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In this study, Kenneth Burke's methods of dramatistic analysis is applied to the selected poetry of Nikki Giovanni, a Black contemporary female poet. The procedure, analysis of poetry for symbolic action, is a functional approach which focuses on the poetic language, Agency. The thesis, divided into four chapters, concentrates on discovery of the Purpose, a Black female motive, for the Act, Giovanni's poetry, in the Scene, contemporary Black America.

In writing/trauma, I address the association of trauma with knowledge, language, and writing. My discussion first works to establish the relationship between trauma and knowledge. I argue that trauma does not fit into the traditional Enlightenment model of scientific knowledge or the ontological model of what Michele Foucault calls the ‘truth-event.’ Rather, I contend that trauma is unique embodied knowledge, different from that of praxis and normal memory. In general, embodied knowledge is a matter of prenoetic and intentional operations. The body schema and body image maintain a power of plasticity and adjust to new motilities in order to re-establish an equilibrium when disrupted or threatened. In line with this, embodiment involves a sense of temporality, agency, and subjectivity. But in the case of extreme disruption, such as trauma, these fundamental aspects of embodiment are compromised to the point that there is a corruption of the “embodied feeling of being alive.” Physical pain, to some extent, produces this phenomenon. However, the distinctive function of the repetition compulsion within trauma distinguishes it as an exceptional embodied experience unlike physical pain or analogous phenomena. In the case of trauma, an equilibrium is not maintained, similar to the ontology of the accident. Instead, at best, we can say that what takes place is a destructive plasticity, in which the individual is transformed to the point of being a whole new ontological subject. This phenomenon of destructive plasticity is significant in establishing the relationship of language to trauma-knowledge as trauma is the precise point at which language is ruptured. That is to say, purported within psychanalytic discourse, traumatic experience is observed in a break within the symbolic order. As opposed to physical pain, then, trauma is more akin to the abject, sharing the same resistance to narrative language. Traumatic experience is expressed through semiotic compulsions in the body as a revolt of being. In light of this, I argue that trauma, rather than being treated as a pathology, is a specific embodied knowledge which can be captured in semiotic, poetic language. Moreover, fragmentary writing, the interface of fragmented knowledge and language, captures the disruptive force of traumatic experience. In conclusion, I assert that writing-trauma is valuable, not because it allows for a ‘working through’ of the traumatic experience, but because it is an expression of a distinctly human experience. My work canvases nineteenth century to contemporary literature on trauma such as Bessel van der Kolk in the neurobiological discipline, literary critics including Cathy Caruth, Dori Laub, Dominick LaCapra, et al, and the psychoanalytic theorists Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. I draw from such literature to analyze the ambiguous impossible-possibility of witnessing and giving testimony of traumatic experience in history and writing, as well as the concern with trauma and language specific to the repetition compulsion and the unconscious. Yet, my primary focus is on the contribution of philosophy to the ongoing discourse of trauma. I look to philosophical thinkers such as Michele Foucault and Friedrich Nietzsche to depict the types of epistemological models traditionally addressed within the history of philosophy. My analysis of phenomenology and embodiment is mainly informed by the works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Shaun Gallagher. Additionally, Catharine Malabou’s work on destructive plasticity provides an understanding of the ontology of the accident, one of the most critical pieces to my work. Additionally, the works of Elaine Scarry and Julia Kristeva help to disclose the intimate relationship between language and trauma. I also incorporate the work of Gloria Anzalúa along with Julia Kristeva to describe the multi-dimensionality of poetic language and how this is what allows for an articulation of embodied trauma-knowledge. Finally, Maurice Blanchot’s depiction of the disaster and fragmentary writing best captures writing-trauma as it is, like trauma, a process of fragmenting language and meaning. My purpose is to make clear the value of poetic language and fragmentary writing in regard to knowing and writing trauma. The significance to philosophy is that my discussion bridges the phenomenological and epistemological perspectives with that of the literary in order to engage in philosophical discussion on the implications and value of traumatic experience for understanding the human condition. It is my observation that the more we experience trauma, the more valuable artistic expression becomes, and the more we are pressed within the philosophical tradition to account for an experience so many individuals suffer.

Orientador: Odilon Helou Fleury Curado / Resumo: Em virtude da assertiva de que as práticas de ensino da língua materna apregoadas nos últimos anos, nas salas de aula brasileiras, seguem, comumente, o modelo monológico, ou seja, aquele centralizado em um único locutor, que se configura como o professor-avaliador, enveredamo-nos para a discussão da relevância de adotarmos uma educação dialógica, sobretudo, nas séries que compõem o Ensino Fundamental em seus anos finais. Tal argumento se respalda nos preceitos sócio-histórico/dialógico engendrados por Vigotski (2010) e Bakhtin (2003), bem como difundidos por uma profusão de pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros. Amparados, pois, nesses pilares, cremos que uma proposta de ensino voltada à linguagem como prática social possa assegurar a constituição de sujeitos responsáveis e responsivos, conscientes de seus discursos e de seus interlocutores. Por conseguinte, como também ansiando tais avanços, o texto literário como gênero discursivo foi por nós eleito, na medida em que este se ocupa de manifestações enunciativas constituídas por sujeitos concretos, sob condições de produção também concretas e específicas. Em virtude da secundarização destes textos nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, ou então, em razão das análises abstratas, voltadas a um ensino tecnicista e tradicional destes arquétipos, ansiamos desenvolver a prática da leitura de músicas, de poemas e de textos não verbais como gênero discursivo. Nossa defesa nesses, justifica-se na premissa de que tais obras possam proporci... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to the assertion that the mother tongue teaching practices proclaimed in recent years, in Brazilian classrooms, commonly follow the monological model, that is, the one centered in a single speaker, which is configured by the teacher, we we discuss the relevance of adopting a dialogical education, especially in the grades that make up elementary school in the final years. This argument is supported by the sociointeractionist / dialogical precepts engendered by Vigotski (2010) and Bakhtin (2003), as well as disseminated by a profusion of Brazilian and foreign researchers. Supported, therefore, in these pillars, we believe that a teaching proposal focused on language as a social practice can ensure the constitution of responsible and responsive subjects, aware of their speeches and their interlocutors. Consequently, as well as longing for such advances, the literary text as a discursive genre was chosen by us, insofar as it deals with enunciative manifestations constituted by concrete subjects, under specific and specific production conditions. Due to the secondary importance of these texts in Portuguese language classes, or because of the abstract analyzes, focused on a technicist and traditional teaching of these archetypes, the practice of reading music, poems and non-verbal texts as a discursive genre we wish to develop. Our defense in these, is justified on the premise that such works can provide the reader / student with a critical and valued look at the manifestations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O estudo das obras de Raduan Nassar constitui-se de um trabalho a respeito da linguagem poética pautada no exercício dialógico entre as personagens. Segundo o pensamento de Emmanuel Lévinas uma relação pautada na ética exige um olhar para o rosto do outro e dessa relação tem-se a responsabilidade, uma apreensão da subjetividade exteriorizada e não mais contida no ser. Nesse caminho analisam-se os personagens protagonistas das obras Lavoura Arcaica (1975) e Um copo de cólera (1978) que estão durante toda narrativa em relação de descoberta e devir. Vistos como personagens conceituais ou filosóficos, na concepção de Deleuze e Guattari, André, adolescente em busca de hospitalidade e alteridade na relação com o outro, traz em sua composição traços de impessoalidade, refletindo sua condição não recaindo sobre si, mas estendendo para um fora, o neutro de Blanchot que considera essa possibilidade de abertura como espaço para o um outro acontecimento. O chacareiro, da segunda obra, também em exercício dialógico, porém não poético compõe de atos de enunciação que tratam de seu percurso histórico-social e pessoal. Diante de sua interlocutora trava um embate que permeia as leis da hospitalidade frente ao acolhimento e inabitação da morada, do lugar de pertença. / The study of the works of Raduan Nassar is a work about the poetic exercise in guided dialogue among characters. According to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, a relationship based in the Ethics requires a look at the face of the other and this relationship has a responsibility, an understanding of subjectivity and not externalized in being more restrained. In this way we analyze the characters of the protagonists works Archaic Farming (1975) and a glass of Cholera (1978) that are compared throughout the narrative of discovery and becoming. Viewed as a conceptual or philosophical characters in the design of Deleuze and Guattari. André, a teenager in search of hospitality and otherness in relation to the other, brings in its composition traits of impersonality, reflecting their condition is not imposed on them, but extending to an outside the neutral Blanchot considers that the possibility of opening a space for another event. The ranch-hands, the second work, also in dialogical exercise, but not composed of poetic speech acts that deal with their historical background and personal-social. In the face of his interlocutor hangs a struggle that permeates the laws of hospitality and welcoming front of the indwelling of the address, place of belonging.

Student Number : 9803321X - MA Dissertation - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / The primary aim of this dissertation is to trace the ways in which Yvonne Vera’s final two novels, Butterfly Burning and The Stone Virgins, provide a discursive space for the enunciation of subaltern histories, which have been silenced in dominant socio-political discourse. I argue that it is through the deployment of ‘poetic language’ that Vera’s prose is able to negotiate the voicing of these suppressed narratives. In exploring these questions, I endeavour to locate Vera’s texts within the theoretical debates in postcolonial scholarship which question the ethical limitations of representing oppressed subjects in the Third World, as articulated by Gayatri Spivak, in particular. Following Spivak’s claim that subalternity is effaced in hegemonic discourse, I focus on the ways in which Vera’s inventive prose works to bring the figure of the subaltern back into signification. In order to elucidate how this dynamic operates in both novels, I employ Julia Kristeva’s psycholinguistic theory of ‘poetic language’. I argue that Kristeva’s understanding of literary practice as a transgressive modality, which is able to unsettle the silencing mechanisms of dominant monologic discourse, critically illuminates the subversive value of Vera’s fictional style for marginalised subaltern narratives.

This thesis analyses the difficulties in reading modern poetry that arise out of not the references but the unconventional use of language, and presents them in a theoretical framework based on Julia Kristeva&rsquo / s semanalytic theory and Melanie Parsons&rsquo / s application of it to a comparison of Nonsense literature and twentieth century poetry. Then aspects of the works of G. M. Hopkins, Dylan Thomas and Edith Sitwell are discussed and poems by these poets are analysed within this framework.

This thesis presents a recollection of the relation of “being” and thinking through an articulation of the gesture of etho-poetic thinking. Part I marks out a path towards such a thinking through an encounter with Martin Heidegger’s “sketch” of the self as Dasein, where his description of being-there is read as an originary language of inquiry – one which attempts to respond to the issue of being, to the questionability and groundlessness of existence stemming from simply being-in-the-world. Part I follows out a description of this language of inquiry as a pre-conceptual, pre-cognitive, attuned, bodily understanding, through chapters which unfold this sketch of Dasein. This language of inquiry is construed as a two-fold action of being begun, being sketched, and beginning, sketching-out. The final chapter of part I connects Heidegger’s articulation of “Care” to the ancient practice of “care of the self” and the transformative, etho-poetic potentiality of thinking. As the thesis proffers, it is this pre-conceptual language of inquiry which must be repeated in a resolute thinking, as Heidegger articulates it in Being and Time, seeking not to objectivise the world, to represent it, but to resonate with it. In this sense, the “purpose” of thinking is not so much the obtainment of knowledge as it is an attempt to come back into “Care” for the questionability of one’s existence. As the thesis gestures to in the conclusion, part of the attempt of the thesis is, thus, an implicit critique of the contemporary situation and discourse on thinking with its emphasis on outcomes and outputs. The thesis itself follows the two-fold structure of the language of inquiry. Whilst part I depicts Heidegger’s sketch of this originary language of inquiry, part II sketches-out this language, seeking to articulate how an etho-poetic language of inquiry can occur in writing by bringing the sketch of part one into conversation with other etho-poetic thinkers; Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic, Jan Zwicky, Giorgio Agamben, Lisa Robertson. In this way, through the textual composition of the writing, the thesis presents itself as the primary example of such a language of inquiry, making it not an investigation which objectifies an etho-poetic thinking, but makes an attempt at its own performance of it.

Submitted by ROBSON RICARDO DAL SANTO FARIA null (robissonfaria@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T17:51:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese Robson R R D S Faria.pdf: 2417236 bytes, checksum: eb049998297cd47c37d087d63a23cd89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-12T19:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_rrds_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2417236 bytes, checksum: eb049998297cd47c37d087d63a23cd89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T19:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_rrds_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2417236 bytes, checksum: eb049998297cd47c37d087d63a23cd89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Partindo de um estudo dos elementos estruturais e fabulares que compõem o texto Um sopro de vida (LISPECTOR, 1980), esta pesquisa busca entender qual a função da metalinguagem na construção do livro e a sua relação com os outros elementos que o compõem. Tal investigação surge da identificação do desenvolvimento, em Um sopro de vida, de temas constantes na obra da autora, já apontados anteriormente por Benedito Nunes em O drama da linguagem (NUNES, 1995) e por Arnaldo Franco Júnior em Mau gosto e kitch em Clarice Lispector e Dalton Trevisan (FRANCO JR, 2000). Em Um sopro de vida, este último texto de Clarice, esses temas se instituem como um testamento artístico e são problematizados e conduzidos a extremos pela instauração de impasses, que se apresentam por meio da elaboração da estrutura textual (espaço, tempo, personagens, narrador) e fabular (enredo, linguagem), estabelecendo uma tensão que se estende ao longo do livro e o conduz a uma quase “auto implosão”, um desmoronamento concêntrico-textual, mas não realizado plenamente. Há um movimento interno da linguagem que impede a “falência” do texto, iconizando seu conteúdo e dando a Um sopro de vida sustentação, fazendo do texto ainda um texto literário, sendo o seu “sopro de vida”. Dentro desse panorama, as perguntas que se apresentam são: a metalinguagem, em sua relação com a linguagem poética e com outros elementos textuais, contribui para o encaminhamento do texto a um processo de autodestruição textual ou para impedir que esta se dê plenamente? Este aspecto pôde ser verificado também anteriormente, durante o trabalho de mestrado (FARIA, 2007), no livro A hora da estrela (LISPECTOR, 1999), e seu estudo será aqui aproveitado não com a intenção de se construir uma leitura comparativa entre as duas obras, mas de auxiliar na construção desta outra análise. / Starting from a study about the structural and fable's elements that compose the text Um sopro de vida (LISPECTOR, 1980), this research tries to understand what is the metalanguage's function in the book's construction and its relation to the others elements that compose it. Such investigation comes up from the identification of the development, in Um sopro de vida, of constant themes in the author’s work, already pointed before by Benedito Nunes in O drama da linguagem (NUNES, 1995) and by Arnaldo Franco Júnior in Mau gosto e kitch em Clarice Lispector e Dalton Trevisan (FRANCO JR, 2000). In Um sopro de vida, the last Clarice’s text, those themes establish themselves like an artistic testament and they are problematized and conducted to the extreme for the impasses establishment, that present themselves through the elaboration of the textual structure (space, time, characters, teller) and fable structure (storyline, language), establishing a tension that extend throughout book and conduct it to an almost “self-implosion”, a concentric-textual collapse, but not fully realised. There is a internal movement of the language that prevent the “failure” of the text, iconizing its content and giving support to Um sopro de vida, making the text a literary text yet, being its own “breath of life”. According to that outline, the questions are does the metalanguage, at its relation to the poetic language and others text’s elements, contribute to the text routing to a process about self-destruction or to prevent it completely? The same aspect was also verified before, during the master's work (FARIA, 2007), in the book A hora da estrela (LISPECTOR, 1999), and that study will be used here not to compare the works, but to assist this new analysis.

O estudo das obras de Raduan Nassar constitui-se de um trabalho a respeito da linguagem poética pautada no exercício dialógico entre as personagens. Segundo o pensamento de Emmanuel Lévinas uma relação pautada na ética exige um olhar para o rosto do outro e dessa relação tem-se a responsabilidade, uma apreensão da subjetividade exteriorizada e não mais contida no ser. Nesse caminho analisam-se os personagens protagonistas das obras Lavoura Arcaica (1975) e Um copo de cólera (1978) que estão durante toda narrativa em relação de descoberta e devir. Vistos como personagens conceituais ou filosóficos, na concepção de Deleuze e Guattari, André, adolescente em busca de hospitalidade e alteridade na relação com o outro, traz em sua composição traços de impessoalidade, refletindo sua condição não recaindo sobre si, mas estendendo para um fora, o neutro de Blanchot que considera essa possibilidade de abertura como espaço para o um outro acontecimento. O chacareiro, da segunda obra, também em exercício dialógico, porém não poético compõe de atos de enunciação que tratam de seu percurso histórico-social e pessoal. Diante de sua interlocutora trava um embate que permeia as leis da hospitalidade frente ao acolhimento e inabitação da morada, do lugar de pertença. / The study of the works of Raduan Nassar is a work about the poetic exercise in guided dialogue among characters. According to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, a relationship based in the Ethics requires a look at the face of the other and this relationship has a responsibility, an understanding of subjectivity and not externalized in being more restrained. In this way we analyze the characters of the protagonists works Archaic Farming (1975) and a glass of Cholera (1978) that are compared throughout the narrative of discovery and becoming. Viewed as a conceptual or philosophical characters in the design of Deleuze and Guattari. André, a teenager in search of hospitality and otherness in relation to the other, brings in its composition traits of impersonality, reflecting their condition is not imposed on them, but extending to an outside the neutral Blanchot considers that the possibility of opening a space for another event. The ranch-hands, the second work, also in dialogical exercise, but not composed of poetic speech acts that deal with their historical background and personal-social. In the face of his interlocutor hangs a struggle that permeates the laws of hospitality and welcoming front of the indwelling of the address, place of belonging.