O problema da aprendizagem, hoje, vem sendo elaborado a partir do cruzamento de tendências determinadas por imposições mercadológicas, de um lado, e necessidades científico-pedagógicas de outro. Nesse conflito, ideias tradicionais a respeito do assunto têm sido questionadas por meio de pontos de vista às vezes radicalmente desviantes, como é o caso dos estudos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Subjetividade e Educação (GEPSEd), do qual resulta o presente trabalho. A ênfase desta pesquisa foi colocada na micropolítica em andamento nas atividades em sala de aula, e não apenas na macropolítica estruturada pelas diretrizes governamentais impostas no cenário da educação superior de Direito. Desse modo, é no contato direto com a rotina diária da vida acadêmica que buscamos sentir suas microrrelações e a movimentação de seus territórios mal delimitados. É aí que correm os desejos, e onde podemos vislumbrar momentos, situações e encontros que favorecem o aprendizado, visto aqui não como aquisição e armazenamento de saberes já cristalizados, mas como atividade criadora em que o professor participa como intercessor: aquele que apresenta signos catalisadores da eclosão do aprendizado como atividade criadora, e não recognitiva. O trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar as concepções dos alunos sobre as condições de ensino e aprendizagem no curso de Direito e observações das condições que favoreçam e desfavoreçam a aprendizagem dentro da sala de aula. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma faculdade de Direito particular da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo etnográfico, que contou com a observação participante, entrevistas formais e informais e análise de documentos. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em grandes conjuntos de categorias: aspectos institucionais, sala de aula, atividades extracurriculares, lazer, avaliação e dados obtidos por meio de questionário. Assim, foi possível verificar que as situações favorecedoras da aprendizagem são aquelas que aumentam a potência de agir dos alunos, promovendo afecções alegres e momentos de relaxamento, como atuações dinâmicas e encenações em sala de aula. A pesquisa revelou, ainda, que as situações inibidoras são maioria, promovendo afecções que diminuem a potência de agir dos alunos e inibem a ocorrência do aprendizado, como aulas dadas de uma mesma maneira, tom monótono e leitura excessiva de códigos legais, favorecedoras da passividade dos alunos. Por outro lado, a pesquisa mostrou também que, mesmo em situações pouco potencializadoras da aprendizagem, em que as afecções tristes estão presentes por quase todo o tempo, os alunos encontram linhas de fuga para o aprendizado, seja com alguns poucos professores, seja com eles mesmos em ajuda mútua. / The problem with learning, today, is being elaborated from the crossing of tendencies determined by marketing impositions, on one side, and scientific-pedagogic needs on the other. In this context, the traditional ideas regarding this subject have been questioned by points of view sometimes radically deviant, as it is the case of the studies developed by Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Subjetividade e Educação (GEPSEd), from which comes the present work. The emphasis of the research was put in the ongoing micro-politics in activities in the classroom, opposed to the macro-politics structured by governmental directives imposed on the Law higher education scenery. Thus, it\'s in the direct contact with the daily routine of academic life that we intend to feel its micro-relations and the movement of its badly delimited territories. It is there where desires run, and we are able to notice moments, situations and encounters that favor the learning, seen here not as the acquisition and storage of already crystalized knowledge, but as the creator activity in which the professor participates as an intermediate: the one who lays the catalyst signs of the emerging of the learning as a creator activity, and not a recognizing one. The work has as a general objective, to investigate the conceptions of the students about the teaching and learning conditions in their Course of Law and observation of the conditions that favor the learning in the classroom. The research was carried out in a private Law School on the northeast region of the state of São Paulo. We opted for a qualitative research, of the ethnographic kind, which included participative observation, formal and informal interviews and document analysis. The results obtained were clustered in big category groups: institutional aspects, classroom, extracurricular activities, leisure, evaluation and data obtained through questionnaires. Thus, we found that the situations that favor learning are those that increase the active power of students, promoting cheerful affections and moments of relaxation, such as dynamic performances and drama in the classroom. The research showed also that most situations are inhibiting, promoting affections that diminish the active power of students and inhibit the occurrence of learning, such as classes taught in the same way, monotone tone and excessive legal codes reading, favoring passivity of students. On the other hand, research also showed that even in situations little empowering of learning, where sad affections are present for almost all the time, the students find lines of flight for learning, either with a few teachers, or with themselves in mutual aid.

O problema da aprendizagem, hoje, vem sendo elaborado a partir do cruzamento de tendências determinadas por imposições mercadológicas, de um lado, e necessidades científico-pedagógicas de outro. Nesse conflito, ideias tradicionais a respeito do assunto têm sido questionadas por meio de pontos de vista às vezes radicalmente desviantes, como é o caso dos estudos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Subjetividade e Educação (GEPSEd), do qual resulta o presente trabalho. A ênfase desta pesquisa foi colocada na micropolítica em andamento nas atividades em sala de aula, e não apenas na macropolítica estruturada pelas diretrizes governamentais impostas no cenário da educação superior de Direito. Desse modo, é no contato direto com a rotina diária da vida acadêmica que buscamos sentir suas microrrelações e a movimentação de seus territórios mal delimitados. É aí que correm os desejos, e onde podemos vislumbrar momentos, situações e encontros que favorecem o aprendizado, visto aqui não como aquisição e armazenamento de saberes já cristalizados, mas como atividade criadora em que o professor participa como intercessor: aquele que apresenta signos catalisadores da eclosão do aprendizado como atividade criadora, e não recognitiva. O trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar as concepções dos alunos sobre as condições de ensino e aprendizagem no curso de Direito e observações das condições que favoreçam e desfavoreçam a aprendizagem dentro da sala de aula. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma faculdade de Direito particular da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo etnográfico, que contou com a observação participante, entrevistas formais e informais e análise de documentos. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em grandes conjuntos de categorias: aspectos institucionais, sala de aula, atividades extracurriculares, lazer, avaliação e dados obtidos por meio de questionário. Assim, foi possível verificar que as situações favorecedoras da aprendizagem são aquelas que aumentam a potência de agir dos alunos, promovendo afecções alegres e momentos de relaxamento, como atuações dinâmicas e encenações em sala de aula. A pesquisa revelou, ainda, que as situações inibidoras são maioria, promovendo afecções que diminuem a potência de agir dos alunos e inibem a ocorrência do aprendizado, como aulas dadas de uma mesma maneira, tom monótono e leitura excessiva de códigos legais, favorecedoras da passividade dos alunos. Por outro lado, a pesquisa mostrou também que, mesmo em situações pouco potencializadoras da aprendizagem, em que as afecções tristes estão presentes por quase todo o tempo, os alunos encontram linhas de fuga para o aprendizado, seja com alguns poucos professores, seja com eles mesmos em ajuda mútua. / The problem with learning, today, is being elaborated from the crossing of tendencies determined by marketing impositions, on one side, and scientific-pedagogic needs on the other. In this context, the traditional ideas regarding this subject have been questioned by points of view sometimes radically deviant, as it is the case of the studies developed by Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Subjetividade e Educação (GEPSEd), from which comes the present work. The emphasis of the research was put in the ongoing micro-politics in activities in the classroom, opposed to the macro-politics structured by governmental directives imposed on the Law higher education scenery. Thus, it\'s in the direct contact with the daily routine of academic life that we intend to feel its micro-relations and the movement of its badly delimited territories. It is there where desires run, and we are able to notice moments, situations and encounters that favor the learning, seen here not as the acquisition and storage of already crystalized knowledge, but as the creator activity in which the professor participates as an intermediate: the one who lays the catalyst signs of the emerging of the learning as a creator activity, and not a recognizing one. The work has as a general objective, to investigate the conceptions of the students about the teaching and learning conditions in their Course of Law and observation of the conditions that favor the learning in the classroom. The research was carried out in a private Law School on the northeast region of the state of São Paulo. We opted for a qualitative research, of the ethnographic kind, which included participative observation, formal and informal interviews and document analysis. The results obtained were clustered in big category groups: institutional aspects, classroom, extracurricular activities, leisure, evaluation and data obtained through questionnaires. Thus, we found that the situations that favor learning are those that increase the active power of students, promoting cheerful affections and moments of relaxation, such as dynamic performances and drama in the classroom. The research showed also that most situations are inhibiting, promoting affections that diminish the active power of students and inhibit the occurrence of learning, such as classes taught in the same way, monotone tone and excessive legal codes reading, favoring passivity of students. On the other hand, research also showed that even in situations little empowering of learning, where sad affections are present for almost all the time, the students find lines of flight for learning, either with a few teachers, or with themselves in mutual aid.

Uppsatsen undersöker och exemplifierar hur innehållsskapare, influencers, kommunicerar med sin publik på plattformar där huvudinnehållet är tidsbegränsade videor med en tidsgräns på några minuter, till exempel TikTok. Huvudfrågan är om, och i så fall hur, innehåll som är sponsrat skiljer sig från innehåll som inte är sponsrat. Genom en narrativ analys och med hjälp av visuell analys diskuteras två innehållsskapares videor, vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan det sponsrade och det icke-sponsrade innehållet. Slutsatsen som nås är att det sponsrade och icke-sponsrade materialet kommuniceras på mycket lika sätt, där beteendet runt den sponsrade produkten är den enda konkreta skillnaden.

Antalet personer insjuknade i demenssjukdom stiger, från 25 miljoner år 2000 till vad som beräknas uppgå till 63 miljoner år 2030. Demens kan beskrivas som en global störning av intellektuella funktioner där den kognitiva förmågan inklusive kommunikation är påverkad. Högtekonologiska hjälpmedel som kommunikativt stöd för personer med demens är i nuläget ett outforskat område med begränsad evidens där få studier har genomförts.Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga vilka samtalsfenomen som förekom mellan en person med demens och dennes samtalspartners med och utan surfplatta med applikationen Book Creator. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka en av samtalspartnernas upplevelse av att kommunicera med personen med demens. Studien genomfördes på ett boende för personer med demenssjukdom där sammanlagt nio samtal spelades in, sex samtal utan surfplatta med applikationen Book Creator och tre samtal med surfplatta med applikationen Book Creator. Materialet omfattade 2 h och 25 min och transkriberades enligt samtalsanalytiska principer med fokus på specifika samtalsfenomen. Fem fenomen identifierades; initiativtagande, gemensam grund, koherens, ofullständig gemensam grund och icke-koherens. Frekvensen av dessa förekommande fenomen kalkylerades i procent i förhållande till det totala antalet talarturer.Resultaten visade att de samtalsfenomen som inbegrep ofullständig gemensam grund och icke-koherens med en marginell skillnad förekom i mindre frekvens i samtal med applikationen Book Creator. Personen med demens tog initiativ i lika hög utsträckning i samtal med och utan applikationen och det föreföll slutligen inte föreligga några skillnader avseende gemensam grund och koherens mellan deltagarna i samtalet med respektive utan applikationen. Det kunde även urskiljas att personen med demens kunde hantera applikationen Book Creator på egen hand med visst stöd. Samtalspartnerns upplevelser av kommunikativa svårigheter hos personer med demens, strategier för att bemöta dessa och ett behov av ökad utbildning om kommunikativt bemötande ligger i linje med tidigare forskning. / The number of people who are affected by dementia is expected to increase, from 25 million in the year 2000 to approximately 63 million in the year 2030. Dementia can be described as a global disorder of intellectual functions, where the cognitive ability including communication is affected. High technological communication aids that support people with dementia in their communication are currently an underexplored area with limited evidence. The aim of the present study was to identify interactional phenomena occurring in interaction involving one person with dementia with and without a tablet with the application Book Creator. A further aim was to examine how the conversation partner experienced the communication of the person with dementia. The study was conducted in a residential care facility for people with dementia where a total of nine conversations were recorded, six conversations without the application and three conversations with the application. The material comprised 2 hours and 25 minutes and was transcribed according to Conversation Analytic principles. Five phenomena were identified: initiative, common ground, coherence, incomplete common ground and non-coherence. The frequency of occurrence of these phenomena was calculated in percentage of their occurrence in relation to total number of turns.The result in the present study indicated that the interactional phenomena involving incomplete common ground and non-coherence occurred in a reduced frequency in conversations with the application Book Creator. The person with dementia took the initiative to the same extent in interactions with and without the application. There appeared to be no differences regarding common ground and coherence between the participants in the conversation with and without the application. The analysis also revealed that the person with dementia could handle the tablet with the application Book Creator on her own with some support. The results are in accordance with research regarding communicative difficulties in people with dementia, strategies to address these difficulties and the need of increased training in communicative treatment in dementia.

Nas poéticas oitocentistas brasileiras, são recorrentes as vinculações entre a prática artística e o culto religioso. Especialmente em produções românticas e simbolistas, o poeta aparece figurado como sacerdote, profeta, iniciado, alquimista, monge, vidente, anjo caído e demais variantes, sendo-lhe conferido o poder de dissolver e remodelar a realidade e a subjetividade por meio da linguagem. Desde o final do século XVIII na Europa, é possível sondar o esforço de formulação de uma religião da arte, na qual se estabelece um culto secular à imaginação criadora. Este estudo analisa tais discussões partindo das poéticas de Álvares de Azevedo e de Cruz e Sousa, dois exemplos de criadores seculares que interiorizam os mitos cosmogônicos, os ritos iniciáticos e os processos alquímicos, na condição de metáforas alusivas a processos de transfiguração, por meio das quais se torna possível ao artista encenar, ao mesmo tempo, os papéis de criador e de criatura, sujeito e objeto, polaridades mobilizadas no trabalho reflexivo do sujeito sobre si mesmo. A obra de arte produzida visa sintetizar uma nova unidade, articuladora das experiências conscientes e inconscientes do sujeito moderno cindido. Nos dois primeiros capítulos dedicados a Alvares de Azevedo, se apresenta o anseio romântico de revitalização do sujeito e do mundo desgastados e moribundos. O desejo de renovação das formas, valores e significados motiva a elaboração de profecias de renascimento da humanidade, que se reconfigura a partir das ruínas de seu passado. As metáforas do infanticídio e do aborto aludem à irrealização de utopias. Os terceiro e quatro capítulos, centrados na poética de Cruz e Sousa, exploram o questionamento do poeta sobre as possibilidades de transformação de si e da realidade por meio da arte e da cultura, em um país estruturalmente racista. As metáforas do nigredo e da sombra se articulam à dificuldade do poeta em plasmar uma forma estável e bem delimitada de si, por meio da qual sejam harmonizados interioridade e exterioridade. A reescrita do mito dos Doze Trabalhos de Hércules dramatiza os impedimentos sociais enfrentados pelo artista negro na busca por consagração literária. Finalmente, o anúncio da profecia do futuro Dante, nascido da dor inconcebível, sinaliza a necessidade de elaboração de uma nova forma sublime, capaz de assimilar o sujeito negro enquanto tema e voz poética. / In the nineteenth-century Brazilian poetics, there are recurrent links between artistic practice and religious cult. Especially in Romantic and Symbolist works, the poet appears as a priest, prophet, initiate, alchemist, monk, seer, fallen angel and other variants, being given the power to dissolve and reshape reality and subjectivity through language. Since the end of the eighteenth century in Europe, it is possible to scan the effort to formulate a religion of art, in which a secular cult of the creative imagination is established. This study analyzes these discussions in the poetics of Álvares de Azevedo and Cruz e Sousa, two examples of secular creators who internalize cosmogonic myths, initiatory rites and alchemical processes, like metaphors allusive to processes of transfiguration, through which it becomes possible for the artist to play, at the same time, the roles of creator and creature, subject and object, polarities mobilized in the reflective work of the subject on the self. The work of art aims to synthesize a new unity, articulating the conscious and unconscious practices of the torn modern subject. In the first two chapters dedicated to Álvares de Azevedo, there is the romantic wish for the revitalization of the weary and dying subject and world. The desire for to renew forms, values and meanings motivates the elaboration of prophecies of humanitys rebirth, which is reconfigured from the ruins of its past. The metaphors of infanticide and abortion allude to the unrealized utopia. The third and fourth chapters, focused on the poetics of Cruz e Sousa, explore the poets questioning about the possibilities of transformation of himself and reality through art and culture in a structurally racist country. The metaphors of blackness and shadow allude to the poet\'s difficulty to shape a stable and well-defined form of himself, in which interiority and exteriority are harmonized. The rewriting of the myth of the Twelve Works of Hercules dramatizes the social impediments faced by the Black artist in the search for literary consecration. Finally, the announcement of the prophecy of the future Dante, born out of inconceivable pain, signals the need to elaborate a new sublime form, capable of assimilating the Black subject as theme and poetic voice.

A pesquisa utiliza a Cena Contemporânea (2011-2013) e o jogo do Círculo Neutro como anteparos para os processos de preparação e criação do ator. Primeiro, procura refletir sobre os ambientes formativos, relacionando as proposições de Agamben sobre o \"ser qualquer [e o] assim, irreparável\" (1993), com as de Bauman sobre \"comunidade, segurança, liberdade e estrangeiro\" (2003). Segundo, busca cartografar o Círculo Neutro e, para isso, entrevista François Kahn, Francisco Medeiros, Inês Aranha e Maurício Paroni de Castro. Depois, junto a um grupo de atores, instala um campo de verificação prático e experimental para vivenciar, derivar, descrever e enquadrar o Círculo Neutro como \"jogo\". Considera que o jogo e o jogar, portadores dos aspectos risco, acidente e imprevistos, mostram-se produtivos para o trabalho do ator e para o desenvolvimento orgânico da cena, pois colaboram para a formação de um artista mais \"aberto\" e com \"jogo de cintura\". / The study uses the Contemporary Scene (2011-2013) and the Neutral Circle game as support for the actors\' processes of preparation and creation. Firstly, it aims at reflecting about the education environments by relating the propositions of Agamben about the \"whatever being [and the] therefore, irreparable\" (1993), with those of Bauman about \"community, safety, freedom and foreign\" (2003). Secondly, it tries to map the Neutral Circle, and for that interviews François Khan, Francisco Medeiros, Inês Aranha, and Maurício Paroni de Castro. Afterwards, with a group of actors, it establishes a space of practical and experimental verification to experience, derive, describe and frame the Neutral Circle as a \"game\". The analysis considers that the game and the act of playing, involving the aspects of risk, accident and the unexpected, are productive for the work of the actor and for the organic development of the scene, because they collaborate with the formation of an artist who is more \"open\" and \"more flexible\".

A pesquisa utiliza a Cena Contemporânea (2011-2013) e o jogo do Círculo Neutro como anteparos para os processos de preparação e criação do ator. Primeiro, procura refletir sobre os ambientes formativos, relacionando as proposições de Agamben sobre o \"ser qualquer [e o] assim, irreparável\" (1993), com as de Bauman sobre \"comunidade, segurança, liberdade e estrangeiro\" (2003). Segundo, busca cartografar o Círculo Neutro e, para isso, entrevista François Kahn, Francisco Medeiros, Inês Aranha e Maurício Paroni de Castro. Depois, junto a um grupo de atores, instala um campo de verificação prático e experimental para vivenciar, derivar, descrever e enquadrar o Círculo Neutro como \"jogo\". Considera que o jogo e o jogar, portadores dos aspectos risco, acidente e imprevistos, mostram-se produtivos para o trabalho do ator e para o desenvolvimento orgânico da cena, pois colaboram para a formação de um artista mais \"aberto\" e com \"jogo de cintura\". / The study uses the Contemporary Scene (2011-2013) and the Neutral Circle game as support for the actors\' processes of preparation and creation. Firstly, it aims at reflecting about the education environments by relating the propositions of Agamben about the \"whatever being [and the] therefore, irreparable\" (1993), with those of Bauman about \"community, safety, freedom and foreign\" (2003). Secondly, it tries to map the Neutral Circle, and for that interviews François Khan, Francisco Medeiros, Inês Aranha, and Maurício Paroni de Castro. Afterwards, with a group of actors, it establishes a space of practical and experimental verification to experience, derive, describe and frame the Neutral Circle as a \"game\". The analysis considers that the game and the act of playing, involving the aspects of risk, accident and the unexpected, are productive for the work of the actor and for the organic development of the scene, because they collaborate with the formation of an artist who is more \"open\" and \"more flexible\".

Den sociala videoplattformen YouTube firar i år sitt 10-årsjubileum och har under den tiden bildat en kraftfull kultur. Över en biljard användare som delar och tittar på videoklipp innebär att tusentals individer kan kalla webbplatsen YouTube för sin arbetsplats. Genom att skapa videoklipp som många tycker om bildas en enorm attraktion till vissa kanaler och utifrån detta genereras så kallade YouTube-kändisar. Den här kvalitativa studien dyker in i upplevelsen av att inneha en populär YouTube kanal genom att intervjua fem individer som besitter just en sådan. Är det verkligen drömjobbet som alla talar om? Resultaten visar en talande ökning av entreprenörskap på YouTube. För att bygga en publik krävs strategi och passion. Denna undersökning resulterar i en överläggande förståelse för hur deras personliga framgång har gått till, men även en aning om var YouTube är på väg i framtiden.

Les études critiques littéraires insistent sur le fait que la langue poétique joue un rôle prépondérant dans la construction du poème et ce qu’il englobe comme sens et symboles. La langue poétique a, en effet, une particularité inspiratrice à travers laquelle elle exprime l’objectif axial du discours poétique. Elle est l’épicentre du rayonnement de la créativité et le liant entre les constituants subjectifs et objectifs du poète. Elle est la traduction fidèle des conceptions, des sensations et des inquiétudes de l’auteur. C’est ainsi que s’opère la consonance entre la langue et le processus poétique pour créer une cohésion organique basée sur un interactionnisme symbolique. Celui-ci aide, de son côté à définir les manifestations de la fonction poétique à travers «le rythme, la manipulation phonétique et l’image ». Cependant, avec l’émergence de la modernité ou la conception moderne de la critique, cette langue acquiert de nouvelles notions et méthodes fondées sur le sens, la construction imagée de même que sur la saturation musicale du texte. C’est pourquoi nous relevons de nombreux textes débordant de dépaysement, de nostalgie. Nous relevons, aussi, d’autres textes reflétant un état de tension et d’inquiétude au niveau du sens ou une langue qui ne peut exister que par les glissements de sens, le récit, le discours ou la narration poétique. C’est là où réside le rôle du poète dans la mise en avant de cette langue en faisant appel à sa capacité et à sa force créatives qu’il met au service de son texte afin de parvenir à la transmission la plus juste du sens.Le chercheur que je suis tentera de suivre à la trace l’expérience poétique de l’auteur qui a perduré plus de huit décades de prises de position. Le lecteur de son recueil se retrouve en face de l’histoire ancienne de l’Iraq, du monde arabe voire du monde entier. Il a composé des poèmes et strophes pour exprimer ses tiraillements et ses idées. Les thèmes qu’il aborda se subdivisent entre une poésie strictement personnelle dans laquelle il relate ses sentiments et sa nostalgie pour son pays de même que les souffrances et privations qu’il assuma durant son exil et une poésie où il traite pêle-mêle d’érotisme, de panégyrie, de description, d’élégie, de causticité… Le tout a été traité dans un style, une musicalité et un imaginaire féconds et qui nous rappelle la période florissante de la poésie arabe. Ces poèmes se présentent, donc, truffés de créativités esthétiques. Il a fait appel à l’habillage le plus étincelant, la langue la plus éloquente et les sens les plus nets de la poésie des poètes éminents (šu‘arâ’ al-Fuḥûl ), le plus célèbre des poètes de l’époque de Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawâhirî.C’est pour ces raisons, et beaucoup d’autres, que cette étude propose de jeter la lumière sur les composantes esthétiques et créatives de sa poésie. Il n’est point étonnant si nous affirmons que ce personnage se distingue par plusieurs figures de style et d’esthétisme. Ceci constitue, par ailleurs, un des points axiaux que traitera cette recherche. La première partie concerne « la musicalité du texte ». Elle propose un travail analytique de la musique poétique de l’auteur. Elle englobe trois chapitres dans lesquels nous avons traité trois questions personnelles : la mesure, la rime et le rythme. La seconde partie porte le titre « techniques de la langue poétique ». Cette question s’appuie sur plusieurs fondements et éléments divers qui permettent de démontrer la façon d’utiliser la langue par le poète et sa capacité à la modeler harmonieusement avec les autres éléments du texte. Cette partie se décompose en deux chapitres. La troisième partie porte le titre (la symbolique de l’image poétique). Nous y avons abordé la question de l’image dans la poésie d’al- Jawâhirî et l’avons divisée en deux chapitres. La quatrième partie s’intitule (la symbolique dans la poésie d’al- Jawâhirî). Nous y avons démontré que le symbole joue un rôle prépondérant dans la formation du texte ...... / Literary critics studies insist that poetic language plays a leading role in the construction of the poem and what it includes as meaning and symbols. Poetic language is indeed an inspiring feature through which it expresses the axial objective of poetic discourse. It is the epicenter of the radiation creativity and linking between subjective and objective components of the poet. It is the accurate translation of ideas, feelings and concerns of the author. Thus operates the consonance between language and the poetic process to create an organic cohesion based on symbolic interactionism.This help his side to define the manifestations of poetic function through "the pace, phonetics and image manipulation." However, with the emergence of modernity and the modern conception of criticism, the language acquires new concepts and methods based on meaning, pictorially building as well as the musical saturation of the text.That is why we note many texts full of scenery, nostalgia. We note, also, other texts reflecting a state of tension and anxiety in meaning or language that can only exist by the shifts in meaning, narrative, speech or poetic narration. This is where lies the role of the poet in the prior implementation of this language by using his ability and his creative force that it offers to its text in order to achieve the most accurate transmission of meaning.The researcher I try to keep track of the poetic experience of the author that lasted more than eight decades of positions.The sound collection drive ends up in front of the ancient history of Iraq, the Arab world or the whole world. He composed poems and verses to express her worries and ideas. The themes he tackled are divided between a strictly personal poetry in which he recounts his feelings and his nostalgia for his country as well as the suffering and deprivation that he assumed during his exile and a poetry which he deals jumble of eroticism, panegyric, description, elegy, caustic ... everything was covered in a style, musicality and a fertile imagination and reminds us of the flourishing period of Arabic poetry. These poems present themselves, so riddled with aesthetic creativity. He appealed to the most sparkling dress, the most eloquent language and the clearest sense of the poetry of prominent poets (šu'arâ al-Fuḥûl), the most famous poets of the time of Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri.It is for these reasons and many others, that this study will shed light on the aesthetic and creative components of his poetry. It is not surprising if we say that this character is distinguished by several figures of style and aesthetics. This is, moreover, one of the axial points as process this search. The first part "the musicality of the text." It provides analytical work of the poetic music of the author. It includes three chapters in which we treated three personal questions: the measure, rhyme and rhythm. The second part is entitled "techniques of poetic language." This question is based on several foundations and various elements that demonstrate how to use the language of the poet and his ability to shape harmoniously with the other elements of the text. This part is divided into two chapters. The third part of the title (the symbolism of the poetic image). We approached it the question of the image in the poetry of al-Jawahiri and have divided into two chapters. The fourth part is called (the symbolism in the poetry of al-Jawahiri). We have shown that the symbol plays a key role in the formation of the text and opens a wide field for interpretation in view of the fact that it is based on a coated indirect language of a relative confusion of sailing. This is where lies the pleasure of the reader who finds himself forced to reread the text several times hoping to decipher the exact meaning hidden. The most successful poetry is the one whose meaning is latent or confused....

The aim of this thesis is to find out (estimate) the value of the firm Škoda AUTO, a. s., that acting in the field of automotive industry. The thesis is separated up 6 parts. In the first part there is basic characterization of the firm. In the second part there are the strategic analysis and estimation of the future revenue. Third part is the financial analysis and a decision about financial health of this firm. Fourth part includes the value creator, that is the main source for fifth part presents the composition of financial plan. Sixth part attends to valuation of the firm. The main method has been chosen economic value added (EVA), the alternative method is the method of market comparison, in the concrete the method of comparable companies.