Research Summary: This paper argues for, and contributes to, a stronger integration of research on finance and international business/global strategy. We perform bibliometric analysis of journal publications between 2010 and 2016 and show that papers published in the two domains relate to very different underlying literatures which, so far, have had a limited overlap. We further argue based on a qualitative review of the literature that both fields offer substantial novel perspectives, models, and theories to each other that have the potential to enrich our theoretical understanding of relevant research questions in both domains. We map various pathways for further integration of international business/global strategy and finance fields and discuss different ways how to better connect the two fields and their different research perspectives and research methodologies. Managerial Summary: In this paper we, first, find that publications from the field of finance and from the area of international business/global strategy relate to very different literatures. Second, we show that both fields would indeed offer substantial and relevant novel perspectives to each other. Third, we develop various pathways for a more intense integration of both literatures. Given the relevance of both international business/global strategy and finance perspectives for business practice, we strongly believe that a more intense integration also bears substantial implications for managers. This is as much of the knowledge developed in international business/global strategy and finance did not fully transfer into the respective other field.

Orientador: Daniela Magalhães Prates / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Filleti_JulianadePaula_D.pdf: 1167993 bytes, checksum: 85acb0faad32c2641d515410def90883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese tem como principal objetivo analisar as fontes de financiamento das empresas não financeiras de capital aberto no Brasil no período de 2003 a 2008 a partir de uma nova abordagem econométrica, denominada de regressão linear quantílica. Esta metodologia é proposta por se adequar melhor ao problema em questão sob dois aspectos. O primeiro deles, denominado de econômico, é a sua capacidade de detectar a heterogeneidade estrutural presente na questão do financiamento ao se tratar de diferentes empresas, sem a influência externa do pesquisador. O segundo, econométrico, se deve à robustez do método a desvios das hipóteses iniciais, tais como a suposição de normalidade dos resíduos. Para tal são construídos três indicadores de fontes de financiamento (autofinanciamento, financiamento externo via endividamento e financiamento externo via emissão acionária), assim como quatro variáveis consideradas como relevantes para a tomada de decisão de investimento: tamanho da empresa, intensidade de capital, lucratividade e crescimento médio anual. No modelo econométrico elaborado, os indicadores de financiamento são as chamadas "variáveis respostas" e as demais são variáveis explicativas de modelos de regressão. Antes de apresentar este modelo, realiza-se uma resenha bibliográfica da literatura teórica sobre o tema e da literatura empírica aplicada ao caso brasileiro e estimam-se modelos de mínimos quadrados corrigidos para a heterocedasticidade para cada uma destas regressões. Estes modelos constituem a metodologia tradicional encontrada na literatura e servem de base de comparação para a análise realizada a posteriori / Abstract: The mainly objective of this thesis is to analyze the finance sources for Brazilian's open capital non-financial enterprises between 2003 and 2008 from a new econometric approach, named quantile linear regression. This methodology is proposed because it fits better to this issue in two ways. First, the economic motive, is explained by the ability of this model to deal with the structural heterogeneity inside the financial question, when dealing with different enterprises, without the researcher's influence. Secondly, the econometric motive, is due to the robustness of the methodology to small switches from initial hypothesis, such as the error normality supposition. For this, three indicators of financing sources are built (named auto financing, outer financing via debt and outer financing via equity), just as four variables considered as relevant to the investment decision process: enterprise size, capital intensity, profitability and median annual growth. In the econometric model developed, each of the financial indicators is considered as "response variables" and the others as explanatory variables of the regression models. Before presenting this model, we carried out a bibliography review of the theoretical literature on the subject and the empirical literature applied to the Brazilian case and estimate models of least squares corrected to heteroscedasticity for each regression. These models are the methods found in literature and serve as a basis of comparison for the subsequent analysis / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Deux types de motivations ont été identifié liées au comportement de surinvestissement : le conflit d’agence (Jensen, 1986) et la surconfiance (Heaton, 2002). Si la littérature sur le lien entre surconfiance et surinvestissement examine une de ces motivations, au sujet de surinvestissement liées au problème d’agence, la littérature existante se concentre sur les caractéristiques financières des entreprises et mécanismes de contrôle pour expliquer le phénomène. Cependant, ces facteurs n’influencent l’acte de surinvestir qu’indirectement, via l’opportunité de surinvestir. En nous appuyant sur la littérature, nous pouvons établir que la culture influence l’opportunité de surinvestir selon l’environnement institutionnel dans lequel s’inscrit l’entreprise et certaines techniques utilisées pour atténuer le surinvestissement au niveau de l’entreprise. Nous avançons que la culture exerce une influence plus directe sur le surinvestissement, en affectant les décisions des gestionnaires de passer de l’opportunité à l’acte de surinvestir. Pour empiriquement vérifier notre proposition nous avons construit un échantillon de 1 550 sociétés surinvestisseur potentielles, qui sont cotées et ne sont pas engagé dans le secteur financier, de 36 pays pour la période comprise entre 2001 et 2011. Nous trouvons qu’un haut niveau de Masculinité et l’Évitement-Incertitude conduisent à un surinvestissement exacerbé. Nous considérons que nos résultats accroissent notre compréhension des facteurs comportementales de surinvestissement, et soutiennent dans une certaine mesure la vue que la théorie de l’agence n’est pas entièrement transférable entre les cultures. / Two behavioral motivations have been identified for overinvestment: agency conflict (Jensen, 1986) and overconfidence (Heaton, 2002). While the literature on overconfidence and overinvestment studies one of these motivations, with regards to agency related overinvestment, extant literature tends to focus on financial characteristics and control mechanisms to explain the phenomenon. However, such factors influence the act of overinvestment only indirectly through affecting the opportunity to overinvest. Based on literature we can establish that culture influences the opportunity to overinvest through the institutional environment in which the company operates, and the cultural influence on some of the techniques used to mitigate overinvestment at the company level. We posit that culture exerts a more direct influence on overinvestment in affecting management’s decisions to move from the opportunity to the act of overinvestment in capital expenditures. To empirically verify our assertion we construct a sample of 1,550 quoted, non-financial, potential overinvestor firms from 36 countries for the period between 2001 and 2011. We find that higher masculinity and uncertainty avoidance in a culture leads to more overinvestment. We believe that our findings, besides advancing understanding of the behavioral drivers of overinvestment, lend support to those who question the cross-cultural transferability of agency theory.

Diplomova praca analyzuje teorii fúzí a akvizic. V prvních kapitolách se práce zaměřuje na problematiku fúzí z hlediska Corporate finance. Věnuje se přátelským a nepřátelským převzetím, jednotlivým typům fúzí a akvizic, typům investorů a důvodům proč k fúzím vlastně dochází. V dalších kapitolách se práce zabývá finančním due diligence s důrazem na pohled finančních manažerů, nebo investorů stojících na straně kupujícího (buy side).

Le premier chapitre étudie comment l'introduction d'un marché à terme de l'acier affecte les producteurs d'acier et leurs clients. Le deuxième chapitre demande comment les tarifs d'importation dans les industries en amont affectent les incitations à investir des entreprises en aval. Le troisième chapitre étudie comment la propriété managériale affecte la performance dans le secteur des fonds communs de placement. / The first chapter studies how the introduction of a futures market for steel affects steel producers and their customers. The second chapter asks how import tariffs in upstream industries affect downstream firms’ incentives to invest. The third chapter studies how managerial ownership affects performance in the mutual fund industry.

Actualmente el Estado Peruano a través de PROINVERSION promueven las Asociaciones Publico Privadas (APP) para la ejecución de proyectos con el apoyo del sector privado. Estos tipos de proyectos son promovidos en el sector privado a través de Iniciativas Privadas Autofinanciadas (IPA) o Iniciativas Privadas Cofinanciadas (IPC). Asimismo, para ser ejecutadas correctamente y además sean atractivas para el sector privado deben contar con un eficiente modelo de financiamiento; en el caso de las APP contamos con: Pago por disponibilidad y Pago por hitos. Es por estas iniciativas privadas, que este año el Estado Peruano ha adjudicado la buena pro del proyecto PTAR TITICACA. Este proyecto es un sistema para tratar las aguas residuales antes que lleguen al Lago Titicaca y lo contaminen. El consorcio FYPASA ha ganado el concurso y operará Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales en 10 provincias que están alrededor del Lago. Este proyecto ha tenido como condición en licitación que el mecanismo de pago sea pago por hitos, por ello, esta investigación busca realizar la comparación de ambos tipos de mecanismos de pago con la finalidad de conocer los resultados para ambos casos y que beneficios presentan para el sector privado. / Currently, the Peruvian State through PROINVERSION promotes Public Private Partnership (PPPs) for the execution of projects with the support of the private sector. These types of projects are promoted in the private sector through Self-Financed Private Initiatives (IPA) or Co-Financed Private Initiatives (IPC). Also, to be executed correctly and also be attractive to the private sector, they must have an efficient financing model; in the case of PPPs we have: Availability Payments and Milestone Payments. It is for these private initiatives; the current year the Peruvian State has approved PTAR TITICACA project. This project is a system to treat wastewater before it reaches Lake Titicaca and contaminate it. The FYPASA consortium has won the contest and will operate Wastewater Treatment Plants in 10 provinces that are around the Lake. This project has had as a condition in tender that the payment mechanism is Milestones Payments, therefore, this research seeks to make the comparison of both types of payment mechanisms in order to know the results for both cases and what benefits they present for the private sector. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis examines if the correlations between equity sectors have increased over time, mitigating sector diversification. Investors and other financial enthusiasts have started to believe that sector diversification is not a useful investment strategy. To investigate whether correlations among the sectors are rising, this study analyzes numerous aspects regarding sector diversification. Twenty years of monthly sector returns are used to determine whether correlations among the sectors are increasing. Also, the analyzation of sector movement during up and down periods of the market is addressed within the thesis. This study finds that the majority of the sectors move together in times of a financial crisis, like the 2007-2008 market crash. Thus, when sector diversification is most needed, it often fails during times of strife. Furthermore, the study analyzes how the majority of the sectors tend to not move with the market over the twenty-year period. Results suggest the correlations between the sectors have not become closer contrary to popular belief. The importance and usefulness of sector diversification when investing is validated by this study’s results.

My dissertation consists of three chapters that examine how information production by financial intermediaries impacts on the capital market.My first chapter investigates whether extreme but rare events, i.e., major climatic disasters, influence the productivity of professional financial analysts, whose output is highly crucial in the capital market. We use 21 major natural disasters in the U.S. and find that disaster-zone analysts reduce their forecast accuracy by reiterating their previous forecast within 3 months after disasters. This effect is driven by distracted attention, rather than resource constraints. Though the effect is short term, we reveal a spillover negative impact from climatic disasters to information environment of firms which do not experience disasters, via the channel of disaster-zone analysts, highlighting the importance of the financial intermediary and also the economic consequences of severe climate events. My second chapter is motivated by the increasing global expansion by U.S. firms in recent decades and examines how geographic distribution of U.S. firms’ offshore network affects the coverage incentive of non-U.S. analysts. We combine analyst country location database and the novel dataset of offshore activities by Hoberg and Moon (2017) who quantify a U.S. firm’s local exposure in a foreign country and we discover that foreign analysts, are more likely to initiate coverage of U.S. firms with offshore activities in their domiciled countries and provide more accurate forecasts compared to non-domiciled foreign analysts. This study uncovers an important channel, i.e., offshore network, through which non-U.S. analysts can contributes to U.S. market with information advantage. In my third chapter, I study an emerging group of equity analysts, i.e., social media analysts, who post equity research on social media platforms and share investment opinions. I employ initial public offering (IPO) as a laboratory setting because during pre-IPO period, a period with high information asymmetry, professional sell-side analysts are restricted to issue reports under the restriction enforced by SEC, which provides a great setting to study the informational role of this group. I exploit research articles on Seeking Alpha website and find that pre-IPO social media analyst coverage has a positive impact on first day initial return, with the effect driven by heightened retail investor attention. This study highlights the role of social media analysts, as a new information intermediary in the capital market during the internet era. / Business Administration/Finance

A central question in corporate finance has been about the optimal balance between both debt and equity financing when trying to determine the optimal capital structure of a new or existing firm. In this thesis, I investigate how the capital structure of the parent and carve-out company evolve following the carve-out itself. This investigation is a direct extension of Dittmar's (2004) work and contributes to the literature on the choice of a carve-out or spin-off. This leverage choice may be influenced by the parent corporation's need for cash, either to finance growth opportunities, to distribute cash to shareholders, or to repay debt (Michaely & Shaw, 1995). Using a sample of 102 subsidiaries that have completed a carve-out between the years of 1985 and 2001 , I find that carve-outs do not have higher debt levels than spinoffs as reported in Dittmar's (2004) study. I also find that the parent firms ' leverage does not decrease as predicted. Leverage actually increases during the three years following the carve-out. I have also found that cash constraints, collateral value, and the parent firms ' pre-debt level are positively related to leverage choice while the parent firms' precarve- out cash constraint is negatively correlated. However, there is no significance between leverage and firm size, growth opportunities, or profitability.

The closing price first day of trading has historically been found to exceed the offer price set in IPOs, implying that many issuing firms tend to leave money on the table in their IPO. This thesis examines the level of IPO underpricing in Sweden using unique data of IPO transactions on the largest Swedish stock exchanges during 2010-2016. It further discusses the valuation difficulties using the most common valuation methods for firms exhibiting characteristics commonly shared by technological firms. Univariate and multivariate tests confirm the existence of underpricing on Swedish stock exchanges during the period of study. Firms in the technological sector are found to experience both high average levels of underpricing and great variance in initial returns, suggesting potential difficulties valuing technological firms. Robust univariate tests do however not yield a significant result of greater variance in initial returns compared to rest of the sample. By using regression analysis, I find capital raised relative to market capitalization to have significant negative effect on initial returns.