processes and effects which operate in the political detention situation, and to outline effective treatment and coping strategies. An overview of research literature and theory is provided, and the importance of viewing detention within a broad 'socio-political context is emphasised. In the analysis of the detention situation a number of variables likely to be operative are considered. Solitary confinement, torture, interrogation, reactions to severe stress situation s, and uncertainty, unpredictability and uncontrollability are given separate discussion, interaction situation. prior to an attempt to consider the of these variable s in the detention This projected picture is compared with case material gathered in the area. It is noted that political detention is not a uniform experience with a uniform set of effects. Rather, the effects are seen to be dependent on the particular differences in re-ponse. Nevertheless, political detention is shown to be commonly both objectively and subjectively severely stressful, with a strong likelihood of the detainee developing debilitating psychological sequelae. post-traumatic stress disorder appears to be commonly implicated, and symptom s may persist for many years. Family and community members and organisations to which the detainee belongs suffer not only the effects of the loss of that person, but also the problems of effectively helping him or her to reintegrate. It is shown that detainees have commonly drawn on a number of resources or strategies to counteract the potentially debilitating effects of prior preparation of detention. The for the detention experience to facilitate an accurate appraisal of the situation and better coping is emphasized. Useful strategies that may be learned or fostered are outlined. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment that acknowledges all of the difficulties and needs particular to any specific ex-detainee, and that draws on as broad a recommended. It is shown range of available supports Physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and family involvement are as possible, is medication where stressed. Necessary that much may be learned from Canadian and European units that rehabilitate victims of torture - mainly from South American countries; but that strategies need to be adapted to South African conditions.

Structure and dynamics of nanoconfined glass-forming oligomers and diblock coplymers (BPCs) are investigated by a combination of infrared transition moment orientational analysis (IR-TMOA), positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). The oligomers probed are the van der Waals type, tris(2-ethyhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) and the self-associating molecules of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H). Symmetric and asymmetric poly(styrene-b-1,4-isoprene) P(S-b-I) are studied for the case of BCPs. The samples are confined either in one-dimensional (1D) in form of thin films or in 2D (nanopores) geometrical constraints. The molecular order of TEHP in nanopores as studied by IR-TMOA shows that about 7% of the molecules are preferentially oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the pores due to their interaction with the pore walls. PALS results reveal that 2E1H confined in nanopores exhibit larger free volume with respect to the bulk. In thin films (1D), P(S-b-I) having volume fraction of isoprene blocks f(PI)= 0.55 exhibits randomly oriented lamellae and their thicknesses are directly proportional to the film thickness d(film). For f(PI) = 0.73, perpendicular cylinders with respect to the substrate are observed for d(film)>50 nm but they lie along the substrate plane when d(film) < 50 nm. In AAO pores (2D) with average pore diameter d(pore) of 150 nm, straight nanorods are formed which change to helical structures in 18 nm pores. Molecular dynamics of 2E1H and TEHP constrained in nanopores (2D), is influenced by the interplay between confinement and surface effects. Confinement effects show up as an increase in the structural relaxation rate with decreasing pore sizes at the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. This is attributed to the reduced packing density of the molecules in pores as quantified by PALS results for 2E1H. Whereas the orientation and morphologies of the domains in P(S-b-I) and the chain dynamics of isoprene chains are influenced by the finite--size and dimensionality of confinement, the segmental motion, related to the dynamic glass transition (DGT) of both styrene and isoprene blocks remains unaffected-in its relaxation time-within experimental accuracy. Effects of nanoscale confinement on the molecular dynamics therefore depend on a number of factors: the type of molecules (polymers, low molecular liquids), interfacial interactions and the dimensionality of the constraining geometries.

The effectiveness of a new structural material, namely textilereinforced mortar (TRM), was investigated experimentally in this study as a means of confining old-type reinforced concrete columns with limited capacity due to bar buckling or due to bond failure at lap splice regions. Comparisons with equal stiffness and strength fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of TRM versus FRP. Tests were carried out on full scale non-seismically detailed RC columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial flexure under constant axial load. Thirteen cantilever-type specimens with either continuous longitudinal reinforcement (smooth or deformed) or lap splicing of longitudinal bars at the floor level were constructed and tested. Experimental results indicated that TRM jacketing is quite effective as a means of increasing the cyclic deformation capacity of old-type RC columns with poor detailing, by delaying bar buckling and by preventing splitting bond failures in columns with lap spliced bars. Compared with their FRP counterparts, TRM jackets used in this study were found to be equally effective in terms of increasing both the strength and deformation capacity of the retrofitted columns. From the response of specimens tested in this study, it can be concluded that TRM jacketing is an extremely promising solution for the confinement of reinforced concrete columns, including poorly detailed ones with or without lap splices in seismic regions.

Recent missions to solar system comets, such as ESA's Rosetta mission, raise interest for models and descriptions of their plasma environment. The interaction with various space phenomena such as stellar wind make the construction of an analytical description difficult. Instead, a simplified view of the comet environment is considered where the effects of magnetism and departures from radial symmetry are neglected. This is done in an effort to construct an approximation of the comet plasma behaviour later to be compared against observational accounts to find which plasma features are dependent on more complex phenomena and which plasma features arise as a result of the simpler comet view. Several attempts are made to construct an analytical description of comet plasma as based on the description within another branch of plasma physics: fusion. Previous work regarding the vacuum expansion of plasma after a stationary target is rapidly ablated via high-intensity lasers appears promising for adaptation to the comet environment. Before the comet environment can be considered the different natures of the two problems have to be considered. For example, the comet case is a stationary expansion problem as opposed to fast-ignition fusion where the expansion is treated as an initial value problem. Having accounted for the problems' inherent differences, a few methods are proposed to convert solutions of lab fusion distribution functions to the comet case. Additionally, a numerical approach to calculate the distribution function of comet electrons is presented employing ergodic invariance. Lastly, a toy-model simulation of the timescale for variations in the potential show that the error in the ergodic invariance may in practice have a faster convergent timescale dependence than theoretical bounds suggest. Optimistically, this suggest the possibility of future use in numerical attempts at modelling comet plasma.

Dans le cadre de la Fusion par Confinement Inertiel, la maîtrise de la propagation des faisceaux laser intenses, qui se propagent dans le plasma sous-dense d'une cavité d'ignition, reste un enjeu majeur. En effet, durant leur propagation, les faisceaux vont modifier les paramètres du plasma, ces paramètres contrôlant eux-mêmes la propagation. Cette rétroaction entre le plasma et le laser est potentiellement instable et produit de l'autofocalisation, de la filamentation, etc. Ces mécanismes peuvent alors dégrader fortement la propagation et in fine l'uniformité du dépôt d'énergie recherché.Dans cette étude, expérimentale et numérique, nous nous intéressons à la propagation d'un filament laser (tache focale d'une dizaine de micromètres, impulsion de 1,5 ns et d'intensité variant de 1014 W.cm-2 à 1016 W.cm-2) dans un milieu très sous dense (quelques pour-cents de la densité électronique critique). Deux expériences ont été réalisées sur l'installation de puissance LULI2000 et ont permis à la fois d'observer la transmission laser et de caractériser les gradients de température. Ces gradients sont produits par le transport électronique et influencent la réponse du plasma au laser. Afin de modéliser le rôle des gradients de température dans les instabilités d'auto-focalisation et de filamentation, nous avons associé un code d'hydrodynamique-radiative (FCI2) à un code détaillé de propagation (Héra). Pour compléter les observables précédentes, nous avons aussi mis en œuvre un diagnostic de déflectométrie protonique. Ce diagnostic permet de mesurer les champs électriques présents dans le plasma, ces champs étant issus du chauffage et de l'interaction laser. Un nouvel outil, associant le code de propagation laser et un code Monte-Carlo de transport de protons, a donc été mis en place pour modéliser les déflexions des protons. Cet outil ouvre en plus de nouvelles perspectives pour discuter de l'influence des effets 3D dans l'exploitation de ce diagnostic. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'intérêt à sonder les champs électriques au cœur même du plasma pendant la propagation laser. / The understanding and the control of high-power laser propagation into under-dense plasma is important to achieve inertial confinement fusion. During this process, the interaction of the laser with the plasma filling the hohlraum can lead to significant losses of laser energy which prevent ignition. Self-focusing or filamentation of the laser light is one of these phenomena which are desired to be mitigated since they also affect the uniformity of the laser illumination on the hohlraum wall.In order to improve our understanding of the laser-plasma interaction phenomena at play, we describe an experimental and numerical study involving an intense laser pulse between 1014 W.cm-2 and 1016 W.cm-2 , and which interacts with millimetric and under-dense plasma (having density of few % of the critical density). This work presents two experiments fielding a series of diagnostics aimed at well characterizing the laser propagation (Hisac camera) together with heat deposition in plasmas using Thomson scattering. Experimental results will be presented and discussed in the light of detailed simulations performed with the 3D laser propagation code Hera. In order to take into account the temperature gradients within the plasma during the laser propagation, Hera (laser propagation code) and FCI2 (radiation-hydrodynamic code) have been coupled. Besides, proton radiography has been used in order to access to electric fields. The measurements led to the implementation of a new and promising numerical tool using the Hera and Diane codes (Diane is a Monte Carlo particle tracing code). 3D proton radiography modelling opens new possibilities for users of this temporally and spatially resolved diagnostic.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第23537号 / エネ博第428号 / 新制||エネ||82(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 中村 祐司, 教授 田中 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21359号 / 工博第4518号 / 新制||工||1703(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸田 潔, 教授 三村 衛, 教授 木村 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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