Neste trabalho estabelecemos o Teorema Central do Limite para o modelo O(N) de Heisenberg hierárquico na criticalidade via equação a derivadas parciais no limite N -> infinito. Por simplicidade consideramos apenas o caso d = 4, sendo o teorema também válido para d > 4. Pelo estudo de uma dada equação a derivadas parciais (EDP) determinamos a temperatura inversa crítica do modelo esférico hierárquico contínuo para um d > 2 qualquer, havendo conexão entre criticalidade e o ponto fixo da EDP. Por meio de uma análise geométrica da trajetória crítica obtemos informações sobre a dinâmica e distribuição dos zeros de Lee-Yang. / In this work we stablish the Central Limit Theorem for the hierarchical O(N) Heisenberg model at criticality via partial differential equation in the limit N -> infinity. For simplicity we only treat the d = 4 case but the theorem is still valid for d > 4. By studying a given partial differential equation (PDE) we determine for any d > 2 the critical inverse temperature of the continuum hierarchical spherical model, and we show a connection between criticality and the fixed point of PDE. By means of a geometric analysis of the critical trajectory we obtain some informations about Lee-Yang zeros´s dynamics and distribution.

Verallgemeinerungen bekannter Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsaussagen für gebietsfüllende Kreispackungen. Für jedes beschränkte, einfach zusammenhängende Gebiet und für jeden zulässigen Komplex existiert eine gebietsfüllende, verallgemeinerte Kreispackung, die einer beliebigen der folgenden Normalisierungen genügt. alpha-beta-gamma: drei Randkreise sind je einem Randpunkt (Primende) zugeordnet alpha-gamma: ein Kreis mit fixem Mittelpunkt und ein Randkreis mit zugeordnetem Primende alpha-beta: zwei Kreise mit fixen Mittelpunkten Bedingungen werden angegeben, unter welchen die aufgeführten Normalisierungen eindeutige Lösungen implizieren, welche zudem stetig von den Normalisierungsparametern abhängen. Ist der Alpha-Kreis ein innerer Kreis, dann wird gezeigt, dass die alpha-beta Normalisierung im Allg. keine Eindeutigkeit liefert. Bedingungen werden aufgeführt, die nicht-entartete Lösungen (klassische Kreispackungen) garantieren. Alle Beweise sind möglichst elementar und unabhängig von existierenden Kreispackungs-Ergebnissen. / Existing existence and uniqueness results in the field of domain filling circle packings are generalized. For every bounded, simply connected domain, for every admissible complex, and under any of the following normalizations it is shown that there is a domain filling generalized circle packing. alpha-beta-gamma: three boundary disks are each associated with a boundary point (prime end) alpha-gamma: one disk with fixed center and one boundary disk with associated prime end alpha-beta: two disks with fixed centers Conditions are given under which the stated normalizations yield unique solutions, which then depend continuous on some normalization parameters. For the special case of an interior alpha disk it is shown that the alpha-beta normalization does not yield uniqueness in general. Several conditions are stated that guarantee non-degenerate solutions (classical circle packings). All proofs are kept as elementary as possible and independent of existing circle packing results.

[pt] Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre métodos semianalíticos para modelagem de guias de ondas com contornos complexos. Os campos eletromagnéticos dentro de meios não homogêneos e anisotrópicos são resolvidos por meio de harmônicos cilíndricos como base para outras abordagens numéricas, como o método de perturbação regular (RPM), o método de perturbação de material em cavidade (CMPM) e o método de casamento de pontos (PMM). As novas soluções semianalíticas que exploramos aqui podem ser empregadas para a análise de comunicação sem fio ao longo de túneis, bem como para a modelagem de sensores realistas de perfilagem durante a perfuração em problemas geofísicos de baixa frequência. Estudamos o potencial do RPM ao combiná-lo com os princípios da transformação óptica (TO) para analisar um guia de onda coaxial excêntrico preenchido com materiais anisotrópicos. Além disso, estendemos o CMPM clássico proposto por Harrington para lidar com meios anisotrópicos para resolver os números de onda de corte dos campos modais no mesmo guia de onda de maneira aproximada, mas numericamente eficiente. Outra solução de perturbação é proposta combinando as correções de baixa ordem do RPM no CMPM para fornecer correções de alta ordem para os números de onda de corte dos modos suportados pelo guia. Uma formulação matemática de um método semianalítico baseado em PMM para resolver guias de onda preenchidos com meios anisotrópicos e com camadas arbitrárias também é apresentada. Uma versão melhorada deste método é introduzida para modelar estruturas guiadas cilíndricas de múltiplas camadas não circulares. Essas soluções baseadas em casamento de pontos representam boas alternativas para abordagens de força bruta, como métodos de elementos finitos e de diferenças finitas. / [en] This thesis presents a study on semi-analytic methods for modeling waveguides with complex-shaped boundaries. The electromagnetic fields inside inhomogeneous and anisotropic media are solved via cylindrical harmonics as a basis for other numerical approaches, including the regular perturbation method (RPM), the cavity-material perturbation method (CMPM), and the point-matching method (PMM). The novel semi-analytic solutions we have explored here can be employed for the analysis of wireless communication along tunnels and boreholes as well as for the modeling of realistic logging-whiledrilling (LWD) sensors and their environments at low-frequency geophysical problems. We studied the potential of the RPM when combining it with the transformation optics (TO) principles to analyze an eccentric coaxial waveguide filled with anisotropic materials. Furthermore, we have extended the classical CMPM proposed by Harrington to handling anisotropic media for solving the cutoff wavenumbers of the modal fields in the same eccentric coaxial waveguide in an approximated but numerically efficient manner. Another perturbation solution is proposed here and combines the low-order corrections from RPM into the CMPM for providing high-order corrections to the cutoff wavenumbers of the modes supported in this guide. A mathematical formulation of a semi-analytic point-matching method for solving more complex anisotropic-filled waveguides with an arbitrary number of layers is also presented. An improved version of this method is introduced for modeling noncircular multi-layered cylindrical guided structures. Such point-matching-based solutions represent good alternatives to brute-force approaches such as finiteelement and finite-difference methods and motivate further investigations. We present a series of validation results showing the accuracy, efficiency, and potential limitations of the explored methods.

The modified mapping-collocation (MMC) method is applied to analyze a circumferential crack in an isotropic curved beam. Based on the method a MATLAB code was developed to obtain the stress field. Incorporating the stress correlation technique, the opening and sliding fracture mode stress intensity factors (SIF)s of the crack for the beam under pure bending moment load case are calculated. The MMC method aims to solve two-dimensional problems of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) by combining the power of analytic tools of complex analysis (Muskhelishvili formulation, conformal mapping, and extension arguments) with simplicity of applying the boundary collocation method as a numerical solution approach. Qualitatively, a good agreement between the computed stress contours and the fringe shapes obtained from the photoelastic experiment on a plexiglass specimen is observed. Quantitatively, the results are compared with that of ANSYS finite element analysis software. The effect of crack size, crack position and beam thickness variation on SIF values and mode mixity is investigated.

The Archimedean spiral antenna is well-known for its broadband characteristics with circular polarization and has been investigated for several decades. Since their development in the late 1950's, establishing an analytical expression for the characteristics of spiral antenna has remained somewhat elusive. This has been studied qualitatively and evaluated using numerical and experimental techniques with some success, but many of these methods are not convenient in the design process since they do not impart any physical insight into the effect each design parameter has on the overall operation of the spiral antenna. This work examines the operation of spiral antennas and obtains a closed-form analytical solution by conformal mapping and transmission line model with high precision in a wide frequency band. Based on the analysis of spiral antenna, we propose two novel design processes for the stripline-fed Archimedean spiral antenna. This includes a stripline feed network integrated into one of the spiral arms and a broadband tapered impedance transformer that is conformal to the spiral topology for impedance matching the nominally-high input impedance of the spiral. A Dyson-style balun located at the center facilitates the transition between guided stripline and radiating spiral modes. Measured and simulated results for a probe-fed design operating from 2 GHz to over 20 GHz are in excellent agreements to illustrate the synthesis and performance of a demonstration antenna. The research in this work also provides the possibility to achieve conformal integration and planar structural multi-functionality for an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) with band coverage across HF, UHF, and VHF. The proposed conformal mapping analysis can also be applied on periodic coplanar waveguides for integrated circuit applications.

Les textures directionnelles forment la classe particulière des images texturées représentant des hypersurfaces (lignes dermiques, fibres de matériaux, horizons sismiques, etc.). Pour ce type de textures, la reconstruction d'hypersurfaces permet ainsi d'en décrire la géométrie et la structure. À partir du calcul préalable du champ d'orientation, des reconstructions peuvent être obtenues au moyen de la minimisation d'une équation aux dérivées partielles sous contraintes, linéarisée et résolue itérativement de manière optimale dans le domaine de Fourier.Dans ce travail, les reconstructions d'hypersurfaces sont considérées comme un moyen de description à la fois amont et aval de la géométrie des textures directionnelles. Dans une démarche amont, la reconstruction de faisceaux locaux et denses d'hypersurfaces conduit à un modèle de transformation d'espace permettant de déplier localement la texture ou son champ de gradient et d'améliorer l'estimation du champ d'orientation par rapport au classique tenseur de structure. Dans une démarche aval, des reconstructions d'hypersurfaces effectuées sur des supports polygonaux quelconques, isolés ou imbriqués, permettent d'obtenir des reconstructions plus pertinentes que par les méthodes existantes. Les démarches proposées mettent en œuvre des chaînes de transformations d'espace conformes (transformation de Schwarz-Christoffel, de Möbius, etc.) afin de respecter les contraintes et d'accéder à des schémas de résolution rapide. / Directional textures are the particular class of textured images representing hypersurfaces (dermal lines, material fibers, seismic horizons, etc.). For this type of textures, the reconstruction of hypersurfaces describes their geometry and structure. From the preliminary estimation of the orientation field, reconstructions can be obtained by means of the minimization of a partial differential equation under constraints, linearized and iteratively resolved in the Fourier domain.In this work, the reconstructions of hypersurfaces are considered as means of description both upstream and downstream of the geometry of the directional textures. In an upstream approach, the reconstruction of local and dense streams of hypersurfaces leads to a spatial transformation model to locally unfold the texture or its gradient field and to improve the estimation of the orientation field compared with the classic tensor structure. In a downstream approach, reconstructions of hypersurfaces carried out on any polygonal supports, either isolated or imbricated, lead to more accurate reconstructions than existing methods. The proposed approaches implement chains of conformal space transformations (transformation of Schwarz-Christoffel, Möbius, etc.) in order to respect the constraints and to access fast PDE solution schemes.

Le mouvement Brownien réfléchi de manière oblique dans le quadrant, introduit par Harrison, Reiman, Varadhan et Williams dans les années 80, est un objet largement analysé dans la littérature probabiliste. Cette thèse, qui présente l’étude complète de la mesure invariante de ce processus dans tous les cônes du plan, a pour objectif plus global d’étendre au cadre continu une méthode analytique développée initialement pour les marches aléatoires dans le quart de plan par Fayolle, Iasnogorodski et Malyshev dans les années 70. Cette approche est basée sur des équations fonctionnelles, reliant des fonctions génératrices dans le cas discret et des transformées de Laplace dans le cas continu. Ces équations permettent de déterminer et de résoudre des problèmes frontière satisfaits par ces fonctions génératrices. Dans le cas récurrent, cela permet de calculer explicitement la mesure invariante du processus avec rebonds orthogonaux, dans le chapitre 2, et avec rebonds quelconques, dans le chapitre 3. Les transformées de Laplace des mesures invariantes sont prolongées analytiquement sur une surface de Riemann induite par le noyau de l’équation fonctionnelle. L’étude des singularités et l’application de méthodes du point col sur cette surface permettent de déterminer l’asymptotique complète de la mesure invariante selon toutes les directions dans le chapitre 4. / Obliquely reflected Brownian motion in the quadrant, introduced by Harrison, Reiman, Varadhan and Williams in the eighties, has been studied a lot in the probabilistic literature. This thesis, which presents the complete study of the invariant measure of this process in all the cones of the plan, has for overall aim to extend to the continuous framework an analytic method initially developped for random walks in the quarter plane by Fayolle, Iasnogorodski and Malyshev in the seventies. This approach is based on functional equations which link generating functions in the discrete case and Laplace transform in the continuous case. These equations allow to determine and to solve boundary value problems satisfied by these generating functions. In the recurrent case, it permits to compute explicitly the invariant measure of the process with orthogonal reflexions, in the chapter 2, and with any reflexions, in the chapter 3. The Laplace transform of the invariant measure is analytically extended to a Riemann surface induced by the kernel of the functional equation. The study of singularities and the use of saddle point methods on this surface allows to determine the full asymptotics of the invariant measure along every directions in the chapter 4.