Com o intuito de estudar a resposta da Plataforma Continental Sudeste, e particularmente na Plataforma Continental de São Paulo (PCSP), aos ventos sinóticos, foram realizadas simulações numéricas através do modelo sECOM. As simulações prognósticas consideraram campos estratificados de temperatura e salinidade. Como forçante externa, foi introduzido o cisalhamento do vento de nordeste, típicos do centro de Alta Pressão do Atlântico Sul, e ventos sinóticos de sudoeste de um sistema frontal de baixa pressão (frente fria). Os resultados obtidos com a forçante vento atuando apenas no sul da PCSE mostraram que os ventos remotos são capazes de excitar perturbações do nível do mar sob a forma de Ondas de Plataforma Continental (OPC), principalmente na PCI e na PCM da PCSP. A velocidade de propagação da OPC foi entre 9.2 e 10.2 ms -¹ na região sul da PCSE. Na região norte, com maior variabilidade, os valores foram entre 2.4 e 5.0 ms -¹. O vento remoto de sudoeste foi capaz de inverter o sentido da corrente superficial de nordeste para sudoeste e, após a inversão, a corrente apresentou oscilação natural com período de 30 horas nas regiões próximas da atuação do vento. Nos experimentos com o vento atuando em toda a plataforma, as correlações do nível do mar entre as radiais de estudo foram máximas na PCI e na PCM da região sul da PCSE, com OPCs se propagando a 15.3 ms -¹. Na região norte, as OPCs apresentatam velocidades de 3.6 a 7.2 ms -¹, dependendo da velocidade das frentes frias. As simulações ainda revelaram ressonância da corrente superficial associada com a velocidade de propagação dos sistemas frontais, com correntes na região de Cananéia se amplificando com frentes se deslocando a 11.4 ms -¹. A região de Santos e Ubatuba apresentou corrente máxima com frentes se propagando a 9.5 ms -¹. As correntes superficiais geradas nas simulações de vento em toda a plataforma também apresentaram oscilações inerciais na PCM e PCE da PCSE, após a inversão dos ventos. / Numerical simulations were made using the sECOM model to study the response of the South Brazilian Bight (SBB), especially the São Paulo Continental Shelf (SPCS), to synoptic winds. Prognostic simulations were performed using a stratified sanility and temperature fields as initial conditions. Two different wind shear forcing were included: the northeast winds derived from the South Atlantic High, and the southweast synoptic winds from low pressure frontal systems. Results from the wind forcing experiments only in the south of SBB showed that the remote winds are capable of exciting sea level disturbances in the form of continental shelf waves (CSW), mainly in the inner and middle shelf of SPCS. Phase speed between 9.2 and 10.2 ms -¹ were found at southern of the SBB. The northern region showed high variability, with values between 2.4 e 5.0 ms -¹. Southwest remote wind was able to reverse the direction of the surface current from northeast to southweast. Such the inversion promoted natural oscillation of surface current with period of 30 hours in regions close to the wind action. In the wind experiments acting over the SBB, the cross correlation between the sea level of differents stations were highest at the southern portion of the inner and middle shelf, displaying CSW phase speed of 15.3 ms -¹. In the northern region, CSW phase speed ranges from 3.6 to 7.2 ms -¹, depending on the velocity of the frontal systems propagation. Numerical simulations results revealed the resonance of the surface current associated with the speed propagation of the frontal systems. Currents off Cananéia amplified when fronts propagate at speeds of 11.4 ms -¹. Continental shelf regions off Santos and Ubatuba exhibit maximum currents with fronts moving at 9.5 ms -¹. Surface currents resulting from local wind forcing showed the occurrence of inertial oscillations after the inversion of the winds, mainly in middle shelf and outer shelf of SBB.

A ressurgência da massa de Água Central do Altântico Sul (ACAS) é o principal processo oceanográfico de disponibilização de nutrientes na zona eufótica da plataforma continental sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). Isto gera um acréscimo na população de organismos autotróficos e consequente de heterotróficos que produzem e oxidam a matéria orgânica gerada. O que possibilita um aumento no fluxo de carbono e consequentemente a manutenção dos recursos pesqueiros na região durante o verão. A abundância de micro-organismos autotróficos e heterotróficos planctônicos e a relação destes com as massas de água da PCSE foram avaliadas no verão de 2013. Para o tal, os micro-organismos autotróficos, menores que 20 µm foram quantificados por citometria de fluxo. Foram realizadas análises de abundância do gene 16S de bactérias, archaeas e do clado Sar11 e a expressão dos genes rubisco e proteorodpsina por meio de PCR em tempo real. O valor médio obtido de micro-organismos autrotróficos, Prochlorococcus spp. e Synechococcus spp. foi de 15.151 e de 8.313 células.ml-1, respectivamente. E de bactérias heterotróficas de 7.4x105 células.ml-1. Em relação aos domínios, a distribuição de Bacteria ocorreu na superfície e de Archaea no fundo da região oceânica. Os resultados indicam que a distribuição dos micro-organismos ocorreu conforme as características físicas e a disponibilidade de nutrientes das massas de água. Bactérias heterotróficas foram abundantes em regiões costeiras provavelmente devido a maior disponibilidade de matéria orgânica, o que corrobora com o resultado encontrado de maior biomassa de carbono em região costeira. / The resurgence of South Atlantic Central Waters (ACAS) is the main oceanographic process that involves availability of nutrients in the photic zone of the southeast continental shelf in Brazil. This causes an increase in the population of autotrophs and heterotrophic organisms (that produce and oxidizes the organic matter). The carbon flux increase and consequently the maintenance of fish resource in the region during the 2013 summer. The abundance of autotrophic and heterotrophic planktonic microorganisms was evaluated and also was studied their relation with the masses of water of the continental shelf. Thus, autotrophic microorganisms, smaller than 20 microns were quantified by flow cytometry. Using real time PCR were analysed 16S abundance of bacteria, archaea and SAR11 clade and the expression of the rubisco and proteorhodopsin gene. Autotrophic microorganisms, Prochlorococcus spp. and Synechococcus spp. had a mean value of 15.151 and 8.313 cell.ml-1, respectively. Heterotrophic bacteria had a mean value of 7.4x105 cell.ml-1. In relation to the domains, the distribution of bacteria occurred in the surface and the Archaea in the deep of the ocean region. The results indicate that the distribution of micro-organisms occur as the physical characteristics and the availability of nutrients of water masses. Heterotrophic bacteria were abundant in coastal areas probably due to increased of organic matter, which corroborates the result of higher biomass carbon in coastal region.

L'augmentation continue des concentrations atmosphériques de CO2 due aux activités anthropogéniques est un des principaux facteurs responsable du changement climatique. De par leur forte propension à stocker ce CO2 anthropogénique, les océans jouent un rôle essentiel dans le cycle global du carbone. La quantification des échanges air-mer de CO2 et de leur variabilité à diverses échelles spatio-temporelles représentent encore aujourd'hui un défi majeur dans l'étude du cycle global du carbone. Alors que les flux air-mer de CO2 sont relativement bien quantifiés en milieu océanique, les études réalisées en milieu marin côtier demeurent insuffisantes au regard de l'importante variabilité spatio-temporelle de ces échanges et de la diversité de ces écosystèmes. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude approfondie de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des échanges air-mer de CO2 à de multiples échelles spatio-temporelles au sein des écosystèmes contrastés du plateau continental nord-ouest européen. Ces systèmes particulièrement dynamiques d'un point de vue biogéochimique présentent l'avantage d'être représentatifs des principales structures hydrographiques des marges continentales tempérés. A ce jour, les études portant sur la dynamique du CO2 dans les eaux de la partie occidentale du plateau continental nord-ouest européen restent peu nombreuses. Du cycle diurne à une échelle multi-annuelle, d'une station fixe au large de Roscoff au plateau continental nord-ouest européen, et d'échantillons d'eau de mer à des données satellitaires, cette thèse offre un aperçu exhaustif de la complexité de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des flux air-mer de CO2 en milieu côtier. / The raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air–sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve.

Les marées internes sont des processus dynamiques très répandus observés de façon intense près des marges continentales. Leur signature sur la surface libre de la mer est souvent observée sur les images satellites, montrant des systèmes d'ondes complexes au dessus des marges continentales irrégulières tels que la marge Ouest-Ibérique. Leur génération et leur distribution spatiale sont l'objet du présent travail, qui explore les processus physiques derrière la génération et la propagation de ces modes baroclines, au-dessus de canyons sous-marins et de promontoires, représentatifs des structures observées sur le talus Ouest-Ibérique. La solution de marée super inertielle est étudiée par le biais de simulations numériques, utilisant des configurations de topographie, soit réalistes soit idéalisée, en océan homogène ou stratifié (configuration bi couches et stratification continue). Les bassins océaniques sont dotés de talus et plateaux continentaux de faible profondeur qui détournent la propagation des marées océaniques de leur cours naturel. Les ondes de marée côtières sont ensuite réfléchies et/ou piégées sous différents modes possibles, fonction de la latitude, de la fréquence de forçage, du relief topographique et de la stratification de la colonne d'eau. Différents accidents topographiques, tels que les canyons sous-marins, les vallées, les promontoires et les bosses peuvent façonner des marges continentales afin de créer des pentes abruptes tangentielles au talus, qui deviennent effectivement des sites de production des marées internes. L'origine des marées internes se situe dans les forces d'attraction astronomiques, mais la répartition spatiale des solutions le long des marges continentales est distincte à travers le monde. La diversité du relief topographique module de façon spécifique les solutions de courant de marée barotropes, dont l'énergie est ensuite dissipée dans les modes baroclines en de nombreux endroits accidentés et à différents instants par rapport à la phase de marée.A mi-latitude, la force d'inertie terrestre divise le spectre de marée en ondes diurnes sub-inertielles et ondes semi-diurnes super-inertielles, donnant lieu à des ajustements en différents types de modes. La modélisation réaliste de la marée barotrope le long de la marge ouest-Ibérique vérifie cette différence de comportement et devient le point de départ de la présente thèse. Alors que les composantes diurnes génèrent des modes d'ondes continentales piégées le long du littoral, les harmoniques semi-diurnes montrent des structures de courants complexes, corrélées spatialement aux canyons sous-marins locaux et aux promontoires (pour lesquels on modélise une accroissement de l'amplitude du courant de marée associé à une inversion du sens de rotation).Ces distorsions super-inertielles des ondes de marée sont analysées et interprétées en utilisant des configurations de bathymétrie idéalisées. Les configurations canyon sous-marin et promontoires sont considérées comme des anomalies (sinusoïdale de signe opposé) de la largeur du plateau continental, situées au milieu du domaine modélisé. L'onde de marée monocromatic super-inertielle forcée aux limites, tient compte de l'hypothèse d'un plateau uniforme dans la direction tangentielle. Les résultats obtenus révèlent une distorsion importante du flux de marée qui peut être interprétée par la dynamique de la vorticité du fluide dans le cadre du principe de conservation du moment angulaire. / Oceanic internal tides are ubiquitous dynamic features, densely observed near continental margins. Their sea-surface signature is frequently printed in remote sensing images, showing complex wave patterns over irregular shelves such as the West-Iberian margin. Their origin and spatial distribution is the subject of the present work, which explores the physics behind the generation and propagation of these baroclinic modes, over submarine canyon and promontory shelf features. It focuses on the study of the super-inertial tide solution by the use of numerical model simulations of realistic and idealized topography configurations, under homogeneous, two-layers and continuous stratified water columns. The ocean basins are flanked by shallow water continental margins that divert ocean tides from their natural course. Coastal tide waves are then reflected and/or trapped in several possible wave modes, function of the latitude, forcing frequency, topographic relief and water column stratification. Different shelf features, such as submarine canyons, valleys, promontories and bumps can shape continental margins to create abrupt along-shelf slopes that become effective internal tide generation sites.

The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate a new empirical and systemic geopolitical approach to the study of the ongoing territorial dispute in the Arctic resulting from the desire of two nation states, Denmark and Russia, to extend their own northernmost limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the central part of the Arctic Ocean. This approach combines geographic, legal and political analytical perspectives with quantitative research design to produce an inter-disciplinary study. Empirical evidence on the long-term socio-geographic development in the region (1993-2013) is provided together with information on particular territorial gains and losses for all decision-makers that arise in a number of potential scenarios (options). Variation in each decision-maker's aggregate national socio-geographic resource, as implied by particular territorial modifications in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, serves as a basis for derivation of nontrivial payoffs on each option in the dispute. These payoffs are introduced into a three-player graph model for conflict resolution (Denmark, Russia, and the World) and stable dispute solutions are suggested on the basis of different combinations of decision-makers' strategies, whose optimality is evaluated as well. Finally, alternative scenarios of...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-184). / During July and August of 1996, a large acoustics/physical oceanography experiment was fielded in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, south of Nantucket Island, MA. Known as the Shelfbreak Front PRIMER Experiment, the study combined acoustic data from a moored array of sources and receivers with very high resolution physical oceanographic measurements. This thesis addresses two of the primary goals of the experiment, explaining the properties of acoustic propagation in the region, and tomographic inversion of the acoustic data. In addition, this thesis develops a new method for predicting acoustic coherence in such regions. Receptions from two 400 Hz tomography sources, transmitting from the continental slope onto the shelf, are analyzed. This data, along with forward propagation modeling utilizing SeaSoar thermohaline measurements, reveal that both the shelfbreak front and tidally-generated soliton packets produce stronger coupling between the acoustic waveguide modes than expected. Arrival time wander and signal spread show variability attributable to the presence of a shelf water meander, changes in frontal configuration, and variability in the soliton field. The highly-coupled nature of the acoustic mode propagation prevents detailed tomographic inversion. Instead, methods based on only the wander of the mode arrivals are used to estimate path-averaged temperatures and internal tide "strength". The modal phase structure function is introduced as a useful proxy for acoustic coherence, and is related via an integral transform to the environmental sound speed correlation function. Advantages of the method are its flexibility and division of the problem into independent contributions, such as from the water column and seabed. / by Brian J. Sperry. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, 1982. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 221-225. / by Ping-Tung Peter Shaw. / Ph.D.

A high-resolution astronomic tidal model has been developed that includes detailed inshore regions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and associated estuaries along the South Atlantic Bight. The unique nature of the model’s development ensures that the tidal hydrodynamic interaction between the shelf and estuaries is fully described. Harmonic analysis of the model output results in a database of tidal information that extends from a semi-circular arc (radius ~750 km) enclosing the South Atlantic Bight from the North Carolina coast to the Florida Keys, onto the continental shelf and into the full estuarine system. The need for tidal boundary conditions (elevation and velocity) for driving inland waterway models has motivated the development of a software application to extract results from the tidal database which is the basis of this thesis. In this tidal toolbox, the astronomic tidal constituents can be resynthesized for any open water point in the domain over any interval of time in the past, present, or future. The application extracts model results interpolated to a user’s exact geographical points of interest, desired time interval, and tidal constituents. Comparison plots of the model results versus historical data are published on the website at 89 tidal gauging stations. All of the aforementioned features work within a zoom-able geospatial interface for enhanced user interaction. In order to make tidal elevation and velocity data available, a web service serves the data to users over the internet. The tidal database of 497,847 nodes and 927,165 elements has been preprocessed and indexed to enable timely access from a typical modern web server. The iii preprocessing and web services required are detailed in this thesis, as well as the reproducibility of the Tidal Toolbox for new domains.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / Vita. / Bibliography: p.160-163. / Ph.D.

2001年5月29日第11次《聯合國海洋法公約》締約國會議通過SPLOS/72號決定，於1999年5月13日以前對其生效之公約締約國，如欲依《聯合國海洋法公約》第76條規定主張200海里以外之大陸礁層，必須在1999年5月13日起算10年內向聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會提交與其所主張大陸礁層外部界限相關科學及技術佐證資料。由於《聯合國海洋法公約》所定義之大陸礁層外部界限範圍可能超越專屬經濟海域範圍，而大陸礁層不僅是魚類資源較豐富也是漁業活動重要資源地，同時也是海底油氣與礦場等重要自然資源的集中地區。因此，包括我國相鄰之日本、菲律賓、越南、馬來西亞等公約締約國紛紛進行大陸礁層調查來擴展自己國家的海洋權益。至2009年12月止，已有51個延伸大陸礁層外部界限之提案，及44個初步資訊，聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會並已就部分提案作成決議。 日本於2008年11月12日向聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會提出該國延伸大陸礁層外部界限之申請，卻也因此引起中國大陸及韓國對日本提案中以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎劃定超出200海里延伸大陸礁層之主張提出反對意見，質疑「沖之鳥礁」之法律地位及其所能享有的海域管轄空間。本論文爰由《聯合國海洋法公約》第121條「島嶼制度」形成的過程、相關國家實踐及學者見解，以及《聯合國海洋法公約》中「大陸礁層」之相關規範及聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會之組織與運作情形，探討日本的延伸大陸礁層外部界限提案中以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎主張延伸大陸礁層之適法性問題，並分析以聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會作為「沖之鳥礁」法律地位爭端解決途徑之可能性等。研究結果顯示，日本提案以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎主張延伸大陸礁層外部界限不符合《聯合國海洋法公約》第121條第3項規定，但該項規定並未具備有習慣國際法的效力，亦缺乏客觀的認定標準，聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會的場域無法解決「沖之鳥礁」的法律地位爭端，其他沿海國僅能利用聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會中「第三國意見」之機制凸顯爭端的存在，提醒國際社會注意此類島礁的海域管轄空間主張的合理性問題，並應尊重公約所賦予的權利與義務。 / On 29 May 2001, the 11th Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted the SPLOS/72 Decision regarding the date of commencement of the ten-year period for making submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf set out in Article 4 of Annex II to the UNCLOS. It was decided that, in the case of a State Party for which the Convention entered into force before 13 May 1999, the ten-year time period for it to submit the scientific and technical data supporting the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles under Article 76 of the UNCLOS shall be taken to have commenced on 13 May 1999. For quite a few States the outer limits of their continental shelf as defined by the UNCLOS may go beyond the limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Besides, continental shelf is abundant in fisheries resources, crude oil, natural gas and minerals. Consequently, the neighboring States of Taiwan, including Japan, the Philippines, Viet Nam, and Malaysia, have already begun their surveys on continental shelf in order to expand their interests hidden in the ocean. As of December of 2009, there have been 51 formal submissions and 44 Preliminary Information delivered to the United Nations. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) has been undertaking the consideration of these submissions and already completed such process for some of them with recommendations. For Japan, the submission to support the outer limits of its extended continental shelf was made on 12 November 2008 to the CLCS. Such submission was challenged by China and Korea whose focus is on the part of extended continental shelf generated by Oki-no-tori Shima. The legal status of Oki-no-tori Shima as being capable of generating EEZ, continental shelf, and extended continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, is being disputed by the communications from China and Korea. To provide educated comments on such controversy, this thesis will discuss the legislative process of Article 121 of the UNCLOS, namely, the regime of islands. Related state practices and teachings of the most highly qualified publicists will be studied in this connection. The author will also examine the regime of continental shelf under the UNCLOS and the institution of the CLCS. These will pave the way to scrutinize the legality of using Oki-no-tori Shima as the basis to generate extended continental shelf as having been done by Japan in its submission. The author will also explore the feasibility for the CLCS to settle the dispute over the legality of Japanese submission with respect to Oki-no-tori Shima. As shown by research works, the Japanese submission using Oki-no-tori Shima to generate extended continental shelf is inconsistent with Article 121(3) of the UNCLOS. However, the rule as contained in Article 121(3) has not yet been received into customary international law. Also lacking are the objective criteria to decide whether a given rock meets the conditions as stipulated by Article 121(3) or not. The forum of the CLCS is not suitable to settle the dispute over the legality of using Oki-no-tori Shima by Japan to generate extended continental shelf. Other coastal States can only use the forum of the CLCS to demonstrate the legal controversy over this case through sending third party communications to notify the CLCS the existence of dispute and their unwillingness to support the CLCS to consider the Japanese submission with respect to the part of Oki-no-tori Shima. As submitted by this author, the international community should be reminded of the necessity to respect the integrity of the rights and duties enshrined by the UNCLOS. Also worthy of careful scrutiny is the legitimacy of such kinds of exaggerated maritime claims generated by the rock as defined by Article 121(3) of the UNCLOS.