The most common form of dwellings in rural and semi-urban areas of India and other developing countries around the globe are one/two storey unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. It is well known that such masonry buildings are most vulnerable during earthquakes. Out-of-plane flexural failures of walls are primarily responsible for collapse of URM buildings during an earthquake. The seismic performance of such buildings can be improved by reinforcing masonry walls in the horizontal and vertical directions with materials like steel, bamboo or fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). It is fairly easy to reinforce masonry in the horizontal direction by embedding the reinforcement in the bed joints of masonry construction. However, in the vertical direction, the reinforcement is generally provided in the cavities of hollow masonry units, which are grouted after placing the reinforcement. Even though the in-plane performance of masonry walls is enhanced with such a reinforcing technique, it still falls short in resisting out-of-plane lateral loads, as the vertical reinforcement is located close to neutral axis of bending. Hence, a novel technique of reinforcing masonry in the vertical direction on both the faces of the wall called containment reinforcement is proposed recently. Containment reinforcement improves ductility, energy dissipation and prevents overturning failure due to out-of-plane loading. The present study examines the role of containment reinforcement in improving out-of-plane / in-plane behavior of masonry. The research program consisted of characterizing the physical properties of the constituent materials of reinforced masonry, namely stabilized earth blocks, cement-soil-sand (1:1:6) mortar and steel and FRP reinforcement. The strength and elastic properties of masonry assemblages under compression, flexure and shear have been determined. The flexural behavior of three types of reinforced masonry assemblages namely; stretcher bond, English bond and rat-trap bond masonry beams under monotonic and reversed cyclic loading test protocols have been examined. The beams were reinforced with steel, Glass FRP (GFRP) and Carbon FRP (CFRP) materials. In the monotonic test protocol the moment-curvature relationships and ductility for each type of masonry beams were obtained. In the cyclic test protocols, the hysteretic behavior, energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping characteristics were obtained. The shear behavior of unreinforced and reinforced masonry panels under diagonal tension (shear) was examined through monotonic and cyclic loading test protocols. A simple and cost effective device for producing horizontal to and fro motion to imitate earthquake ground motions, called shock table test facility, has been designed. The table platform is mounted on four wheels and moves on rails. The table is put into the motion through pendulum impacts. The table motion characteristics have been obtained using the parameters used to describe the earthquake ground motions like amplitude, frequency content, duration of the motion and mixed parameters. The parameters of the shock table motion have been compared with few of the recorded earthquake ground motions to evaluate the effectiveness of shock table testing protocol for examining the dynamic performance of scaled masonry building models. The performance of two half scaled containment reinforced masonry building models subjected to base motions provided through shock table and conventional shaking table was evaluated. The dynamic properties of masonry, responses and failure patterns were obtained. A non-linear finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated using the experimental data generated in the flexural and shear testing of reinforced and unreinforced masonry beams and panels. The FE model was further used for analysis of half scale masonry building model tested on shock table and recalibrated by comparing responses of numerical model with experimentally measured responses. Furthermore, the finite element model was used to assess the performance of two storey unreinforced and containment reinforced symmetric/asymmetric masonry buildings subjected to a series of earthquake ground motions of increasing severity. The studies conducted conclude that the masonry with containment reinforcement was effective in mitigating seismic risks of masonry buildings in moderate to severe seismic regions. The provision of containment reinforcement significantly improved equivalent hysteretic damping at design displacement and offered excellent ductility to masonry elements. The existing construction practice can easily accommodate the provision of containment reinforcement with little modification to the construction sequence. The extra effort in construction does commensurate with the enhancement in the seismic performance of the masonry buildings.

Prolonger la durée de vie d’un parc nucléaire impose de garantir la pérennité des enceintes de confinement, troisième et dernière barrière de protection contre les potentielles émissions radioactives. Ces structures sont attentivement auscultées depuis la construction grâce à un dispositif de mesures spécifiques incluant des extensomètres noyés dans le béton. De conception intrinsèquement fiable et bien que largement éprouvés, ces capteurs de déformation commencent à présenter des taux de défaillance significatifs, nécessitant, de fait, le recours à des chaînes de mesure de substitution. En ne pouvant être mises en œuvre qu’au voisinage de la surface du béton, ces solutions ne permettent qu’un accès indirect à la déformation initialement observée. Des doutes peuvent dès lors être émis sur la représentativité des mesures et par conséquent sur la qualité de la surveillance.Pour analyser l'influence de la localisation de la mesure, le développement et l'exploitation de deux modèles numériques éléments finis complémentaires sont proposés. Il s’agira principalement, pour l’un, de quantifier les possibles écarts de comportement sur le long terme et en épreuve liés aux gradients de température et d’humidité ; et pour l’autre, la variabilité liée au caractère hétérogène et particulier de la géométrie des enceintes. Suite à la calibration des modèles de comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique, s’appuyant sur des résultats d'essais matériaux en laboratoire, une prévision à l'échelle de la structure, utilisant des chargements sur ouvrage reconstruits à partir de données historiques ou de synthèses fondées sur le retour d’expérience du parc nucléaire français exploité par EDF, est menée. L'historique de déformation est ainsi reconstruit en tout point de l'enceinte pour en déduire un modèle analytique des variations spatiales dans l'enceinte des déformations afin de faciliter son exploitation.En mettant en évidence de faibles écarts sur le long terme entre position à cœur et en surface, il est d'abord démontré que des chaînes de mesure de substitution sont utilisables avec un bon niveau de confiance en dehors des zones singulières. Par ailleurs, l’usage de fonctions de correction basées sur les transferts physiques régnant dans la structure permet de minimiser l’influence des changements de position de mesure dans l’épaisseur. / Extending the life of nuclear plant needs to ensure the sustainability of containment, third and last barrier against potential radioactive emissions. These structures are closely monitored from construction through a specific measuring system including strain gauges embedded in the concrete. Inherently reliable, though widely proven technology, these strain sensors start presenting significant failure rates, requiring the use of substitution measure chains. These solutions, which can only be placed near surface of concrete, allow only an indirect access to the initially observed strain. Doubts may therefore be issued on the representativeness of measurements and therefore on the quality of monitoring.To analyze the influence of the location of the measurement, the development and exploitation of two finite elements numerical models are proposed. This will be mainly for one to quantify the possible misbehavior in the long term and during tests related to temperature and moisture gradients; and for the other, the variability related to heterogeneous and particular nature of the geometry of nuclear power plant. As a result of the calibration of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior models, based on laboratory materials test, a forecast throughout the structure is conducted, using reconstructed loads from historical data or syntheses based on feedback from the french nuclear power plant operated by EDF. The history of deformation is thus reconstructed in any enclosure point to settle an analytical model of the spatial variations of the enclosure deformation to facilitate its operations.Highlighting small long-term differences between embedded and surface position, it is first shown that alternative measuring systems can be used with a high confident level outside singular position. Furthermore, the use of correction functions based on physical transfers prevailing in the structure makes it possible to minimize the influence of position measurement of changes in thickness.

Orientador: Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Eliane Viviani / Resumo: A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34'54"S e Longitude 49º 25'02"O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54" S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02"; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53" S and longitude 49 ° 24'34". The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Urban greenbelts are considered a key instrument for shaping sustainable urban growth and protecting the environment in a large number of cities in the world. In most cities, there is a widely shared belief that urban greenbelts are beneficial to the natural environment. By contrast, there is little understanding of the underlying economic impacts of greenbelts and other green space configurations in fast growing cities. The unprecedented rate and scale of urbanisation in the emerging economies has brought the role of greenbelts into an even sharper focus. In cities within these fast growing economies, the urban population is expected to double in the coming decades, which means that greenbelts are under great pressures to adapt to the large forthcoming growth. Few existing urban models are capable of addressing the dynamic nature of the urban transformations and predicting the impacts of urban greenbelts in the developing world. This prompts us to develop a new modelling method that is capable of assessing the impacts of different configurations, scales and locations of green spaces. We then use it to examine alternative futures to the greenbelt through a case study of Greater Beijing. The method we developed is a new variant in the land use-transport interaction (LUTI) model family. This model is capable of addressing the non-equilibrium nature of urban land use and transport development and the equilibrium nature of the day-to-day adaptations made by businesses and citizens. This LUTI model aims to answer the following questions: what are the short-term and long-term economic impacts of a greenbelt on a fast growing city? Which alternative green space configuration performs better in terms of economic well-being and travel costs? Where and how much should the greenbelt land be progressively reshaped or released as the city grows? The new LUTI model is calibrated and validated using data collected for 1990, 2000 and 2010 for Greater Beijing, The model is first tested retrospectively through revisiting the past greenbelt policies in Beijing from 1990 to 2010. Then the impacts of different future green space configurations from 2010 to 2030 are predicted and assessed through quantifying economic costs/benefits and travel costs for socio-economic groups. The model results suggest that under rapid transformative urban change, the configuration, scale and location of a greenbelt have a significant impact on a city’s economic efficiency. Such impacts will transcend the greenbelt boundary, and even the boundary of Beijing Municipality, onto the entire city region. A narrow greenbelt launched in the early age of urban expansion could lead to spatial mismatch of residents and jobs. A wide and strictly controlled ring-shaped greenbelt is not the highest performing intervention either, in terms of economic well-being. The green-wedges configuration is a remedial policy that balances the economic efficiency and environmental benefits. Intensive development around metro/rail stations in the designated greenbelt could reduce spatial costs and promote sustainable travel modes. This implies that a careful siting of new development within existing designations of the greenbelt can be beneficial in terms of economic well-being and sustainable transport.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T17:39:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Angélica Nicoletti.pdf: 1662447 bytes, checksum: 33f7ef0e71d6fdd5723345653837f8f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-17T12:23:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Angélica Nicoletti.pdf: 1662447 bytes, checksum: 33f7ef0e71d6fdd5723345653837f8f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Angélica Nicoletti.pdf: 1662447 bytes, checksum: 33f7ef0e71d6fdd5723345653837f8f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / O progresso global ocorrido no último século nas diversas áreas teve impacto direto na rotina dos indivíduos, gerando um número expressivo de pessoas estressadas, que adotaram hábitos alimentares errôneos. Tais ocorrências tendem a gerar um desequilíbrio bioquímico no organismo denominado de estresse oxidativo, que se caracteriza por uma produção exacerbada de radicais livres, e que tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento das chamadas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Diante das potencialidades funcionais antioxidantes do arroz parboilizado e do mirtilo como coadjuvantes na prevenção e manutenção de um equilíbrio oxidativo no organismo, o que reflete na prevenção de diversas patologias, no presente estudo objetivou-se analisar a eficiência nutricional e funcional de arroz parboilizado e mirtilo bem como avaliar seu potencial antioxidante em um modelo animal submetido a um protocolo de estresse. Para tanto, o trabalho foi estruturado em três estudos, desenvolvidos da seguinte forma: experimento I, II e III. No experimento I foram caracterizadas duas variedades de mirtilo (Misty e O’Neal) determinando a composição bromatológica dos frutos, antocianinas totais, compostos fenólicos totais e individuais, atividade antioxidante por DPPH, ABTS e FRAP. No experimento II foram avaliadas as respostas biológicas de ratos wistar machos adultos, cepa UFPEL, submetidos a um protocolo de estresse por contenção, alimentados com dietas normocalóricas, recebendo 1ml de extrato de mirtilo (41,66% fruta) através de gavagem para cada 200g de peso do animal. No experimento III foram avaliados a eficiência nutricional e funcional da mistura de arroz parboilizado e mirtilo através de ensaio biológico com ratos wistar machos adultos, cepa UFPEL, submetidos a um protocolo de estresse por contenção, alimentados com dieta desenvolvida com arroz parboilizado e mirtilo O`Neal, administrados sob a forma de ração. Com os resultados do estudo I foi possível concluir que a variedade de mirtilo Misty destacou-se apresentando maior teor de fenóis totais, bem como apresentou uma maior capacidade antioxidante nos diferentes métodos. No estudo II, o fator estresse refletiu em uma menor deposição de peso em especial nos animais que consumiram mirtilo O’Neal, resultado acompanhado de um consumo de ração similar ao grupo que recebeu mirtilo Misty, concomitante a uma menor deposição de gordura epididimal. O mirtilo O’Neal, se mostrou efetivo na redução dos níveis de glicose. A expressão de superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi menor na região hipotalâmica, inferindo que o antioxidante se mostrou ativo na linha de defesa. Nosso estudo ponderou que a exposição ao protocolo de estresse por contenção aumentou a enzima superóxido dismutase, sendo sua expressão significativamente maior quando comparado com a testemunha. Em contrapartida a exposição ao estresse diminuiu a Glutationa peroxidase. A atividade da enzima catalase no córtex foi significativamente aumentada nos grupos não submetidos ao protocolo de estresse, que receberam extrato aquoso de mirtilo. Seguido de maior expressão nos animais que receberam extrato aquoso de mirtilo da variedade Misty. O estudo III nos inferiu que: O estresse por contenção, o consumo de arroz parboilizado e mirtilo O´Neal administrados separados induz ao menor ganho de peso. Concomitante o consumo de alimentos foi diferente de acordo com a dieta administrada dentro do grupo de animais estressados,sendo que os que consumiram dieta AP e dieta APM exibiram um maior consumo alimentar. A deposição de gordura epididimal foi significativamente maior no grupo que recebeu a ração APM independente do fator estresse. Os animais que receberam dieta MO depositaram menos gordura epididimal, em relação a testemunha e 30,4% menos de gordura epididimal quando comparado a dieta AP. Quando comparadas as dietas dentro dos diferentes níveis de estresse, os animais submetidos ao estresse por contenção independente da dieta recebida demonstraram aumento dos níveis de glicose, sendo apenas o aumento nos animais que receberam a dieta AP. / The global progress that has occurred in the last century in the various areas has had a direct impact on the routine of individuals, generating an expressive number of stressed people who have adopted erroneous eating habits. Such occurrences tend to generate a biochemical imbalance in the so-called oxidative stress system, which is characterized by an exacerbated production of free radicals, and has been associated with the development of so-called non-transmissible chronic diseases. In view of the functional antioxidant potentials of parboiled rice and blueberry as a coadjuvant in the prevention and maintenance of an oxidative balance in the body, which reflects in the prevention of several pathologies, the present study aimed to analyze the nutritional and functional efficiency of parboiled rice and blueberry As well as to evaluate its antioxidant potential in an animal model submitted to a stress protocol. For this, the work was structured in three studies, developed as follows: experiment I, II and III. In the experiment I were characterized two varieties of blueberry (Misty and O'Neal) determining the bromatological composition of the fruits, total anthocyanins, total and individual phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. In the experiment II, the biological responses of adult male wistar rats, strain UFPEL, submitted to a contention stress protocol, fed with normocaloric diets, were evaluated, receiving 1ml of blueberry extract (41.66% fruit) through gavage for each 200g Weight of the animal. In the experiment III the nutritional and functional efficiency of the mixture of parboiled and blueberry rice were evaluated through biological assay with adult male wistar rats, strain UFPEL, submitted to a contention stress protocol, fed with a diet developed with parboiled rice and blueberry O` Neal, administered as a feed. With the results of the study I it was possible to conclude that the blueberry variety Misty stood out presenting higher total phenol content, as well as presented a greater antioxidant capacity in the different methods. In study II, the stress factor reflected in a lower weight deposition, especially in the animals that consumed blueberry O'Neal, a result accompanied by a feed intake similar to the group that received blueberry Misty, concomitant to a lower deposition of epididymal fat. O'Neal blueberry was shown to be effective in reducing glucose levels. The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was lower in the hypothalamic region, inferring that the antioxidant was active in the line of defense. Our study considered that the exposure to the protocol of contention stress increased the enzyme superoxide dismutase, being its expression significantly greater when compared with the control. In contrast, exposure to stress decreased Glutathione peroxidase. The activity of the catalase enzyme in the cortex was significantly increased in the groups not submitted to the stress protocol, which received aqueous extract of blueberry. This was followed by greater expression in the animals that received aqueous blueberry extract of the Misty variety. Study III inferred that: Containment stress, consumption of parboiled rice and O'Neal bilberry administered separately induces the lowest weight gain. Concomitant consumption of food was different according to the diet administered within the group of stressed animals, and those who consumed AP diet and APM diet exhibited a higher food intake. The deposition of epididymal fat was significantly higher in the group that received the APM ration independent of the stress factor. The animals that received an OM diet had less epididymal fat compared to controls and 30.4% less epididymal fat when compared to the AP diet. When comparing the diets within the different stress levels, the animals submitted to stress by independent containment of the received diet showed an increase in the glucose levels, being only the increase in the animals that received the AP diet.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à l’étude sur le risque d’inflammation de gaz imbrûlés au niveau du système de ventilation suite à un incendie dans un milieu confiné sous-ventilé. La caractérisation de l’état de stratification des fumées et du désenfumage apparaît aussi comme un objectif. Lors d’un incendie en milieu clos, la quantité d’oxygène présente dans le local peut devenir insuffisante, engendrant une combustion incomplète. Des gaz chauds imbrûlés résiduels peuvent alors s’accumuler dans le local et être évacués par la ventilation d’extraction. Lorsque ces derniers sont mis en présence d’air apporté par un autre conduit de ventilation, ils peuvent s’enflammer spontanément et générer une déflagration pouvant rompre le confinement dynamique des matières dangereuses, situation inacceptable pour la sûreté des installations nucléaires. Cette inflammation dépend de la quantité des imbrûlés, de la température dans la gaine d’extraction et de la concentration minimale en oxygène. L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier et d’analyser ce risque par l’étude aérodynamique de la flamme et par le niveau de confinement dynamique afin de choisir le type de ventilation présentant le moins de risque. Cette étude, à la fois numérique et expérimentale, permet d’améliorer la compréhension de l’influence de la richesse globale liée au niveau de confinement de l’enceinte sur la production d’imbrûlés comme CO, H2 et fuel. Elle permet par la suite de mettre en évidence l’influence de celle-ci sur le risque d’inflammation de gaz imbrûlés au niveau du système de ventilation. / This doctoral thesis is devoted to the study of the risk of ignition of unburnt gases in the ventilation system after a fire in an under-ventilated confined enclosure. The characterization of the state of lamination of smoke and smoke extraction also appears as an objective. In a closed fire, the amount of oxygen present in the room may become insufficient leading to incomplete combustion. Residual unburnt hot gases can then accumulate in the room and be evacuated by extraction ventilation. When the latter are placed in the presence of air supplied by another ventilation duct, they can ignite spontaneously and generate a deflagration capable of breaking the dynamic containment of hazardous materials, an unacceptable situation for the safety of nuclear installations. This ignition depends on the quantity of the unburned gases, the temperature in the extraction sheath and the minimum concentration of oxygen. The objective of this study is to quantify and analyze this risk through the aerodynamic study of the flame and the level of dynamic confinement in order to choose the ventilation posing the least possible risk. This study, both numerical and experimental, makes possible to improve the understanding of the influence of the equivalence ratio linked to the level of confinement of the enclosure on the production of unburned like CO, H2 and fuel. Then, it makes possible to highlight the influence of the latter on the risk of ignition of unburnt gases in the ventilation network.

This study seeks to explore students’ subjective and collective experience of an experiential family therapy module within the Clinical Psychology Masters training programme. It looks at the perceptions of nine trainee therapists who used genograms and family sculpting to present their family of origin. The study takes place after the completion of the practical internship year with the purpose of exploring relevant emotional, cognitive, social and therapeutic effects of this module. A literature survey reveals that the use of genograms and family sculpting during training has received little research interest as most studies have primarily focused on their use during therapy with clients and in supervision. There is a scarcity of literature available that pertains directly to psychologists themselves and their wider social context. An exploratory review has been made to supplement the literature and pertains to experiential programmes in training in general and the psychologist’s self in training. The epistemology that directs this research falls within a postmodern frame. The experience is viewed from within the broad systems perspective. This approach acknowledges the dynamic and recursive interactions which occur between and within systems, and permits a broad perspective to be taken that is inclusive rather than exclusive. A qualitative research design was selected as it lends itself particularly well to the study of the ‘lived realities’ of people within their context and allows the information gained from the study to guide the research process. Semi-structured open-ended in-depth interviews were used as they allow for greater freedom and fewer restrictions regarding direction for the participant. A thematic analysis was carried out in order for the central themes of the experience to emerge. These themes were discussed extensively and integrated with the literature available. The multigenerational family presentation seems to create greater awareness of patterns and roles and these insights have a pervasive impact in many contexts. Understandably, the trainees feel emotionally overwhelmed as they become both observer and observed, viewing their interaction from a third-person perspective. This awareness of process results in a loss of spontaneous response and initial debilitation which is associated with feelings of loss and isolation. The self-exploratory behaviour gives rise to a reflexive reconstruction of self as a result of the access to new meanings regarding the dynamics and relationships within the family system, which enhances understanding of the complex interplay of systems, and ultimately facilitates the processes of integration, repair and resolution. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

No description available.

There is a trend in Sweden towards increasing the electricity production from renewable energy sources in the electric grid. The increased share of renewables could be seen as essential for Sweden to be able to meet the obligated climate goals. Integration of renewables will enable Sweden to be a progressive part in reducing greenhouse gases and decreasing the global warming. However, one issue with renewable energy sources is the inverter governed production. This, together with the decommission of larger synchronous generators, results in decreasing the inertia and increasing the instability inthe grid.  This thesis is dedicated to elaborating on frequency stability issues and investigating how Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWT) could contribute towards stabilized operation when included in frequency support services.  The study is generated through an extensive research process where focus areas are identified. Questions are purposed and then discussed through interviews with experienced people in the field. Estimated power production series from a wind turbine park (WTP) are applied in a constructed model to study the possibilities appearing when  including VSWTs in frequency support services. The income generated from including VSWTs in different regulation power market services is with the model compared against solely procuring the production capacity on the day ahead market. The studied frequency support services are then compared altogether to generate favorable solutions. The study examines both economic as well as technical features of the inclusion of VSWTs in frequency support services.  Results found in the study were that inclusion of wind turbines for power regulation purposes could be seen as increasingly manageable and needed in the electric grid. The maturity of technical solutions alongwith a transition in the regulation power market could be observed as leading factors. The diversification of regulation abilities and the increasing economic incentives in the regulation power market was also found to be important reasons for including wind turbines in the regulation power market. In the study, it was also found thataggregating the power production from several VSWT could increase the ability to deliver the studied services.  It was concluded that inclusion of VSWT in the frequency containment reserve during disturbed operation for down-regulation purposes as well as the fast frequency reserve was the most promising frequency support products for the inclusion of wind turbines. When including battery energy storages and to a larger part managing the durability demands for the services then the frequency contain reserve for normal operation and the frequency containment reserve for disturbed operation for upregulation purposes could be observed as preferable alternatives. Regulation abilities were concluded as achievable with the use of pitch and torque regulation techniques available in the variable speed wind turbine.

In order to enhance accessibility to microgravity research, the design process for experiments on the ISS must be streamlined and accessible to all scientific disciplines, not just aerospace engineers. Thus, a general design and analysis toolbox with accompanying best practices manual for microgravity liquid containment is proposed. The work presented in this thesis improves the design process by introducing a modular liquid tank design which can be filled, drained, or act as a passive liquid-gas separation device. It can also be pressurized, and used for aerosol spray. This tank can be modified to meet the design requirements of various experimental setups and liquids. Furthermore, rough simulations of this tank are presented and available to the user for modification. The simulation and design methodology for other general cases is discussed as well. After reading this thesis, the user should have a basic understanding of how liquids behave in microgravity. She will be able to run simple simulations, design, build, test, and fly a liquid management device which has been modified to suit the requirements of her specific experiment. The general tank design can be manufactured using 3-D printing, traditional CNC milling, or a combination thereof. The design methodology and best practices presented here have been used to design tanks used in experiments on the International Space Station for Budweiser and Lambda Vision. Both tanks functioned nominally on orbit. While the specific data from these experiments cannot be presented due to proprietary restrictions, using this thesis as a design guide for new experiments should yield favorable results when applied to new tank designs. If the reader has any questions or would like an updated design process, the author’s preferred contact information can be found using the Orcid iD: 0000-0002-2617-2957 .