Η τεράστια και ραγδαία ανάπτυξη στην επιστήμη και στην τεχνολογία σε αυτήν την υφήλιο, τέτοια όπως τα ΓΣΠ και η δορυφορική ψηφιακή χαρτογράφηση οφείλεται στην επιτακτική ανάγκη της ανάπτυξης των χωρών να την προλάβουν και να την αξιοποιήσουν. Η χρήση της τεχνολογίας των ΓΣΠ είναι ουσιώδης, καθώς εξελίσσεται σε ένα από τα καλύτερα και γρηγορότερα εργαλεία ως προς την αξιοποίηση των παραγωγικών πόρων και βοηθά στην απόφαση υποστήριξης της διαδικασίας. Τα ΓΣΠ χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία των ηλεκτρονικών χαρτών δημιουργώντας αλληλεπίδραση με πολύ-επίπεδους χάρτες έτσι ώστε να βρεθούν βέλτιστες λύσεις για τα προβλήματα. Συνδυάζει χωρικά και μη-χωρικά δεδομένα για να κατασκευάσει πληροφορίες που μπορούν εύκολα να αναλυθούν από αυτούς που παίρνουν αποφάσεις. Χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνολογία των ΓΣΠ έχουμε ένα ισχυρό εργαλείο για την επίτευξη του σχεδιασμού αφού ο ψηφιακός χάρτης θα μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί στην εύρεση καλύτερων τοποθεσιών για διαφορετικούς σκοπούς όπως στις τράπεζες, στα ΑΤΜ, στα νέα σχολεία, εστιατόρια κτλ. Η εργασία συζητά τα κριτήρια που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στη στατική ανάλυση και επίσης αναφέρεται στην επιτυχία της GIS ανάλυσης στο να προτείνει τοποθεσίες για τα ΑΤΜ. / The huge and rapid advancement in science and technology in this globe such as GIS and Satellite digital mapping makes it a must for developing countries to catch-up and utilize it. Usage of GIS-technology is essential, as it is becoming one of the better and faster tools to manage resources and helps in the decision support process .A GIS uses electronic mapping technology in producing interactive multi-layer maps so that queries are set to find optimal solutions for problems. It combines spatial and non-spatial data to construct visualized information that can be easily analyzed by decision makers.Using GIS technology is a powerful tool to help in planning since the digital map could be used in defining best positions for different purposes such as banks, ATMs, new schools, restaurant, etc. The paper discusses the criteria used in the spatial analysis, and also, reports on the success of the resultant GIS analysis to suggest proper locations for ATM’s.

Há alguns anos, a necessidade de armazenar a história das informações e o período no qual as mesmas são válidas ou não no mundo real, está crescendo. As próprias leis vigentes no país fazem com que isto seja uma necessidade quando, por exemplo, criam uma tabela de tempo de validade para o armazenamento de documentos fiscais ou de recursos humanos. Neste âmbito destaca-se a importância do estudo de modelos de dados temporais que gerenciem este tipo de informação. Tais modelos definem a forma como as informações são organizadas, mantidas e recuperadas. A implementação destes modelos, entretanto, é realizada sobre bancos de dados (BD) convencionais, uma vez que ainda não existe um BD totalmente temporal. O mapeamento de um modelo temporal sobre um convencional não impede que sejam satisfeitas todas as necessidades de representação temporal, desde que seja realizado de forma coerente. As diferentes informações temporais que podem ser utilizadas para a representação de tempo são o tempo de transação e o tempo de validade. Quando se deseja uma representação completa da realidade, utilizam-se bancos de dados bitemporais, através dos quais é possível recuperar todas as informações passadas, presentes e futuras. Este trabalho apresenta o mapeamento de um modelo de dados bitemporal (modelo TF-ORM) para um SGBD convencional (Oracle). Este mapeamento compreende, além das informações temporais, todas as características do modelo, dentre as quais: classes e papéis, mensagens, regras, propriedades dinâmicas e estáticas. É apresentada, ainda, a definição de um gerenciador temporal, o qual busca automatizar o que é implementado. Complementando o estudo realizado, são apresentadas sugestões de operações a serem realizadas pelos desenvolvedores de aplicações temporais quando da manutenção das informações. As operações de inserção, atualização e remoção em uma base temporal são analisadas, independente do tipo de BD temporal implementado. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para validar todas as definições realizadas. / The need for storing the information’s history and the period in which they are still valid in the real world has been growing in the last few years. The very existing laws in the country make it necessary when, for instance, a validity temporal table is created for storing business or human resources documents. Therefore, the study of temporal data models which manage this kind of information has become very important. Such models define the way in which the information is organized, kept and recovered. The implementation of these models, though, is carried out over conventional data bases (DB), once there is no a totally temporal DB. The mapping of a temporal model over a conventional one allows all of its requirements to be met, as long as it is made coherently. The different temporal information that can be used for time representation are the transaction time and the validity time. Whenever a complete representation of the reality is wanted, bitemporal databases are used. These bases make it possible to recover all the past information as well as present and future information. This work presents the mapping of a temporal data model (TF-ORM model) for a conventional DBMS (Oracle). Besides the temporal information, this mapping comprehends all the model’s characteristics, such as: classes and roles, messages, rules, dynamic and static properties. It is also presented a definition of a temporal manager which aims at automating what is implemented. In addition to this study, suggestions of operations to be carried out by the developers of temporal applications for the maintenance of the information are presented. The operations of inserting, updating and removing on temporal base are analyzed, apart from the kind of DB implemented. A case study is presented in order to validate all the definitions made.

Much research has been undertaken to gain insight into business alignment of IT. This alignment basically aims to improve a firm’s performance by an improved harmonization of the business function and the IT function within a firm. The thesis discusses previous approaches and constructs an overall framework, which a potential approach needs to fit in. Being in a highly regulated industry, for airports there is little space left to increase revenues. However, the retailing business has proven to be an area that may contribute towards higher income for airport operators. Consequently, airport management should focus on supporting this business segment. Nevertheless, it needs to be taken into account that smooth airport operations are a precondition for successful retailing business at an airport. Applying the concept of information intensity, the processes of gate allocation and airport retailing have been determined to appraise the potential that may be realized upon (improved) synchronization of the two. It has been found that the lever is largest in the planning phase (i.e. prior to operations), and thus support by means of information technology (for information distribution and improved planning) may help to enable an improved overall retail performance. In order to determine potential variables, which might influence the output, a process decomposition has been conducted along with the development of an appropriate information model. The derived research model has been tested in different scenarios. For this purpose an adequate gate allocation algorithm has been developed and implemented in a purposewritten piece of software. To calibrate the model, actual data (several hundred thousand data items from Frankfurt Airport) from two flight plan seasons has been used. Key findings: The results show that under the conditions described it seems feasible to increase retail sales in the magnitude of 9% to 21%. The most influential factors (besides the constraining rule set and a retail area’s specific performance) proved to be a flight’s minimum and maximum time at a gate as well as its buffer time at gate. However, as some of the preconditions may not be accepted by airport management or national regulators, the results may be taken as an indication for cost incurred, in case the suggested approach is not considered. The transferability to other airport business models and limitations of the research approach are discussed at the end along with suggestions for future areas of research.

Há alguns anos, a necessidade de armazenar a história das informações e o período no qual as mesmas são válidas ou não no mundo real, está crescendo. As próprias leis vigentes no país fazem com que isto seja uma necessidade quando, por exemplo, criam uma tabela de tempo de validade para o armazenamento de documentos fiscais ou de recursos humanos. Neste âmbito destaca-se a importância do estudo de modelos de dados temporais que gerenciem este tipo de informação. Tais modelos definem a forma como as informações são organizadas, mantidas e recuperadas. A implementação destes modelos, entretanto, é realizada sobre bancos de dados (BD) convencionais, uma vez que ainda não existe um BD totalmente temporal. O mapeamento de um modelo temporal sobre um convencional não impede que sejam satisfeitas todas as necessidades de representação temporal, desde que seja realizado de forma coerente. As diferentes informações temporais que podem ser utilizadas para a representação de tempo são o tempo de transação e o tempo de validade. Quando se deseja uma representação completa da realidade, utilizam-se bancos de dados bitemporais, através dos quais é possível recuperar todas as informações passadas, presentes e futuras. Este trabalho apresenta o mapeamento de um modelo de dados bitemporal (modelo TF-ORM) para um SGBD convencional (Oracle). Este mapeamento compreende, além das informações temporais, todas as características do modelo, dentre as quais: classes e papéis, mensagens, regras, propriedades dinâmicas e estáticas. É apresentada, ainda, a definição de um gerenciador temporal, o qual busca automatizar o que é implementado. Complementando o estudo realizado, são apresentadas sugestões de operações a serem realizadas pelos desenvolvedores de aplicações temporais quando da manutenção das informações. As operações de inserção, atualização e remoção em uma base temporal são analisadas, independente do tipo de BD temporal implementado. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para validar todas as definições realizadas. / The need for storing the information’s history and the period in which they are still valid in the real world has been growing in the last few years. The very existing laws in the country make it necessary when, for instance, a validity temporal table is created for storing business or human resources documents. Therefore, the study of temporal data models which manage this kind of information has become very important. Such models define the way in which the information is organized, kept and recovered. The implementation of these models, though, is carried out over conventional data bases (DB), once there is no a totally temporal DB. The mapping of a temporal model over a conventional one allows all of its requirements to be met, as long as it is made coherently. The different temporal information that can be used for time representation are the transaction time and the validity time. Whenever a complete representation of the reality is wanted, bitemporal databases are used. These bases make it possible to recover all the past information as well as present and future information. This work presents the mapping of a temporal data model (TF-ORM model) for a conventional DBMS (Oracle). Besides the temporal information, this mapping comprehends all the model’s characteristics, such as: classes and roles, messages, rules, dynamic and static properties. It is also presented a definition of a temporal manager which aims at automating what is implemented. In addition to this study, suggestions of operations to be carried out by the developers of temporal applications for the maintenance of the information are presented. The operations of inserting, updating and removing on temporal base are analyzed, apart from the kind of DB implemented. A case study is presented in order to validate all the definitions made.

abstract: The dynamics of urban water use are characterized by spatial and temporal variability that is influenced by associated factors at different scales. Thus it is important to capture the relationship between urban water use and its determinants in a spatio-temporal framework in order to enhance understanding and management of urban water demand. This dissertation aims to contribute to understanding the spatio-temporal relationships between single-family residential (SFR) water use and its determinants in a desert city. The dissertation has three distinct papers to support this goal. In the first paper, I demonstrate that aggregated scale data can be reliably used to study the relationship between SFR water use and its determinants without leading to significant ecological fallacy. The usability of aggregated scale data facilitates scientific inquiry about SFR water use with more available aggregated scale data. The second paper advances understanding of the relationship between SFR water use and its associated factors by accounting for the spatial and temporal dependence in a panel data setting. The third paper of this dissertation studies the historical contingency, spatial heterogeneity, and spatial connectivity in the relationship of SFR water use and its determinants by comparing three different regression models. This dissertation demonstrates the importance and necessity of incorporating spatio-temporal components, such as scale, dependence, and heterogeneity, into SFR water use research. Spatial statistical models should be used to understand the effects of associated factors on water use and test the effectiveness of certain management policies since spatial effects probably will significantly influence the estimates if only non-spatial statistical models are used. Urban water demand management should pay attention to the spatial heterogeneity in predicting the future water demand to achieve more accurate estimates, and spatial statistical models provide a promising method to do this job. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Sustainability 2013

As informações contidas em uma Base de Dados para projeto não são obtidas apenas cumulativamente, mas também através de refinamentos e mudanças sucessivas nas informações já disponíveis. Diversas pesquisas mostram-se preocupadas com este aspecto e propõem conceitos e mecanismos de controle de Versões que podem ser incorporados a Modelos de Bases de Dados Orientadas a Objetos. Alguns destes trabalhos, aqui estudados, focalizam o uso de Versões na evolução não apenas da Base de Dados Extensional (Instâncias), ou seja, nas informações colhidas do mundo real e utilizadas pelas aplicações, mas também sua utilização como um mecanismo eficiente de Evolução do Esquema de Dados (a Base de Dados Intencional). Com o objetivo principal de constituir um núcleo básico de conceitos e mecanismos que possam atender as mais variadas aplicações, este trabalho estabelece um Modelo de Versões apoiado no conceito de Objeto Composto e que permite uma correlação direta e transparente entre Versões de Instâncias e de Esquemas, ou seja, cada Versão na Base Extensional tem relação direta e única com a Versão da Base Intencional utilizada em sua instanciação. Adicionalmente, este trabalho estabelece um Meta-Modelo de Versões cujas especificações poderão direcionar as pesquisas de futuros Modelos de Versões, no sentido de apoiar a elaboração de Modelos de Versões sofisticados ou simples para aplicações específicas ou gerais, e também poderão ser utilizadas para o estabelecimento de mecanismos para a classificação e comparação de Modelos de Versões. / Data stored in project databases are obtained not only by the increasing inclusion of more and more data, but also through refinements and alterations into the already existent information. There are many works involving those subjects, studying concepts and control mechanisms to support data versioning in Object-Oriented Database Systems. Some of these works focus on the Version Control support in the stored data (the Extensional Database), aiming at recognizing and controlling the occurrence of many data versions from the same subject. Other works focus on the support of version control over the Data Schema (the Intentional Database), aiming at finding mechanisms that permit the recovery of different data structured in different ways from the same subject. This work presents a Version Model, based on the Composite Objects concept, providing a homogeneous support to Version Control in the Extensional and the Intentional Databases. In this model, the Extensional data is partitioned into Composite Objects, and the parts of each Object are interpreted with only one of several possible schemes that are used to instantiate the parts of objects of this kind. This Version Model was conceived to be useful to a broad range of application domains, deriving a set of concepts that had permitted to construct a Version Meta-Model. The Meta-Model is sufficiently generic to aid constructing elementary or complex Version Models, applied to generic or specific needs, and depicting mechanisms to aid the classification and comparison of existing or proposed Version Model.

Os Sistemas de Armazenamento e Comunicação de Imagens Médicas fornecem, para os físicos, médicos e técnicos de um centro de saúde, informações gráficas sobre vários aspectos envolvidos no diagnóstico de cada paciente. Atualmente, os exames médicos produzem uma grande quantidade de informação em função dos equipamentos médicos computadorizados, utilizados principalmente para se obter dados imagens internas dos pacientes. Este trabalho descreve os conceitos utilizados em Sistema de Banco de Dados Orientado a Objetos para manipular imagens medicas, de tal forma que possam ser recuperadas através de consultas, baseadas na descrição de seu conteúdo gráfico. A abordagem tradicional utiliza ícones e atributos textuais, armazenados juntamente com as imagens, para especificar as consultas. Este trabalho utiliza uma nova técnica de modelagem para definir o \"tipo de dado imagem\", que permite decidir, anteriormente à execução da consulta, os dados que possam ser significativos para cada imagem, no instante que esta é armazenada no Banco de Dados. Desta forma, a busca por uma determinada informação pode ser acelerada. durante a avaliação de uma consulta. / Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) applied in medical image storage provides graphical information of many aspects of the health, diseases and treatment of each patient for the physician and technicians of a health care center. Nowadays, medical exams can generate a large amount of data due to the computerized medical instruments used to collect the graphical information about the patients. This work describes the concepts used in an Object Oriented Data Base System to deal with medical images, so that it can be retrieved through queries based on the graphic contents of the stored images. The usual approach uses icons and textual attributes stored with the images to specify the queries. This work uses a novel modeling technique to define the \"image data type\", through which it is possible to decide, beforehand the query itself, the valuable data of each image when it is stored in the database, so the search can be accelerated when queries are issued.

Há alguns anos, a necessidade de armazenar a história das informações e o período no qual as mesmas são válidas ou não no mundo real, está crescendo. As próprias leis vigentes no país fazem com que isto seja uma necessidade quando, por exemplo, criam uma tabela de tempo de validade para o armazenamento de documentos fiscais ou de recursos humanos. Neste âmbito destaca-se a importância do estudo de modelos de dados temporais que gerenciem este tipo de informação. Tais modelos definem a forma como as informações são organizadas, mantidas e recuperadas. A implementação destes modelos, entretanto, é realizada sobre bancos de dados (BD) convencionais, uma vez que ainda não existe um BD totalmente temporal. O mapeamento de um modelo temporal sobre um convencional não impede que sejam satisfeitas todas as necessidades de representação temporal, desde que seja realizado de forma coerente. As diferentes informações temporais que podem ser utilizadas para a representação de tempo são o tempo de transação e o tempo de validade. Quando se deseja uma representação completa da realidade, utilizam-se bancos de dados bitemporais, através dos quais é possível recuperar todas as informações passadas, presentes e futuras. Este trabalho apresenta o mapeamento de um modelo de dados bitemporal (modelo TF-ORM) para um SGBD convencional (Oracle). Este mapeamento compreende, além das informações temporais, todas as características do modelo, dentre as quais: classes e papéis, mensagens, regras, propriedades dinâmicas e estáticas. É apresentada, ainda, a definição de um gerenciador temporal, o qual busca automatizar o que é implementado. Complementando o estudo realizado, são apresentadas sugestões de operações a serem realizadas pelos desenvolvedores de aplicações temporais quando da manutenção das informações. As operações de inserção, atualização e remoção em uma base temporal são analisadas, independente do tipo de BD temporal implementado. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para validar todas as definições realizadas. / The need for storing the information’s history and the period in which they are still valid in the real world has been growing in the last few years. The very existing laws in the country make it necessary when, for instance, a validity temporal table is created for storing business or human resources documents. Therefore, the study of temporal data models which manage this kind of information has become very important. Such models define the way in which the information is organized, kept and recovered. The implementation of these models, though, is carried out over conventional data bases (DB), once there is no a totally temporal DB. The mapping of a temporal model over a conventional one allows all of its requirements to be met, as long as it is made coherently. The different temporal information that can be used for time representation are the transaction time and the validity time. Whenever a complete representation of the reality is wanted, bitemporal databases are used. These bases make it possible to recover all the past information as well as present and future information. This work presents the mapping of a temporal data model (TF-ORM model) for a conventional DBMS (Oracle). Besides the temporal information, this mapping comprehends all the model’s characteristics, such as: classes and roles, messages, rules, dynamic and static properties. It is also presented a definition of a temporal manager which aims at automating what is implemented. In addition to this study, suggestions of operations to be carried out by the developers of temporal applications for the maintenance of the information are presented. The operations of inserting, updating and removing on temporal base are analyzed, apart from the kind of DB implemented. A case study is presented in order to validate all the definitions made.

The Master Thesis deals with the use of the controlling concept in business management, Business Intelligence systems and their interconnection. The aim is to propose this integration link on the example of a particular company and at the same time to give management recommendations in areas that will be evaluated in the analysis as insufficient. The theoretical part of this thesis is divided into three main chapters. The first deals with the definition of controlling, its tools and organizations. The second one describes business intelligence, not just the basic principles of this technology, but also the choice of tools and the implementation process are explained. The following chapter lists two software tools that combine controlling and business intelligence in practice. The practical part is divided into a general description of the company, analysis of the applied elements of controlling and then the proposal of solution of insufficient areas and the process of BI implementation, which contains 12 steps which would enable to implement the BI concept.

Clinical study data is usually collected without knowing what kind of data is going to be collected in advance. In addition, all of the possible data points that can apply to a patient in any given clinical study is almost always a superset of the data points that are actually recorded for a given patient. As a result of this, clinical data resembles a set of sparse data with an evolving data schema. To help researchers at the Moffitt Cancer Center better manage clinical data, a tool was developed called GURU that uses the Entity Attribute Value model to handle sparse data and allow users to manage a database entity’s attributes without any changes to the database table definition. The Entity Attribute Value model’s read performance gets faster as the data gets sparser but it was observed to perform many times worse than a wide table if the attribute count is not sufficiently large. Ultimately, the design trades read performance for flexibility in the data schema.