Spelling suggestions: "subject:"[een] CREDIT RISK"" "subject:"[enn] CREDIT RISK""
101 |
A Multi-Stage Heuristic of Breakpoint Estimation for Rating ClassesLehmann, Christoph 27 March 2017 (has links) (PDF)
We assume pairs of random variables (X_i, Y_i), whereby the real variable X_i measures the creditworthiness of individual i with i = 1, . . . , n. The Bernoulli variable Y_i represents the default indicator of individual i. Our main target is a division of the creditworthiness into a given number of groups with a homogeneous default risk, i.e. to estimate rating classes. The framework of change point analysis provides a nonparametric method to estimate the breakpoints between the rating classes under quite weak assumptions.
Up to now, the theory of breakpoint estimation is developed under the assumption of exactly one breakpoint. The contribution at hand, basically implements this theory, but extends it into a multi-stage heuristic. That means, we sequentially apply the theory for only one breakpoint as a multi-stage procedure. With this article we transfer the interesting theoretical issue of breakpoint estimation into an applicable form. Thereby, all the results are checked and obtained by simulation.
The main results are as follows. Applying a sequential breakpoint estimation basically works and leads to outcomes of practical purpose. Thereby, the multistage heuristic reveals some weakness esp. in the case of quite huge differences between default probabilities that can be resolved by some interventions.
|
102 |
Odhad pravděpodobnosti selhání s využitím makroekonomických faktorů / Probability of default modelling using macroeconomic factorsZsigraiová, Monika January 2014 (has links)
The thesis evaluates relationship between probability of default of non-financial corporations and households and evolution of macroeconomic environment. This work contributes to the literature of credit risk proving importance of macroeconomic variables in determining the PDs both on aggregate level and for sector of non-financial corporations and sector of households in the Czech Republic. Evaluation of an impact of the recent financial crisis on the PDs are done by employing latent factor model and FAVAR model on monthly data of non-performing loans and other macroeconomic variables covering the period 01/2002-06/2013. Finally, an ability to forecast and fit the data of FAVAR model and one factor latent model are compared. The comparison indicates that latent factor model should be more appropriate than FAVAR model.
|
103 |
Vybrané rizikové parametry v IRB přístupu a jejich modelování / Selected risk parameters in IRB approach and their modelingMalec, Jaromír January 2013 (has links)
The determination of lending (credit) risk is one of the most important fields of bank activities. This thesis discusses the IRB approach under Basel II. This approach includes the LGD, EAD and PD parameters. All parameters are individually modelled by the bank using regulator approved models. Parameter PD is the most focused one in this thesis. Theory for this parameter is of interest in many papers. However, at present the need for modelling of PD parameter over more years is appearing. Parameter LGD is also discussed in this thesis. The parameter EAD is only briefly presented. The thesis begins with the IRB approach, regression models and evaluation indicators, and then it focuses on the above parameters.
|
104 |
Inkasní agentury v ČR a jejich úloha v procesu řízení rizik / Debt Collection Agencies in the Czech Republic and Their Role in the Risk Management ProcessTanzerová, Radka January 2010 (has links)
This diploma thesis consists of two parts. The first part deals with theory and practice of credit risk management in non-financial enterprises in the Czech Repulic. The other part focuses on collection agencies - it defines their services, describes legislation that regulates their business, state their advantages and disadvantages in comparison to other ways of collecting debts and provides an analysis of the debt collection agencies market in the Czech Republic based on a questionnaire survey.
|
105 |
Poistenie pohľadávok / Credit InsuranceKačuriak, Juraj January 2010 (has links)
The main goal of thesis is to give explanation of credit insurance process. Theoretical unit describes potential risks in the international and domestic trade and instruments by which these risks can be eliminated or reduced. The practical part is focus on the service of credit insurance as an effective tool to ensure against the risk. On the case study is calculated by using Net Present Value dependence on the size of discount rate, size of insured loss and date of insurance claim. In the final part of the thesis author take a think of what extent are credit insurance companies responsible for the deepening of economic recession.
|
106 |
[en] QUANTIFICATION OF CREDIT RISK: AN APPROACH USING MERTONS STRUCTURAL MODEL / [pt] QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO RISCO DE CRÉDITO: UMA ABORDAGEM UTILIZANDO O MODELO ESTRUTURAL DE MERTONJOSE CARLOS FRANCO DE ABREU NETO 19 February 2009 (has links)
[pt] Mensurar o risco de default justo para uma empresa sempre foi uma tarefa
crucial para uma instituição financeira na hora de emprestar, principalmente, hoje
em dia, com o aumento da competitividade e a redução dos spreads. Por outro
lado, as empresas também precisam ser críticas e devem saber determinar o seu
grau de risco com a mesma exatidão das instituições financeiras.Todos os agentes
de mercado devem possuir as melhores ferramentas para mensurar o risco de
crédito. Com esse intuito será apresentado nesta dissertação uma metodologia de
análise de risco de crédito que está sendo muito discutida no momento. O foco
será no modelo teórico de equilíbrio de Merton, 1974, que foi amplamente
difundido pela KMV Corporation, que desenvolveu um modelo baseado nas
premissas de Merton para fazer previsão de default. A dissertação começará com
uma abordagem sobre o cenário que levou ao desenvolvimento de novos modelos
para quantificar o risco de crédito. Em seguida, será feita uma revisão da
modelagem KMV e da modelagem DLI (baseada na teoria de Merton, 1974).
Após, será estimado o valor dos ativos a partir do valor do equity e calculada a
probabilidade de default de empresas brasileiras, negociadas em bolsa, e que
realmente entraram em default. Serão discutidas as vantagens e desvantagens
apresentadas por estes dois modelos e as diferenças que existem entre a
modelagem da KMV e a DLI. / [en] Measuring the fair default risk for a company, has always
been a crucial task
for a financial institution when it comes to granting
loans, especially nowadays,
with the rise in competitiveness and the reduction of the
spreads. On the other
hand, companies need to be analytical and must know how to
determine their
level of risk with the same accuracy as the financial
institutions. Every market
agent must possess the best tools to measure the credit
risk, and with this purpose,
the most discussed subject of the moment will be presented
in this dissertation.
The focus will be on the theoretical model of equilibrium
by Merton, 1974, which
was widely spread by KMV Corporation, who developed a model
based on
Merton`s premises in order to be able to predict default.
The dissertation will start
with an approach over the scenario that led to the
development of new models to
quantify the credit risk. Next, a review over the KMV model
and the DLI model
(based on Merton, 1974) will be done. After that, we will
estimate the asset value
starting from the equity value, and calculate the
probability of default of Brazilian
companies that are negotiated on the stock exchange, and
who`ve really gone into
default. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages
presented by these two
models and the existing difference between the KMV and the
DLI models.
|
107 |
Redes Bayesianas aplicadas à análise do risco de crédito. / Bayesian networks applied to the anilysis of credit risk.Karcher, Cristiane 26 February 2009 (has links)
Modelos de Credit Scoring são utilizados para estimar a probabilidade de um cliente proponente ao crédito se tornar inadimplente, em determinado período, baseadas em suas informações pessoais e financeiras. Neste trabalho, a técnica proposta em Credit Scoring é Redes Bayesianas (RB) e seus resultados foram comparados aos da Regressão Logística. As RB avaliadas foram as Bayesian Network Classifiers, conhecidas como Classificadores Bayesianos, com seguintes tipos de estrutura: Naive Bayes, Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) e General Bayesian Network (GBN). As estruturas das RB foram obtidas por Aprendizado de Estrutura a partir de uma base de dados real. Os desempenhos dos modelos foram avaliados e comparados através das taxas de acerto obtidas da Matriz de Confusão, da estatística Kolmogorov-Smirnov e coeficiente Gini. As amostras de desenvolvimento e de validação foram obtidas por Cross-Validation com 10 partições. A análise dos modelos ajustados mostrou que as RB e a Regressão Logística apresentaram desempenho similar, em relação a estatística Kolmogorov- Smirnov e ao coeficiente Gini. O Classificador TAN foi escolhido como o melhor modelo, pois apresentou o melhor desempenho nas previsões dos clientes maus pagadores e permitiu uma análise dos efeitos de interação entre variáveis. / Credit Scoring Models are used to estimate the insolvency probability of a customer, in a period, based on their personal and financial information. In this text, the proposed model for Credit Scoring is Bayesian Networks (BN) and its results were compared to Logistic Regression. The BN evaluated were the Bayesian Networks Classifiers, with structures of type: Naive Bayes, Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) and General Bayesian Network (GBN). The RB structures were developed using a Structure Learning technique from a real database. The models performance were evaluated and compared through the hit rates observed in Confusion Matrix, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and Gini coefficient. The development and validation samples were obtained using a Cross-Validation criteria with 10-fold. The analysis showed that the fitted BN models have the same performance as the Logistic Regression Models, evaluating the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and Gini coefficient. The TAN Classifier was selected as the best BN model, because it performed better in prediction of bad customers and allowed an interaction effects analysis between variables.
|
108 |
Basiléia II no Brasil: uma reflexão com foco na regulação bancária para risco de crédito - resolução CMN 2.682/99 / Basel II in Brazil: a reflexion focused on bank regulation for credit risk - cmn resolution 2682/99Verrone, Marco Antonio Guimarães 13 December 2007 (has links)
O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em analisar, sob a ótica do risco de crédito, as principais questões relativas à implantação de Basiléia II no Brasil. O foco principal de pesquisa concentra-se na análise do quadro regulamentar proposto por Basiléia II comparativamente à Resolução CMN 2.682/99, principal norma que regula a mensuração do risco de crédito no Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Tal comparação tem por objetivo compreender e qualificar as diferenças, em termos dos conceitos adotados e de sua abrangência e operacionalização, entre o quadro normativo atual e o desenhado por Basiléia II. Estender essa comparação até a regulamentação anterior, a Resolução CMN 1748/90, permite caracterizar a natureza evolutiva do processo que levará à adoção de Basiléia II, evidenciando que uma ampla revisão nos conceitos relativos à mensuração do risco de crédito ocorreu no Brasil com a edição da Resolução CMN 2682/99. O presente trabalho é justificado por seu direcionamento a uma questão até o momento pouco explorada: a análise da implantação de Basiléia II no Brasil considerando o ambiente de regulação para crédito existente no país. Sem minimizar a complexidade de Basiléia II, explora-se a hipótese de que as maiores dificuldades para sua implementação no Brasil referem-se à complexidade de seus aspectos operacionais, mais do que à novidade conceitual propriamente dita, especialmente em relação aos conceitos presentes na norma brasileira para risco de crédito e sua aplicação prática a partir de sua edição, em 1999. Supre-se a carência de bibliografia discutindo Basiléia II a partir da realidade regulatória brasileira mediante a realização de um levantamento de natureza exploratória junto aos agentes de mercado envolvidos com o tema, capturando sua percepção sobre a natureza das dificuldades que vem sendo enfrentadas na preparação para Basiléia II, bem como seu entendimento quanto à evolução da regulação de crédito brasileira. / The main objective of this work is the analysis of the credit risk aspects related to the implementation of Basel II in Brazil. The research focus consists in the analysis of the regulatory framework proposed by Basel II compared to CMN Resolution 2.682/99, the most relevant credit risk regulation of Brazilian banking system. The purpose is to understand and qualify the differences between present regulatory environment and Basel II framework, focusing conceptual terms, involved areas and operationalization requirements. Extending such comparison to previous regulation (CMN Resolution 1748/90) characterizes the evolutive nature of Basel II adaptation process, showing that a large amount of conceptual changes concerning credit risk measurement has already happened in Brasil with CMN Resolution 2682/99. The present research can be justified by the focus on a relevant, but not properly studied aspect: the challenge of implementing Basel II in Brazil considering the regulation credit environment in the country. The explored hypothesis lies in the fact that the major difficulties for Basel II adoption in Brazil refer to the complexity of the operational aspects rather than the new concepts involved. The lack of relevant bibliography discussing Basel II based on the regulatory Brazilian environment is supplied by an exploratory survey with market agents, bringing up their perception over the nature of all the difficulties faced during the preparation to Basel II, as well as their understanding over the related aspects concerning Brazilian credit regulation.
|
109 |
Testes de estresse em sistemas financeiros: uma aplicação ao Brasil / Financial systems stress testing: an application to BrazilSantos, Toni Ricardo Eugenio dos 28 May 2008 (has links)
Esta dissertação revê as metodologias de teste de estresse em sistemas financeiros e descreve uma análise de cenário e um teste de estresse aplicado ao Brasil. Os cenários macroeconômicos são modelados por vetores auto-regressivos e o teste de estresse por um probit ordenado com efeitos aleatórios. Dados para o Brasil no período de 11/2002 a 11/2007 são usados para estimar os cenários macroeconômicos. A experiência brasileira de 2002 e início de 2003 parecem particularmente interessante para um teste de estresse por incluir uma grande volatilidade de mercado com taxas de inadimplência e perdas bancárias acima da média. A introdução de cenários macroeconômicos no teste de estresse do sistema financeiro brasileiro e o uso de regressões de dados categorizados com dados em painel são a principal contribuição deste trabalho. O modelo pode ser estendido para usar dados para um setor industrial especifico para identificar potenciais riscos de concentração de empréstimos. / This dissertation reviews financial system stress-testing methodologies and describes a scenario analysis and macro stress testing applied to Brazil. The macroeconomic scenarios are modeled by a vector autoregressive and the stress testing by a random effects ordered probit panel. Data for Brazil over the time period from 11/2002 to 11/2007 is used to estimate the macroeconomic scenarios. The Brazilian experience in 2002 and early 2003 appears particularly suited for macro stress-testing as it includes a great market volatility with significantly higher than average default rates and banks\' losses. Introducing macroeconomic scenarios in Brazilian financial system stress-testing and using categorical regression with panel data are the main contributions of the dissertation. The model can be extended to use industrial specific sector data to stress in order to identify potential risks of loans\' concentration.
|
110 |
Modelo preditivo para perda de crédito e sua aplicação em decisão de spread / A model of credit loss and its application in decision of spreadMello, Joao Fernando Serrajordia Rocha de 01 April 2009 (has links)
Métodos analíticos para concessão de crédito vêm apresentando enormes avanços nas últimas décadas, particularmente no que se refere a métodos estatísticos de classificação para identificar grupos de indivíduos com diferentes taxas de inadimplência. A maioria dos trabalhos existentes sugere decisões do tipo conceder o crédito ou não, considerando apenas de forma marginal o resultado esperado da operação. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de propor um modelo de avaliação de risco de crédito mais complexo que os tradicionais modelos de Credit Scoring, que forneça uma perspectiva mais detalhada acerca do desempenho futuro de um contrato de crédito, e que vá além da classificação entre bom e mau pagador. Aliado a este ganho de informação na previsibilidade oferecida pelo modelo, também é objetivo ampliar o espaço de decisões do problema, saindo de uma resposta binária (como aceitar/rejeitar o crédito) para algo que responda à seguinte pergunta: qual é a taxa justa para cobrir determinado risco?. / Analytical methods for granting credit are presenting enormous advances in recent decades, particularly in the field of statistical methods of classification to identify groups of individuals with different rates of default. Most of the existing work suggests decisions of the type granting credit or not, regarding just marginally the expected outcome of the operation. This work aims to propose a model to evaluate credit risk with more complexity than the traditional \"Credit Scoring\" models, providing a more detailed view about the future performance of a credit agreement, which goes beyond the classification of good and bad payers. Coupled with this improvement of information offered by the model, it is also this works aim to expand the decision space of the problem, leaving a binary response (such as accept/reject the claim) to something that answers the following question: \"what is the fair rate to cover a given risk \".
|
Page generated in 0.0292 seconds