八輕的興建由於具備提振經濟發展的功能，受到熱烈歡迎；卻也因為其對環境生態影響甚鉅，引發當地居民的反對聲浪，以及全國各地的環保團體串連抗議，導致進度延宕。這種經濟與環保衝突的鄰避型設施，在廠址的選擇上，因為必須要滿足社會大眾的需求，而成為環境決策相當重要的一環。只是，同樣渴望經濟發展的雲林縣與嘉義縣，為何八輕最後會選擇落腳雲林而非嘉義？決策過程中的利害關係人又是如何互動？研究結果發現，雖然政商聯盟在中央決策場域上佔有優勢，然廠址抉擇的關鍵仍在於地方的政治生態。嘉義黃林兩派對立的政治生態，讓主政黃派在爭取開發案上，因受到林派為反對而反對的掣肘，中油倍感經營不易而退出；在雲林張派獨大的情形下，沒有足以抗衡的反對勢力，而有利於八輕的進駐。此外，無論在中央或地方的層級，環保團體都企圖在政治力的夾縫中求生存，以阻擋政商聯盟的不正義開發。地方民眾則因利益不同而選擇與派系或環保團體結盟。 / The building of 8th Naphtha Cracking Project is so popular because of its function of promoting economic development. However, local residents have great opposition to it because of its giant influence on environment. Furthermore, the series of representations from the environmental groups have made the work progress at a very low pace. The siting of nimby facility which causes the conflict between economic development and environment protection has become an important part of decision making because it has to satisfy all kinds of needs in the society. Then, we may wonder why 8th Naphtha Cracking Project chooses Yun-lin County instead of Chia-yi County since both of them are eager to develop their own economics, and how the stakeholders interact during the decision making process. The study finds out that politicoeconomic coalitions control the national political arena, and they seem to monopolize decision making process. But the local political ecology is the key to siting. In Chia-yi County, Huang Faction is in confrontation with Lin Faction. Although Huang Faction makes efforts to win the developing project, Lin Faction just protests without particular reasons. Finally, CPC gives up the project because it is so difficult to run business in this situation. On the other hand, Chang Faction is so dominant that there is no political opposition movement in Yun-lin County. And that fosters the coming of 8th Naphtha Cracking Project. In addition, no matter in central or local level, environmental groups try to influence policy to prevent the unjust development from politicoeconomic coalitions. And the local residents enter into strategic coalitions with factions or environmental groups due to different interests.

Pipeline steels that carry oil and natural gas in severe environments suffer from two important modes of failure: stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). The SCC has been studied extensively in the literature; however, HIC phenomenon in pipeline steels is less investigated by researchers. Nevertheless, HIC is recognized as the most important damage mode in sour environment. Hydrogen atoms produced due to surface corrosion of the steel diffuse into it through microstructural defects. When a critical amount of hydrogen is accumulated in such defects, HIC cracks initiate and propagate. The main objectives of this thesis are to find the HIC crack nucleation and propagation sites, evaluate a role of texture and grain boundary character distribution in crack growth and finally establish the effect of different microstructural parameters contributing to the HIC related failure in pipeline steel. In this thesis, HIC standard test and electrochemical hydrogen-charging experiments were used to induce HIC cracks in pipeline steels. HIC cracks at the cross section of tested samples were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM observations clearly indicate that the investigated X60 and X70 steels are susceptible to HIC while the X60SS steel showed a higher resistance to HIC. This experiment also proved that the X70 steel has higher susceptibility to HIC than the other investigated steel. Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analyses indicated that two types of inclusion namely manganese sulfide and carbonitiride precipitates serve as crack nucleation sites. HIC cracks were observed to propagate at the center of cross section where the segregation of some elements such as carbon and manganese occurred. Moreover, two other experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the capability of pipeline steels for hydrogen-trapping. The first test, hydrogen-permeation experiment, showed that all pipeline steel specimens, such as X70, X60 and X60SS steels, contain both reversible and irreversible hydrogen traps. However, the density of traps at the center of cross section was higher than other regions in all tested specimens. The hydrogen-discharging experiments also showed that all specimens keep a considerable amount of hydrogen inside their traps. The hydrogen traps, based on their binding energy with the metal matrix, are categorized as reversible (weak) and irreversible (strong) traps and the roles of each type of traps are explained. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were done along the HIC crack in X70 steel after standard HIC test. The results showed that the {100} texture was strong while the {111} texture was weak. Some special texture components, such as the {110}, {332} and {112}, were observed after the HIC crack-stoppage. EBSD results also documented that fine grain colonies were prone to intergranular HIC crack propagation and IPF and PF, calculated in both sides of HIC cracks, showed the preferences of ND||<100> orientation. Both susceptible X60 and non-susceptible X60SS steel to HIC were compared based on the EBSD results. It was observed that the high amount of recrystallization fraction with no stored energy is one of the main reasons for a higher HIC resistance of X60SS steel to HIC. Moreover, Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) data showed that the deformation is more concentrated in the as-received and HIC tested X60 specimens. The effect of hydrogen-charging during tensile/fatigue loading of X60SS steel was studied and it was observed that some HIC cracks at the cross section of X60SS steel were appeared after hydrogen-charging at stresses below the yield stress. Experiments were carried out to understand the effect of cold-rolling and annealing on HIC susceptibility in pipeline steels. The results documented that the {100} dominant texture is more pronounced in 50% and 90% cold-rolled and annealed specimens. The effect of different factors such as KAM degree and recrystallized fraction affecting HIC susceptibility on cold-rolled and annealed specimens was investigated. The obtained results showed that the cold-rolling and annealing process may not be considered as an effective method to increase HIC resistance in pipeline steels.

Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens with distinct intermetallic microstructures and different geometries were fractured under different mode ratios of loading, ψ, to obtain critical strain energy release rate, Jc. The strain energy release rate at crack initiation, Jci, increased with phase angle, ψ, but remained unaffected by the joint geometry. However, the steady-state energy release rate, Jcs, increased with the solder layer thickness. Also, both the Jci and Jcs decreased with the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer. Next, mode I and mixed-mode fracture tests were performed on discrete (l=2 mm and l=5 mm) solder joints arranged in a linear array between two copper bars to evaluate the J = Jci (ψ) failure criteria using finite element analysis. Failure loads of both the discrete joints and the joints in commercial electronic assemblies were predicted reasonably well using the Jci from the continuous DCBs. In addition, the mode-I fracture of the discrete joints was simulated with a cohesive zone model which predicted reasonably well not only the fracture loads but also the overall load-displacement behavior of the specimen. Additionally, the Jci calculated from FEA were verified estimated from measured crack opening displacements in both the continuous and discrete joints. Finally, the pad-crater fracture mode of solder joints was characterized in terms of the Jci measured at various mode ratios, ψ. Specimens were prepared from lead-free chip scale package-PCB assemblies and fractured at low and high loading rates in various bending configurations to generate a range of mode ratios. The specimens tested at low loading rates all failed by pad cratering, while the ones tested at higher loading rates fractured in the brittle intermetallic layer of the solder. The Jci of pad cratering increased with the phase angle, ψ, but was independent of surface finish and reflow profile. The generality of the J =Jci(ψ) failure criterion to predict pad cratering fracture was then demonstrated by predicting the fracture loads of single lap-shear specimens made from the same assemblies.

Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens with distinct intermetallic microstructures and different geometries were fractured under different mode ratios of loading, ψ, to obtain critical strain energy release rate, Jc. The strain energy release rate at crack initiation, Jci, increased with phase angle, ψ, but remained unaffected by the joint geometry. However, the steady-state energy release rate, Jcs, increased with the solder layer thickness. Also, both the Jci and Jcs decreased with the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer. Next, mode I and mixed-mode fracture tests were performed on discrete (l=2 mm and l=5 mm) solder joints arranged in a linear array between two copper bars to evaluate the J = Jci (ψ) failure criteria using finite element analysis. Failure loads of both the discrete joints and the joints in commercial electronic assemblies were predicted reasonably well using the Jci from the continuous DCBs. In addition, the mode-I fracture of the discrete joints was simulated with a cohesive zone model which predicted reasonably well not only the fracture loads but also the overall load-displacement behavior of the specimen. Additionally, the Jci calculated from FEA were verified estimated from measured crack opening displacements in both the continuous and discrete joints. Finally, the pad-crater fracture mode of solder joints was characterized in terms of the Jci measured at various mode ratios, ψ. Specimens were prepared from lead-free chip scale package-PCB assemblies and fractured at low and high loading rates in various bending configurations to generate a range of mode ratios. The specimens tested at low loading rates all failed by pad cratering, while the ones tested at higher loading rates fractured in the brittle intermetallic layer of the solder. The Jci of pad cratering increased with the phase angle, ψ, but was independent of surface finish and reflow profile. The generality of the J =Jci(ψ) failure criterion to predict pad cratering fracture was then demonstrated by predicting the fracture loads of single lap-shear specimens made from the same assemblies.

Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit steht die gezielte Analyse des Verbundverhaltens zwischen Bewehrungsstahl und Beton unter kombinierter Beanspruchung aus Ermüdung und Querzug. Den Hintergrund bilden Stahlbetonbauteile, wie z. B. Fahrbahnplatten von Verbundbrücken, welche einen zweiaxialen Lastabtrag unter nicht vorwiegend ruhenden Belastungen aufweisen. Die Untersuchungen für normal- und hochfesten Beton erfolgten an Ausziehkörpern mit einem durch Querzugspannungen hervorgerufenen Längsriss entlang des Bewehrungsstabes. Das Versuchsprogramm beinhaltete hochzyklische Schwellversuche mit unterschiedlichen Schwingspielen und variierenden Längsrissbreiten bis zu einer Million Lastwechseln. Anhand der Entwicklung des Schlupfes zwischen Bewehrungsstab und Beton konnte eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Verbundwiderstandes vom Querzug beobachtet werden. Aufbauend auf der Schlupfentwicklung erfolgt die Ableitung von normierten Wöhlerlinien der Verbundermüdung. Diese Wöhlerlinien können direkt in Beziehung zu den Wöhlerlinien der Betonstahlermüdung gesetzt werden und vereinfachen die Erstellung von Dauerfestigkeitsdiagrammen für Bemessungszwecke. Es wird deutlich, dass die Ermüdungsfestigkeit des Verbundes durch das Vorhandensein eines Längsrisses gegenüber der Betonstahlermüdung verstärkt an Bedeutung gewinnt. / The main focus of the present work is the specific analysis of the bond behaviour between reinforcement and concrete under combined loading due to fatigue and transverse tension. The background is formed by reinforced concrete elements such as bridge decks of steel-concrete composite bridges, which show a biaxial load bearing behaviour under not predominantly monotonic loading. The investigations for both normal strength and high performance concrete were conducted on pull-out specimens with a longitudinal crack along the reinforcing bar caused by transverse tensile stresses. The experimental program included high cyclic tests with different stress ranges and varying longitudinal crack widths up to one million load cycles. By means of the slip development, a definite dependency of the bond strength on the transverse tension could be observed. Based on the slip development, normalised S-N curves for bond fatigue have been deduced. These S-N curves can be set in direct relation to the S-N curves for steel fatigue and simplify creating constant life diagrams for design purposes. It becomes clear that the bond fatigue strength, due to an existing longitudinal crack, gains in importance in comparison to the fatigue strength of the reinforcing steel.

L'objectif dans cette recherche expérimentale est de contribuer à la compréhension des phénomènes de l'endommagement et de la fissuration dans les sols argileux saturés sous chargement hydrique (dessiccation) et mécanique (chemins de contrainte). L'étude mécanique est axée sur l'identification des propriétés élastiques du matériau endommagé sous chargement triaxial à différents niveaux et chemins de contrainte. Les principaux points traités étaient, l'influence de la contrainte de consolidation (p'ic), du degré de surconsolidation (OCR) et du chemin de contrainte sur la vitesse d'onde de compression. Les résultats montrent que les propriétés élastiques sont affectées et évoluent avec la déformation. La contractance semble augmenter la vitesse d'onde de compression à mesure que p'ic croît et densifie le matériau. En revanche, la dilatance semble plutôt diminuer la vitesse d'onde de compression. Par ailleurs, différents chemins triaxiaux conduits à un niveau de contrainte donné ont montré que les vitesses d'onde sont très proches si les chemins sont normalement consolidés. Les vitesses sont proches également si les chemins sont surconsolidés. En revanche, à un même état de contrainte, la vitesse d'onde est différente si on compare un chemin normalement consolidé avec un chemin surconsolidé. La deuxième partie de l'étude porte sur une analyse approfondie des mécanismes d'amorçage et de propagation des fissures sous dessiccation libre et contrôlée d'une argile initialement saturée. L'analyse via la corrélation d'images numériques (CIN) a permis, en premier lieu, une caractérisation multiéchelle du phénomène de retrait opéré au cours du séchage. Différents phénomènes ont été identifiés : le phénomène de relaxation, caractérisé par un changement de signe de la déformation locale extension / compression, le mécanisme de fissuration par extension (mode I), identifié par la cartographie des directions des déformations principales. L'étude a été complétée par des essais de traction indirecte par flexion 3 points réalisés sur des poutrelles de kaolin K13 initialement soumises à différentes succions. L'effet de la succion initiale sur la résistance à la traction a donc été observé. Les résultats montrent que plus la succion initiale est élevée, plus la pente de la courbe de variations de la résistance à la traction est élevée. D'autre part, la déformation de la zone tendue de la poutrelle atteint sa valeur critique lorsque la contrainte atteint la résistance maximale à la traction de l'argile / The objective of this experimental research is to contribute to understanding phenomena of damage and cracking in saturated clay soils under hydric loading (desiccation) and mechanical loading (stress paths). Mechanical study focuses on identifying the elastic properties of the damaged material under triaxial loading at different levels and stress paths. The main issues were the influence of; the consolidation stress (p'ic), the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and the stress path on the compression wave velocity. The results show that the elastic properties are affected and evolve with strain. Contractancy appears to increase the compression wave velocity as p'ic increase and densifies the material. However, dilatancy seems rather decrease the compression wave velocity. Moreover, various triaxial paths performed at a given stress level showed that the wave velocities are very close if the paths are normally consolidated. Velocities are also close if the paths are overconsolidated. However, at the same stress state, the wave velocity is different when comparing a normally consolidated path with an overconsolidated path. The second part of the study focuses on a thorough analysis of the cracks' initiation and propagation mechanisms under free and controlled desiccation on initial saturated clay. Analysis via the digital image correlation (DIC) allowed, first, a multi-scales characterization of the shrinkage phenomenon operated during drying. Different phenomena were identified; the relaxation phenomenon characterized by a change of the local strain's sign extension / compression, the cracking mechanism by extension (mode I) identified by the map of the directions of the principal strains. The study was completed with indirect tensile tests by bending performed on kaolin k13 beams initially submitted to different suctions. The effect of the initial suction on the tensile strength has been observed. The results show that more the initial suction is high, the greater the slope of the curve of changes in the tensile strength is high. On the other hand, strain of the tension zone of the beam reaches its critical value when the stress reaches the maximum tensile strength of the clay

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, des composants électroniques flexibles sont développés. Ces composants étant amenés à se tordre, à s'étirer et à se fléchir au cours de leur utilisation, le développement de composants ayant une bonne fiabilité mécanique est primordial. Ce travail s'est concentré sur les films métalliques d'argent déposés par impression jet d'encre ou sérigraphie sur des substrats de polyimide, servant à l’interconnexion électrique entre composants actifs. Deux mécanismes d’endommagement sont observables dans ces systèmes : la fissuration et le flambement par délaminage.Premièrement, pour caractériser expérimentalement ces deux phénomènes, des tests de traction sont réalisés sous microscope optique, afin de suivre l'évolution des fissures au cours de la déformation et sous interféromètre optique, afin de suivre les cloques de délaminage. Une analyse d'images est réalisée afin d'obtenir l'évolution de l'espacement entre fissures au cours de la déformation. L'existence de deux régimes de fissuration est observée : la fissuration longue et droite pour les films épais et la fissuration courte et en forme de zigzag pour les films minces. Le suivi des profils de cloques permet d'obtenir l'évolution de leur forme au cours de la déformation.Ensuite, afin d'éclairer les observations expérimentales, les phénomènes à l'étude sont modélisés par élément finis. Ainsi l'origine des deux régimes de fissuration est expliquée par un effet géométrique de l'épaisseur du film. Un modèle élastoplastique bidimensionnel de relaxation de contraintes dans le film permet d'obtenir un encadrement de l'espacement entre fissures au cours de la déformation. À partir du suivi des cloques, un modèle tridimensionnel permet de réaliser une identification des paramètres de la zone cohésive à l'interface film/substrat, où une énergie d'adhésion de 2 J.m-2, une contrainte critique de 20 MPa et un paramètre de mixité modale de 0,4 sont déterminés. Ces valeurs sont en accord avec la littérature. / Over the past 20 years, new improvements in materials and processes led to the development of printed flexible electronics. Flexible electronics devices subjected to bending, twisting, or stretching during their lifetime, the development of device with high reliability is therefore of great importance for the efficiency of electrical connection. This work investigates the mechanical reliability of inkjet or screen-printed Ag thin films on polyimide substrates dedicated to the electrical interconnection of active components. Expected mechanical failure modes are film cracking and buckling delamination.First of all, in order to characterized the two mechanisms, tensile tests are performed under an optical microscope to follow cracks and under an optical interferometer to follow buckles. In order to obtain crack spacing evolution during deformation, an image processing is realized. Two types of cracks are observed: long and straight cracking for thick films and small and zigzag shape cracking for thin films. The evolution of buckles shape with imposed tensile deformation is characterized.In a second time, in order to understand experimental observations, mechanical failure modes are analysed with finite elements models. The origin of the two types of cracking are explained by a geometrical effect of film thickness. A elastoplastic shear lag bidimensional model gives upper and lower bonds of crack spacing during deformation. A three-dimensional model allows identification of cohesive zone model parameters at film/substrate interface, from experimental buckle shape. An adhesion energy of 2 J.m-2 , a critical strength of 20 MPa and a mode mixity parameter of 0.4 are determined. These values are in good agreement with literature.

Les matériaux de construction par excellence que sont les matériaux à base cimentaire offrent une faible résistance à la traction ainsi qu’une faible capacité de déformation. Ils sont fragiles et particulièrement sensible à la fissuration, notamment la fissuration due au retrait dans le cas d’éléments à grande surface. Des joints de retrait judicieusement espacés permettent de localiser la fissuration et d’éviter le désordre apparent. Malheureusement, ils constituent aussi le point de départ de futurs désordres (pénétration d’agents agressifs, tuilage, etc.). Cette thèse est une contribution au développement d’un nouveau composite cimentaire présentant une capacité de déformation améliorée. Dans cet objectif, des granulats en caoutchouc (G.C.) issus du broyage de pneus usagés ont été utilisés en remplacement partiel du sable. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence de ces granulats est préjudiciable vis-à-vis de la rhéologie du matériau à l’état frais mais que l’utilisation d’un superplastifiant et d’un agent de viscosité permet de réaliser les corrections nécessaires. A l’état durci, une chute de la résistance mécanique et du module d’élasticité est observée, en contrepartie la capacité de déformation au stade de la localisation de la macrofissuration est significativement augmentée. Des essais dédiés permettent de démontrer que cette incorporation de G.C. permet de réduire la sensibilité à la fissuration de retrait avec un intérêt évident pour les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées et dallages sur terre-plein. L’influence de la présence de ces G.C. sur la cinétique de la fissuration a été analysée et confirmée par le biais d’une variable d’endommagement et par l’activité (émission) acoustique accompagnant le processus de fissuration.Le potentiel du composite dans les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées en béton a aussi été abordé par le biais de l’indice de qualité élastique qui a confirmé les promesses attendues. Compte tenu du rôle joué par le module d’élasticité du composite sur ces nouvelles propriétés et les applications potentielles, les outils prédictifs de ce module en fonction du dosage en G.C. présentent un intérêt pratique évident. Dans ce sens, cette thèse a permis de tester la pertinence de quelques modèles analytiques. Dans ce cadre, la borne inférieure de Hashin-Shtrikman qui reste perfectible s’est avérée la mieux indiquée.A côté de l’intérêt en termes d’application matériau Génie Civil, l’incorporation de G.C. constitue une voie de valorisation de pneus usagés non réutilisables et une contribution à la protection de l’environnement / Cement-based materials exhibit low tensile strength and poor strain capacity. They are brittle and are very sensitive to cracking particularly to shrinkage cracking in large area applications. Sawn joints allow shrinkage cracking to be localised a way to avoid unsightly cracking. Unfortunately they are also the starting point of future distress (ingress of aggressive agent, curling, etc.).This work is a contribution to the design of a cement-based material exhibiting an enhanced strain capacity. For a such objective rubber aggregates (RAs) obtained from grinding end of life tyres partly replacing natural sand have been used.Results showed that RAs are detrimental to the properties of the fresh materials (workability and segregation). However the use of optimized content of a superplasticiser and of a viscosity agent allows the required behaviour to be achieved.With regard to harden state, RAs reduce the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the composite but the strain capacity corresponding to the macrocracking formation is significantly improved. Specific tests showed that RAs reduced the propensity of the material for shrinkage cracking, offering an interest for large surface area such as pavements.Analysis by a scalar damage variable and by acoustic emission is in a good agreement with expected effect of RAs on the cracking kinetics and on the mechanical behaviour of the composite.The interest of the rubberized concrete in large area application such as concrete pavements has been studied and confirmed through the Elastic Quality Index. Given the major role of the modulus of elasticity of the composite on the new properties and expected applications, tools aimed to predict this modulus of elasticity as a function of RAs content are of practical benefit. With this purpose, the work allowed the relevance of some analytical models to be tested. In this context, the lower Hashin-Shtrikman bound which remains perfectible proved to be the most appropriate.Finally, apart from application of civil engineering material, the use of RAs from grinding end of life tyres is a solution of recovery of an industrial by-product and a contribution to a clean environment

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’étude la corrosion des armatures du béton armé à la fois sur les conditions de son initiation et de sa propagation mais également sur ses conséquences à long terme sur le fonctionnement en service des ouvrages.Le démarrage d’une étude à long terme sur les conditions de l’initiation et de la propagation de la corrosion en ambiance saline est présenté et les premiers résultats confirment l’initiation précoce de la corrosion mais montrent que l’influence des fissures sur la propagation dépend des conditions de leur exposition et de l’enrobage.Une étude a été réalisée sur la carbonatation en présences de fissures et sur ses conséquences sur l’initiation et la propagation de la corrosion. Des échantillons annulaires de mortier renforcé par une armature HA ont été fissurés. Les résultats ont montrés que quelque soit l’ouverture des fissures mécaniques, il y a une carbonatation des lèvres de la fissure et de l’interface acier-béton. Après exposition à des cycles d’humidification séchage, la corrosion se développe tout le long de l’armature mais avec une épaisseur plus importante en sous-face de l’armature ou la qualité de l’interface est moins bonne. Les résultats montrent que les fissures de corrosion induites par le développement de la couche de rouille prennent naissance à partir des micro-fissures dues à l’endommagement mécanique. Ce résultat est cohérent avec le développement des fissures de corrosion observées dans la partie sur l’initiation et la propagation de la corrosion en ambiance saline.Une autre partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude des propriétés mécaniques résiduelles de poutres en béton armé corrodées par 26 à 28 années de conservation majoritairement sous charge de flexion en ambiance saline.On s’intéresse d’abord au comportement en traction simple des aciers corrodés. La corrosion induite par les chlorures conduit à des piqûres de géométries très diverses qui rendent difficile l’évaluation de la section résiduelle d’acier. Cependant, il apparait que la contrainte effective de plasticité est peu affectée, la contrainte ultime est légèrement augmentée significative d’un écrouissage plus important après corrosion et surtout l’élongation à rupture est drastiquement réduite par la présence des piqures de corrosion.L’effet de la corrosion des armatures sur le comportement en flexion est ensuite étudié. La corrosion se traduit par un changement du mode de rupture, de l’écrasement du béton comprimé après une phase de plastification des aciers à la rupture fragile et brutale des armatures tendues après corrosion. La diminution de la capacité portante est proportionnelle à la perte de section d’acier dans les sections les plus sollicitées. La perte de ductilité ou diminution de la flèche à rupture des poutres en béton armé est très importante et pourrait remettre ne cause la sécurité dans le fonctionnement des éléments corrodés.L’effet de la corrosion sur la résistance à l’effort tranchant est ensuite étudié. Pour ce faire des éléments courts (poutres épaisses) sont testés en flexion simple. Les résultats montrent que la corrosion peut conduire à des changements de fonctionnement mécanique mais que la résistance vis-à-vis de l’effort tranchant est globalement peu affectée par la corrosion des armatures longitudinales ou des cadres d’effort tranchant. La complexité des phénomènes mis en jeu sur des éléments courts et l’importance des bielles de béton comprimées dans les effets d’arc peuvent expliquer ces résultats. Par ailleurs, la capacité d’ancrage des armatures droites corrodées apparait très largement supérieure à celle attendue compte tenu de la présence des fissures de corrosion et des prévisions issues de la littérature. Le confinement dû à l’appui et le fait que la corrosion naturelle n’affecte pas tout le périmètre des barres d’armatures peuvent expliquer ces résultats surprenants / This thesis aims to study the reinforcement corrosion embedded in reinforced concrete structures on both initiation and propagation of corrosion and its long-term consequences on the service life of structures. Firstly, a long-term study on the conditions for the initiation and propagation of corrosion in saline environment is presented and the first results confirm the early initiation of corrosion, but shows that the influence of pre-cracks on the propagation of corrosion depends on their conditions of exposure and concrete cover thickness. A study was conducted in carbon dioxide condition with presence of cracks to examine its impact on the initiation and propagation of corrosion. The results showed that whatever the mechanical crack opening, the crack edge and the steel-concrete interface were carbonated. Carbonation of the steel-concrete interface is likely to be due to mechanical damage induced by loading and stress transfer from the steel to mortar when creating cracks. This damage is also caused by the presence of internal micro-cracks around the steel bar. Following exposure to wetting-drying cycles, corrosion develops throughout the reinforcement but with a greater thickness of rust layer on the underside of the reinforcement where the quality of the interface is weaker. The results showed that the corrosion cracking induced by the development of rust layer arises from internal micro-cracks due to mechanical damage. This result is consistent with the development of corrosion cracks observed previously in saline environment. Another part of the thesis is to study the residual mechanical properties of corroded reinforced concrete beams of 26-28 years exposed to a saline environment under bending load. The behavior of single tensile steel corroded extracted from these corroded beams is studied. It is very difficult to know the true stress of tensile steels corroded "naturally" in concrete contaminated by exposure to chlorides. Indeed, the corrosion induced by chlorides leads to create corrosion pits with various geometries that make it difficult to determine accurately the residual steel cross-section. However, it appears that the true yield stress is unaffected, the true ultimate stress is slightly increased by corrosion but the total elongation at failure is drastically reduced by the presence of pitting corrosion. The effect of reinforcement corrosion on flexural behavior is then studied. The corrosion resulted in a change in failure mode, from concrete crushing in compression after yielding of tensile steel to brittle failure of tension reinforcement. The decrease of the load bearing capacity is proportional to the loss of steel section in the mid-span section. The loss of ductility or decrease in deflection at failure of reinforced concrete beams is very important and could be the limiting factor for the service life of corroded RC structures. It appears that the change in ductility of corroded reinforced concrete beam is correlated with the change in ductility of the steel due to corrosion. The effect of corrosion on the shear behavior is then studied. To make this, the short-shear span beams (deep beams) were tested under three point bending until failure. The results showed that corrosion can lead to changes in mechanical behavior but load bearing capacity of deep beams is generally unaffected by corrosion of longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups. These results can be explained by a coupled behavior between arch action and beam action leading to change in load transfer mechanism and failure mode. In addition, the capacity of straight end anchorage of corroded reinforcement appears to be very much higher than expected despite the presence of corrosion cracks. Concrete confinement effect due to the end support reaction and the “natural” corrosion condition which do not lead to a homogeneous damage all around perimeter of re-bars may explain these surprising results

Pour améliorer l'efficacité des procédés thermiques de craquages et réduire les phénomènes de cokage liés à la température de paroi trop élevée, l'utilisation de tubes nervurés est une technique potentiellement car elle permet d'améliorer le mélange et d'augmenter les transferts de chaleur. Cependant, la perte de charge est significativement augmentée. En raison de la complexité de l'écoulement turbulent, du système chimique et du couplage turbulencechimie, il est difficile d'estimer a priori la perte réelle en termes de sélectivité des tubes nervurés. Les expériences représentatives de laboratoire combinant turbulence, transferts de chaleur et chimie sont très rares et trop coûteuses à l'échelle industrielle. Dans ce travail, l'approche simulation aux grandes échelles résolue à la paroi (WRLES) est utilisée pour étudier écoulement non-réactif puis réactif dans des tubes à la fois lisses et nervurés, pour quantifier leur impact sur la turbulence et sur la chimie. Le code AVBP, qui résout les équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles pour les écoulements turbulents, est utilisé avec des schémas chimique réduites du craquage de l'éthane puis du butane. L'écoulement à la paroi est analysé en détail et comparé pour les deux géométries, fournissant des informations utiles pour le développement ultérieur de modèles de parois pour ce type de rugosité. L'impact de la résolution du maillage et du schéma numérique est également discuté, pour trouver le meilleur compromis entre coût et précision de calcul pour une application industrielle. L'impact des structures d'écoulement turbulent ainsi que leurs effets sur le transfert thermique et le mélange sur les réactions chimique sont étudiés à la fois pour les tubes lisses et les tubes nervurés. Perte de pression, transfert de chaleur et conversion chimique sont finalement comparés. / To improve the efficiency of thermal-cracking processes, and to reduce the coking phenomena due to high wall temperature, the use of ribbed tubes is an interesting technique as it allows better mixing and heat transfer. However it also induces significant increase in pressure loss. The complexity of the turbulent flow, the chemical system, and the chemistry-turbulence interaction makes it difficult to estimate a priori the real loss of ribbed tubes in terms of selectivity. Experiments combining turbulence, heat transfer and chemistry are very rare in laboratories and too costly at the industrial scale. In this work, Wall-Resolved Large Eddy Simulation (WRLES) is used to study non-reacting and reacting flows in both smooth and ribbed tubes, to show the impact of the ribs on turbulence and chemistry. Simulations were performed with the code AVBP, which solves the compressible Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent flows, using reduced chemistry scheme of ethane and butane cracking for reacting cases. Special effort was devoted to the wall flow, which is analyzed in detail and compared for both geometries, providing useful information for further development of roughness-type wall models. The impact of grid resolution and numerical scheme is also discussed, to find the best trade-off between computational cost and accuracy for industrial application. Results investigate and analyze the turbulent flow structures, as well as the effect of heat transfer efficiency and mixing on the chemical process in both smooth and ribbed tubes. Pressure loss, heat transfer and chemical conversion are finally compared.