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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

On some positive effects of swirling flow for the continuous cast mould billets

Kholmatov, Shavkat January 2007 (has links)
<p>Continuous caster moulds are the last and most important stage in the steelmaking process, where inclusions can either be generated or removed. With increasing casting speed using conventional immersion nozzles critical problems, such as unstable bulk mould flow have been noticed. Mould flux entrapment due to vortex and shearing action from the oscillating surface waves have become of particular concern. It is therefore necessary to have a calm inlet flow at the entrance of the mould. Recently, it has been acknowledged that a swirl blade placed at the upstream of the immersion nozzle effectively resolves the problems arising from unstable bulk mould flow. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of effect of swirling flow on the flow pattern in the mould, fundamental mathematical models of a billet mould equipped with a swirl blade in the nozzle have been developed. The model was used to study the effect of divergent angle of the immersion nozzle and mould aspect ratio on the flow field and temperature distribution inside billets moulds. Data from water model experiments were used to verify the mathematical model predictions. A fairly good agreement was found between physical modeling data and predictions, which ensured that the numerical model is reliable. Thereafter, the differences between square and round billet moulds were studied. Next, the effect of changing aspect ratio of the rectangular mould on the fluid flow and heat transfer, while keeping mould surface area constant, was studied. Two types of immersion nozzles, bottomless and conventional, were also analyzed during the research. The model moulds were changed gradually from a square billet with an aspect ratio of 1x1 to a rectangular billet with an aspect ratio of 3x1. First, the temperature and velocity distributions were calculated. Later, unsteady calculations were done to determine velocity fluctuations on the meniscus level for two types of nozzles and several moulds geometries.</p>
72

Sauerstoffisotope zur Klärung der Herkunft nichtmetallischer Ausscheidungen (Clogging) beim Stranggießen von Stahl / Oxygen isotopes for tracing the origin of nonmetallic precipitates (clogging) in continuous casting of steel

Toulouse, Christoph 20 December 2007 (has links)
No description available.
73

A temperature control strategy for Stelco McMaster Works /

Grandillo, Angelo M. January 1988 (has links)
In this study, it was shown that improvements in the quality of continuously cast steel billets, similar to those which can be achieved by electromagnetic stirring (EMS) of the liquid pool during solidification, can be obtained if casting superheats can be consistently controlled at low levels. A lack of casting temperature control is not only detrimental to the quality of the cast product, but also to a shop's overall productivity. The important variables for temperature control in the ladle, tundish and mould were quantified and possible methods of controlling these variables were proposed. / The thermal state of the ladle lining is one of the major contributors to the variability in casting temperature. It was shown that by reducing energy losses from the refractory ladle lining, by way of incorporating an insulating refractory tile between the ladle shell and the safety lining and by using a ladle lid throughout the cycle of the ladle, temperature losses from the liquid steel can be substantially decreased. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
74

Numerical study of a continuous casting process with electromagnetic brake

Miao, Xincheng 19 June 2014 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation investigates the effect of electromagnetic braking and gas injection on the fluid flow in a continuous casting slab mold numerically and makes verifications on basis of a small Liquid Metal Model for Continuous Casting of steel (mini-LIMMCAST). Numerical calculations were performed by means of the software package CFX with an implemented RANS-SST turbulence model. The non-isotropic nature of the MHD turbulence was taken into account by specific modifications of the turbulence model. The numerical results were validated by flow measurements at the mini-LIMMCAST facility. Numerical simulations disclose the damping effect on the flow closely depending on the wall conductance ratio. In addition, specific modifications of the turbulence model play a crucial role in reconstructing the peculiar phenomenon of an excitation of nonsteady, nonisotropic, large-scale flow perturbations caused by the application of the DC magnetic field.
75

AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO PROCESSO DE LINGOTAMENTO CONTÍNUO NA PRESENÇA DE CORRELAÇÃO CRUZADA / QUALITY EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS CASTING PROCESS IN PRESENCE OF CROSS-CORRELATION

Mezzomo, Meire 25 July 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the current competitive market, a great part of companies has as the main goal the search for continuous improvement of their products and services. Therefore, the application of statistical methods has great relevance in the quality evaluation, helping in the understanding and monitoring of the processes. In such context, the present study concerns to the use of multivariate control charts in the evaluation of the productive processes in the presence of cross-correlation, which the objective is to verify the continuous casting process stability in the production of still billets by means of Hotelling's T2 multivariate control charts applied in the estimated residual mathematical linear models. Initially, the existence of data autocorrelation was verified, it is necessary the ARIMA modeling, because when it happens, it is necessary to determine the residues and apply multivariate control charts to the residues and not on the original variables. The existence of correlation showed to be meaningful among the variables, being one of the assumptions for the statistical application T2. When the T2 chart instability is verified, it was necessary to identify the variable or the set of variables of steel temperatures in the distributor and in the distributor weight, which are responsible for the instability. Later, the estimated residues were decomposed into principal components, and with the help of the correlation of the original variables and the principal components, the variables which most contributed to the formation of each component were identified. Therefore, it was possible to detect the variables which caused the system instability, once for the steel temperature in the distributor were the T4 and T5, followed by T6, T3, T7 and T2 and for the weight of the distributor, PD4, PD5, PD3, PD6 and PD2, respectively. This way, the estimated residues from the mathematical models, the use of multivariate chart control Hotelling's T2 and the decomposition into principal components which were able to represent the productive process. This methodology allowed the understanding of the behavior of the variables and helped the monitoring of this process, as well as, in the determination of the possible variables which caused the instability in the continuous casting process. / No atual mercado competitivo, grande parte das empresas tem como principal objetivo a busca da melhoria contínua dos seus produtos e serviços. Assim, a aplicação de métodos estatísticos apresenta grande relevância na avaliação da qualidade, auxiliando na compreensão e monitoramento de processos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo aborda a utilização de gráficos de controle multivariados na avaliação do processo produtivo na presença de correlação cruzada, cujo objetivo é verificar a estabilidade do processo de lingotamento contínuo na fabricação de tarugos de aço por meio do gráfico de controle multivariado T2 de Hotelling aplicado nos resíduos estimados de modelos matemáticos lineares. Inicialmente, foi verificada a existência de autocorrelação nos dados, sendo necessária a utilização da modelagem ARIMA, pois quando isso ocorre, deve-se proceder à determinação dos resíduos e aplicar os gráficos de controle multivariados aos resíduos e não nas variáveis originais. A existência de correlação cruzada mostrou-se significativa entre as variáveis, sendo um dos pressupostos para a aplicação da estatística T2. Verificada a instabilidade no gráfico T2, buscaram-se identificar a variável ou conjunto de variáveis das temperaturas do aço no distribuidor e peso do distribuidor, responsáveis pela instabilidade. Posteriormente, os resíduos estimados foram decompostos em componentes principais, e com o auxílio da correlação entre as variáveis originais e as componentes principais, identificou-se as variáveis que mais contribuíram para a formação de cada componente. Assim, foi possível detectar as variáveis causadoras da instabilidade do sistema, sendo que para às temperaturas do aço no distribuidor foram às temperaturas T4 e T5, seguidas de T6, T3, T7 e T2 e para o peso do distribuidor, PD4, PD5, PD3, PD6 e PD2, respectivamente. Deste modo, os resíduos estimados oriundos dos modelos matemáticos, a aplicação dos gráficos de controle multivariados T2 de Hotelling e a decomposição em componentes principais foram capazes de representar o processo produtivo. Esta metodologia possibilitou a compreensão do comportamento das variáveis e auxiliou no monitoramento do processo, bem como, na determinação das possíveis variáveis causadoras da instabilidade no processo de lingotamento contínuo.
76

Controle não linear aplicado a processos de lingotamento contínuo de tiras / not available

Renato Rosa do Nascimento 18 February 2002 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar o uso de técnicas de controle avançados na indústria siderúrgica. Propõe-se uma estratégia de controle do nível do aço da piscina formada entre os rolos de um sistema lingotamento contínuo de tiras (LCT) utilizando a tecnologia twin-roll (rolos duplos). O processo LCT rolos duplos tem por finalidade a produção de tiras solidificadas de espessura constante sob uma força de separação entre os rolos também constante. O nível de aço bem como a força de separação são as variáveis mais críticas para a produção de tiras de aço de alta qualidade. O nível pode ser controlado usando a entrada de aço ou a velocidade de laminação. Entretanto, a velocidade de laminação é usualmente utilizada para regular a força de separação entre os rolos. A estratégia de controle proposta inclui a incorporação de um tundish intermediário submerso na piscina. O controle do nível é então feito a partir da saída de aço do tundish intermediário. Consideramos as técnicas de controle linearizante por realimentação de estado e de controle fuzzy usando ambos os modelos Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) e Mamdani. Resultados de simulação são apresentados para uma planta instalada no Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológica (IPT) de São Paulo, divisão de metalurgia (DIMET). / The aim of this work is to explore the use of advanced control techniques in the metallurgical industry. A control strategy to regulate the molten steellevel of a strip-casting process is proposed. The process produces a solidified strip of constant thickness given by the roll gap under a constant roll separation force. Along with the molten steel level the rool separation force are the most criticaI process variables. The molten steel level may be controlled using the tundish output flow or the casting speed. However, the casting speed is usually used to control the roll force separation. In the control strategy proposed it is incorporated an intermediary tundish submerse into the pool between the rotating rolls to improve the strip thickness uniformity. The molten steel level is thus controlled by the intermediary tundish output flow. Conventional PI, feedback linearizing plus a fuzzy control term and a fuzzy controller in a cascade configuration are considered. Simulation results are presented considering the real system parameters of a plant installed at the Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológica (IPT) de São Paulo, Divisão de Metalurgia (DIMET).
77

Simulação do lingotamento continuo de tiras finas de aços / Simulation of thin strip continuous casting of steels

Spinelli, Jose Eduardo 12 December 2000 (has links)
Orientador: Amauri Garcia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T19:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spinelli_JoseEduardo_M.pdf: 6965190 bytes, checksum: 39afbc7a3acd510a9c00a458e1f8ba9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: Entende-se por modelagem de processo, o desenvolvimento de uma representação quantitativa ou qualitativa dos fenômenos físicos associados ao processo. Neste trabalho são realizadas simulações do processo twin roll de lingotamento contínuo de tiras de aços, utilizando como referência tecnológica o equipamento piloto instalado nas dependências do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. São construídos dois simuladores para o processo: um simulador da solidificação unidirecional, com molde refrigerado de aço e paredes laterais de material refratário, utilizando-se o aço inoxidável 304 como material de simulação; e variando-se as temperaturas de vazamento; e outro simulador a frio, com componentes feitos de acrílico, água como fluido de simulação e permanganato de potássio como corante. Um modelo matemático previamente desenvolvido é utilizado para confrontar perfis térmicos teóricos com perfis experimentais, para a determinação do coeficiente de transferência de calor metal/molde. O levantamento de valores de espaçamento dendrítico secundário é realizado nas amostras, além da observação simultânea das estruturas de solidificação, o que comprovou a eficiência do simulador em caracterizar o processo de solidificação do equipamento piloto. O uso do modelo frio permitiu a caracterização do posicionamento de barreira a 15 cm ou a 20 cm da lateral esquerda do distribuidor como a melhor configuração / Abstract: It can be understood by process modeling the development of a quantitative or qualitative representation of the physical phenomena associated to the process. In this work, simulations concerning the twin roll continuous caster of steels process at IPT (Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo) are performed. Two simulators were developed: (i) a simulator of unidirectional solidification with cooled steel mold and refractory lateral walls, by using a stainless steel as the reference metal (AISI 304), and varying superheat temperatures; (ii) a physical model, with components made of acrylic, water as the simulation fluid and potassium permanganate as a pigment. A previously developed mathematical model has been used to determine the metal/mold heat transfer coefficient by a method that compares experimenta1ltheoretical temperature curves. Measurement of secondary dendrite arm spacings is performed by microestructural examination of the samples, confirming the simulator efficiency in characterizing the solidification process in the pilot equipment. The use of the physical model has permitted to attain the best configuration for the tundish, by positioning the dam 15 cm or 20 cm from the left side of tundish / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
78

Estudo comparativo de tubos submersos anti-clogging no processo de lingotamento contínuo / Comparative study of submerged nozzles anti-clogging in the process of continuous casting

Noraldo Hipolito Guimarães Gomes 19 September 2008 (has links)
O processo de lingotamento contínuo de produtos planos de aço tem sido alvo de incessantes estudos devido a sua importância na produção de bobinas laminadas a partir de placas, para um grupo muito diversificado de clientes, dentre os quais, destacam-se as indústrias automobilística e de eletrodomésticos (\"linha branca\"), que têm se mostrado muito exigentes. No entanto, por tratar-se de aços desoxidados ao alumínio, é comum a ocorrência de formação de um depósito de óxido de alumínio (alumina), no interior do tubo submerso do processo de lingotamento contínuo, o que diminui seu diâmetro interno, levando à restrição de passagem do aço líquido pelo seu interior, provocando a perda de produtividade devido à necessidade de se reduzir a velocidade de lingotamento e até mesmo a contaminação do aço com inclusões de alumina, principalmente naqueles seqüenciais com um elevado tempo de lingotamento, próximo de dez horas. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um tubo com um material interno anti-clogging que na literatura é chamado de C-less, para minimizar e/ou evitar a deposição de alumina e com uma linha de escória reforçada com uma camada de zircônia (ZrO2) mais espessa e mais nobre, para resistir ao ataque da escória. O objetivo desta dissertação foi comparar tubos de diferentes fornecedores, avaliando as principais variáveis que têm influência direta na sua performance: perfil de aquecimento, taxa de erosão na linha de escória, índice de obstrução e parâmetros físico-químicos através da correlação dos materiais antes e após uso (post-mortem). Os resultados encontrados mostraram uma melhor performance dos tubos do fornecedor \"M\", que apresentaram menores taxas de desgaste e, conseqüentemente, maior potencial de vida (maior tempo de lingotamento) após análise da linha de escória, que pode ser atribuída a uma melhor distribuição dos grãos de zircônia na matriz (maior homogeneidade), além de apresentarem grãos mais finos e desta forma, reduzindo os espaços \"vazios\" na matriz, propícios ao ataque da escória por meio de um desequilíbrio químico entre esta escória líquida e o refratário. Além disto, seu material anti-clogging e projeto de distribuição do mesmo na peça, propiciaram um melhor resultado em relação à obstrução pela deposição de alumina ao longo do corpo do tubo submerso. / The continuous casting process of steel plane products has been objective of incessant studies due to its importance in the production of laminated coils starting from slabs, for a very diversified group of customers, among all the automobile industries and of appliances (\"home appliances\"), that have been showing very demanding. However, for being low carbon aluminum killed steels, is common the occurrence of aluminum oxide (alumina) deposit formation, inside of submerged nozzle in continuous casting process, what decreases its internal diameter, taking to the restriction of passage of the liquid steel for its interior, provoking the productivity loss due to the need of being reduced the casting speed and even the contamination of the steel with alumina inclusions, mainly in those sequential with a high casting time, close of ten hours. For so much, a submerged nozzle was developed with a internal anti-clogging material that it is called C-less in the literature, to minimize and/or to avoid the alumina building up and with a slag reinforced line with a zirconium layer (ZrO2) thicker and more noble, slag attack resist to. The dissertation objective was compare submerged nozzles from different suppliers, evaluating the main variables that have direct influence in its performance: heating profile, slag line erosion rate, clogging index and physical-chemical parameters through the materials correlation before and after use (post-mortem). The results showed submerged nozzle\'s better performance from supplier \"M\", that presented smaller waste rates and, consequently, last longer live (larger time of casting) after analysis of the slag line, that can be attributed to a better distribution of the zirconium grains in the head office (larger homogeneity), besides they present finer grains and this way, reducing the empty \" spaces \" in the head office, favorable to slag attack by means of a chemical unbalance between this liquid slag and the refractory. Besides, its anti-clogging material and project distribution in the same piece, they propitiated a better result in relation to the clogging for the alumina building up along the body of the submerged nozzle.
79

CFD Modelling and Mathematical Optimisation of a Continuous Caster Submerged Entry Nozzle

De Wet, Gideon Jacobus 31 January 2006 (has links)
In the continuous casting of steel, the Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), in particular the SEN geometry, has a primary influence on the flow pattern: the SEN controls the speed, direction and other characteristics of the jet entering the mould. The SEN is however relatively inexpensive to change (in comparison with other continuous casting equipment). Thus; there is a feasible incentive to exactly understand and predict the flow of molten steel through the SEN and into the mould, in order to maximise the quality of the steel by altering the design of the SEN. By changing the SEN geometry and SEN design, the flow pattern in the mould will also change: it is thus possible to obtain an optimum SEN design if (or when) the desired flow patterns and/or certain predetermined temperature distributions are achieved. Expensive and risky plant trials were traditionally utilised to “perfect” continuous casting processes. As opposed to the plant trials, this dissertation is concerned with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of the SEN and mould, which, when used in conjunction with the Mathematical Optimiser LS-OPT, will enable the optimisation of the SEN design to achieve desired results. The CFD models are experimentally verified and validated using 40%-scaled (designed and built in-house) and full-scale water model tests. This dissertation proves that the CFD modelling of the SEN and mould can be quite useful for optimisation and parametric studies, especially when automated model generation (geometry, mesh and solution procedures) is utilised. The importance of obtaining reliable and physically correct CFD results is also emphasised; hence the need for CFD model verification using water modelling. / Dissertation (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted
80

Desenvolvimento de pó fluxuante sem flúor para o lingotamento contínuo de placas de aço baixo carbono

Márcia Maria da Silva Monteiro Pereira 03 March 2015 (has links)
Há uma clara tendência na indústria para eliminar o flúor dos pós fluxantes usados durante o lingotamento contínuo de aços, pois, embora o flúor seja importante no comportamento de fusão, infiltração e cristalização do filme de escória, ele evolui facilmente a partir de escórias para substâncias gasosas prejudiciais à saúde, como o ácido fluorídrico. Além disso, os compostos contendo flúor ocasionam problemas de armazenamento, de utilização de resíduos sólidos e contribui para a corrosão dos equipamentos. Com a finalidade de retirar o flúor da formulação desses pós, foi desenvolvida uma formulação isenta de flúor, para a aplicação em aços baixo carbono, utilizando óxido de boro. A fim de comparar o comportamento do produto desenvolvido com o do produto tradicional, foram realizados testes laboratoriais e industriais. Nos testes laboratoriais, o produto isento de flúor apresentou menor velocidade de fusão, temperatura de fusão mais baixa, menor cristalinidade e menor viscosidade que o pó tradicional. Nos ensaios industriais, a absorção de alumina foi maior para o produto sem flúor que também obteve uma redução significativa da corrosão da válvula submersa, porém apresentou um menor consumo de pó. Com a finalidade de corrigir o baixo consumo de pó, realizou-se um ajuste na viscosidade da formulação desenvolvida e um novo ensaio, no qual o consumo de pó foi similar ao do produto tradicional. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a formulação desenvolvida e testada pode ser utilizada em substituição da formulação tradicional. / There is a clear trend in the industry to eliminate fluorine from mould powders used during continuous casting of steel, even fluorine is important in the melting behavior, infiltration and slag film crystallization, it evolves from the slags to gases that are harmful to health, such as hydrofluoric acid. Furthermore, the compounds that contain fluorine can cause storage problems, use of solid residues and contribute to the corrosion of the equipment. In order to remove fluorine from the formulation of these powders, a fluor free formulation has been developed for use in low carbon steels, by using boron oxide. For the purpose of to compare the behavior of the product developed with the traditional products, industrial and laboratory tests were performed. In the lab tests the fluor free material showed lower melting speed, lower melting temperature, lower crystallinity, lower viscosity and higher fluidity than the recipe with fluorine. In the industrial tests, the alumina absorption was higher for recipe without fluorine which also obtained a significant reduction in corrosion of the submerged valve, SEN, but presented a lower powder consumption. In order to correct the low consumption, an adjustment of the viscosity of this recipe was made, and a new industrial test showed that the powder consumption of the recipe without fluorine was similar to the recipe with fluorine. Thus, it demonstrates that the recipe without fluorine can be used in an industrial scale replacing the recipe with fluorine.

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