Many Deaf people today consider themselves a linguistic minority with a culture distinct from the mainstream hearing society. This is in large part because they communicate through an independent language——American Sign Language (ASL). However, two hundreds years ago, sign language was a “common language” for communication between hearing and deaf people within the institutional framework of “manualism.” Manualism is a pedagogical system of sign language introduced mainly from France in order to buttress the campaign for deaf education in the early-19th-century America. In 1817, a hearing man Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851) and a deaf Frenchman Laurent Clerc (1785-1869) co-founded the first residential school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. These early manualists shaped sign language within the evangelical framework of “moral government.” They believed that the divine origin of signs would lead the spiritual redemption of people who could not hear. Inside manual institutions, the religiously defined practice of signing, which claimed to transform the “heathen deaf” into being the “signing Christian,” enabled the process of assimilation into a shared “signing community.” The rapid expansion of manual institutions hence fostered a strong and separate deaf culture that continues to influence today’s deaf communities in the United States. However, social reformers in the mid-nineteenth century who advocated “oralism” perceived manualism as a threat to social integration. “Oralists” pursued a different model of deaf education in the 1860s, campaigning against sign language and hoping to replace it entirely with the skills in lip-reading and speech. The exploration of this tension leads to important questions: Were people who could not hear “(dis)abled” in the religious context of the early United States? In what ways did the manual institutions train students to become “able-bodied” citizens? How did this religiously framed pedagogy come to terms with the “hearing line” in the mid 19th century? In answering these questions, this dissertation analyzes the early history of manual education in relation to the formation and diffusion of religious governmentality, a topic that continues to influence deaf culture to this day. / published_or_final_version / Modern Languages and Cultures / Master / Master of Philosophy

Most students with hearing loss attend community college, yet very little research on this population of students exists in higher education. This dissertation is one of the first to explore the experiences of mainstreamed d/Deaf students in community college. This research was conducted in order to gain a better understanding of how students who are d/Deaf interact navigate the mainstream postsecondary environment. Purposeful sampling was used to gather data from 19 individuals who attended postsecondary institutions not designed specifically for d/Deaf students. These participants were enrolled in an urban community college district in the southwestern U.S. and were receiving accommodations from their campus accessibility office. The sample included six Black females, one Black male, five Latinos, three Latinas, two White males, one White female, and two females who identified as multiracial. Data were collected through 30-60 minute semi-structured interviews in American Sign Language or spoken English, and a brief demographic survey. The interviews conducted in American Sign Language were then interpreted into English; one participant did not know ASL, and relied on oral communication. The theoretical framework of this study was Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory. Individual development does not occur inside a vacuum; utilizing this theory allows for the analysis of how a student interacts with his or her environment, and how the environment affects the student. Findings from this study provide insight on participants’ reasons for enrolling in college, their perception of academic rigor as compared to high school, and familial support during their college experience. Participants reported financial difficulty, despite their utilization of the state’s tuition waiver program for students with hearing loss. The need for communication access, and especially the quality and quantity of sign language interpreters featured prominently in participant responses. Participants also expressed a desire for more interaction between students with hearing loss and the general college population. Finally, participants shared their perceptions of the campus accessibility office and the individuals within it, campus administrative support, and their experiences with teachers and classmates. The results from this study help shed light on the experience of d/Deaf students in community college and provide insight on how to facilitate their success in postsecondary education. The author provides recommended practices for campus accessibility offices to adopt in order to effectively serve this student population, including specialized orientation for students and instructors, specialized advising, utilization of student feedback, and increasing campus and community awareness of services offered.

The inclusive paradigm requires that deaf learners are educated in regular schools. In the process of implementing inclusive policies educators often feel that they lack the necessary knowledge and experience to provide effective support for deaf learners. As a result these learners are seldom effectively catered for in regular settings and frequently tend to experience frustration and failure. This research attempted to investigate the nature and manifestations of deafness in primary school learners in order to determine effective strategies to identify and address the diverse needs of deaf learners in the regular schools. A qualitative study was conducted and data was gathered by observations and interviews with three experienced educators. The results of the empirical findings were confirmed with the literature study in order to compile practical guidelines to assist educators to support deaf learners in inclusive education settings in South Africa effectively. / Educational Studies / (M. Ed. (Inclusive Education))

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-04T11:46:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Miriam Maia de Araújo Pereira.pdf: 6552358 bytes, checksum: bed67c4f67812e0a3b0a725ccffb80d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T11:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miriam Maia de Araújo Pereira.pdf: 6552358 bytes, checksum: bed67c4f67812e0a3b0a725ccffb80d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aims to investigate the relationship between writing in Portuguese language and the deaf subject inserted in formal education. As well as trying to understand how this relationship occurs in the writing process of those who have completed graduation and those who are supposed to be proficient in reading and have the ability to write. The specific objectives are: to analyze the written productions of the deaf subjects; to investigate the influence of Libras in the written production, in Portuguese, of the deaf; to verify how the schooling of the deaf collaborated to acquire their writing in Portuguese. The theoretical foundation is based in approaches of inclusion policies (BRAZIL, 1988/2015), in Bilingualism (GOLDFELD, 1997; SACKS, 1998; QUADROS, 2012; BOTELHO, 2013 and SKLIAR, 2001), in a socio-historical (VYGOTSKY, 2000) and dialogic perspective (BAKHTIN, 2010). It is a case study (LÜDKE AND ANDRE, 2015) in a qualitative methodology (CHIZZOTTI, 2014), with interpretative orientation (MOITA-LOPES, 1994). The participants are two deaf graduates, living in the city of Macapá, in the State of Amapá. Data generation was done through questionnaire (GIL, 2008), textual production (GERALDI, 2003), reading experiences (ZANOTTO, 1995), the reflective journal (SOARES, 2006) and interview (GIL, 2008). The data revealed that the relationship of these deaf subjects to writing in Portuguese is complex, since even after years of schooling they cannot express themselves efficiently through writing. It demonstrates that the educational process in which they were inserted disregarded their linguistic specificities, depriving them of a teaching based on a bilingual proposal, in which the Libras should be the way of access to the knowledge in Portuguese language, thus enabling them to be active and responsive subjects in relation to their learning / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar como ocorre a relação entre o sujeito surdo, inserido na educação formal e a escrita em língua portuguesa, tentando compreender como se dá essa relação no processo de escrita desses surdos que já concluíram a graduação e que se pressupõe que sejam proficientes em leitura e possuem o domínio da produção escrita. Tem como objetivos específicos: analisar as produções escritas dos sujeitos surdos; investigar a influência da Libras na produção escrita, em português, dos surdos e verificar como a escolarização dos surdos colaborou para a aquisição de sua escrita em português. A fundamentação teórica está ancorada em abordagens de políticas de inclusão (BRASIL,1988/2015), no Bilinguismo (GOLDFELD,1997; SACKS,1998; QUADROS, 2012, BOTELHO,2013; SKLIAR, 2001), em uma perspectiva sócio-histórica (VYGOTSKY,2000) e em uma perspectiva dialógica (BAKHTIN, 2010). É um estudo de caso (LÜDKE E ANDRÉ, 2015), com metodologia qualitativa (CHIZZOTTI, 2014), com orientação interpretativista (MOITA-LOPES, 1994). Os participantes são dois surdos graduados, residentes na cidade Macapá, no Estado do Amapá. A geração de dados ocorreu através do questionário (GIL, 2008), da produção textual (GERALDI, 2003), das vivências de leitura (ZANOTTO, 1995), do diário reflexivo (SOARES, 2006) e da entrevista (GIL, 2008). Os dados revelaram que a relação desses surdos com a escrita em português é complexa, uma vez que mesmo após anos de escolarização não conseguem se expressar de forma eficiente através da escrita, demonstrando que o processo educacional no qual eles estiveram inseridos, desconsiderou suas especificidades linguísticas, negando-lhes um ensino pautado em uma proposta baseada no bilinguismo, em que a Libras deve ser a via de acesso aos conhecimentos em língua portuguesa, possibilitando assim, que os mesmos possam se constituir em sujeitos ativos e responsivos em relação ao seu aprendizado

Sin Yee Prudence, Lau. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction Page / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Causativity and causative constructions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- A Typology of causative alternations --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research focus: Causative alternation in Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- A brief note on the transcription convention --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Linguistic research on Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Argument Structure approach to causative alternation / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Various approaches to causative alternations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Unaccusativity Hypothesis and Burzio´ةs Generalizations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Various approaches to causative alternations --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- The concept of argument structure --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- A semantic approach --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- A syntactic approach --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The semantics of causative alternation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Causative alternation in English --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Causative alternation in Chinese --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Causative alternation in signed languages --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Classifiers in signed languages --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Causative alternation in American Sign Language (ASL) --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Causative alternation in Hong Kong Sign Language / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment: picture-description task --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results: --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Volitional agents as external arguments --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Lexical causative variants with unaccusative counterparts --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Unaccusative variants without lexical causative counterparts --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Lexical causative variants without unaccusative counterparts --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Natural forces and instruments as external arguments --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Unaccusative variants without lexical causative counterparts --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3 --- More evidence on lexical causative constructions --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4 --- Interim discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5 --- Chapter summary --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The syntax of causative alternation in HKSL / Chapter 4.0 --- Introduction --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1 --- The X-bar theory --- p.120 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The checking theory --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2 --- The derivation pattern of causative/unaccusative pairs in HKSL --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3 --- The abstract causative morpheme and feature checking --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4 --- Verbal classifiers as a functional projection --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Functional categories and lexical categories --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The functional projection - verbal classifier phrase (VCLP) --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5 --- An alternative approach --- p.157 / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.163 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Suggestion for future research --- p.164 / Appendix I: Notational conventions / Appendix II: Verb classes for the experiment / Appendix III: Picture stimuli for the experiment / Appendix IV: Figures / References

Lee Wai-Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [46-51] (3rd gp.)). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables and Figures --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 . --- Aspect: a definition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Analyses of verb classes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Interim summary of analysis of verb classes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research questions --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis outline --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Notation system --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- Previous researches of Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Study of Aspect --- p.22 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Two-component Theory --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Viewpoint Aspect --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Perfective Viewpoint --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Imperfective Viewpoint --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Neutral Viewpoint --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Situation Aspect --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Temporal features of situation types --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Situation Types --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.1 --- Activity --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.2 --- Accomplishments --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.3 --- Achievements --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.4 --- Semelfactives --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.5 --- States --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.2.2.6 --- Summary of the temporal features of the five situation types --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Aspect in signed languages --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Viewpoint Aspect in signed languages --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Aspectual inflections of viewpoint in signed languages --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Aspect Markers in signed languages --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Situation Aspect in signed languages --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3 --- Predictions on the movement features of verb types in HKSL --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Situations Aspect in HKSL --- p.66 / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background of informants --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experiment 1: Comic strips and pictures description task --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Differentiating verb types in HKSL --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Imperative test --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Single movement test --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Durative adverbial test --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Telicity confirmation test --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Classification of situation types in HKSL --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- States --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Generalization and statistics of movement features in States --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Psychological verbs --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Verbs of postures and locations --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- Mental verbs and verb of possession/existence --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Activities --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Generalization and statistics of movement features in Activities --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Activities with [TM] or [Repeat] --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Activities with single movements --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Activities without the feature [Path] --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Semelfactives --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Generalization and statistics of movement features in Semelfactives --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Movement features of Semelfactives --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Achievements --- p.98 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Generalization and statistics of movement features in Achievements --- p.98 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Achievements with the feature [Path] --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Achievements without the feature [Path] --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Multiple-events Activities consisting of Achievements as sub-events --- p.105 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Accomplishments --- p.108 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Generalization and statistics of movement features in Accomplishments --- p.108 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Type (I) Accomplishments´ؤcomposite of an Activity verb and an outcome --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.5.2.1 --- Activity and a quantifying particle (QP) --- p.110 / Chapter 3.4.5.2.2 --- Verb series in type (I) Accomplishments --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.5.2.2.1 --- Serial Verb Construction --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.5.2.2.2 --- Verbal Compound --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Type (II) Accomplishments´ؤsingle Accomplishment verbs --- p.122 / Chapter 3.5 --- Generalizations on the representation of situation types in HKSL --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter summary --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Aspectual Modification --- p.133 / Chapter 4.0 --- Introduction --- p.133 / Chapter 4.1 --- Viewpoint Aspect in HKSL´ؤan overview --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiment 2: Natural conversation --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3. --- The syntactic distributions and grammatical functions of FINISH in HKSL --- p.136 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interaction between Situation Aspect and Viewpoint Aspect in HKSL --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- States --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Activities --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Semelfactives --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Achievements --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Accomplishments --- p.152 / Chapter 4.5 --- Meaning of the perfective marker FINSIH in HKSL --- p.157 / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter summary --- p.165 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.166 / Appendix 1 Tables and Figures / Appendix 2 Example of pictures and comic strips for experiment1 / Appendix 3 Transcription of natural conversation of Experiment2 / Appendix 4 Illustrations / Bibliography

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-09-03T15:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Tiago Ferreira Belo_.pdf: 1833614 bytes, checksum: b2f148b578d0b7d9a9de2254fd03d058 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T15:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Tiago Ferreira Belo_.pdf: 1833614 bytes, checksum: b2f148b578d0b7d9a9de2254fd03d058 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROEX - Programa de Excelência Acadêmica / A presente Dissertação apresenta uma análise de representações que os surdos fazem sobre a língua de sinais a partir da rede social Facebook. Para tanto, foram tomadas como base as reflexões de Stuart Hall, sobretudo as relacionadas à constituição das culturas e à representação. A partir dessas reflexões, o conceito de representação foi utilizado como uma ferramenta teórico-metodológica. Desta forma, foram analisadas publicações em grupos e páginas do Facebook com grande concentração de surdos. Essas publicações realizadas por surdos se apresentam em forma de postagens ou comentários, em língua brasileira de sinais ou em português escrito, contendo depoimentos públicos de surdos usuários do Facebook. Com base nas análises do material, constituído por vídeos, textos e imagens compartilhadas no Facebook, percebeu-se que a importância atribuída à língua de sinais pelos surdos vem sendo representada como um ícone de uma comunidade visual; como sinônimo de identidade Surda; como língua surda própria; como instrumento de acessibilidade; como língua brasileira; e como possibilidade de empoderamento surdo. Os surdos ainda têm gerado mais contato entre eles a partir do uso do Facebook, se esforçam na busca de mais tecnologias nessa rede social, a partir do uso de mídias audiovisuais em que seja possível registrar a língua de sinais, como também por meio de aplicativos on-line de conversação dentro do Facebook. / This dissertation presents an analysis of representations that the deaf do on the sign language from the social network Facebook. For that, the reflections of Stuart Hall, mainly those related to the constitution of the cultures and the representation, were taken as base. From these reflections, the concept of representation was used as a theoretical-methodological tool. In this way, publications were analyzed in groups and Facebook pages with a high concentration of deaf people. These publications by the deaf appear in the form of posts or comments, in Brazilian sign language or in written Portuguese, containing public testimonies of deaf Facebook users. Based on the analysis of the material, made up of videos, texts and images shared on Facebook, it was noticed that the importance given to sign language by deaf people has been represented as an icon of a visual community; As a synonym for Deaf identity; As a deaf tongue itself; As an instrument of accessibility; As a Brazilian language; And as a possibility of deaf empowerment. The deaf have still generated more contact between them from the use of Facebook, strive to find more technologies in this social network, from the use of audiovisual media in which it is possible to register the sign language, as well as through applications Online conversation within Facebook.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-06T12:48:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Toledo Lucena.pdf: 34594187 bytes, checksum: bcfbae13b2ef9398ff1b1f36f944b412 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T12:48:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Toledo Lucena.pdf: 34594187 bytes, checksum: bcfbae13b2ef9398ff1b1f36f944b412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present work investigates the poetic, ethic and (self-) educational experience accomplished by the group Corposinalizante, formed by deaf and hearing people, now responsible for Slam do Corpo, a rhyme battle that happens with an entanglement between the Portuguese language and the Brazilian Sign Language, two forms of language. Such effort to produce a neighborhood between these two worlds takes us through a path which escapes from the ideas of “deficiency” or “difference” offered by a normative and hegemonic point of view and it creates the possibility to think of the occurrence of distinct processes of differentiation. Likewise, it allows us to occupy and vacate certain words lurking around this experience, such as “accessibility” and “inclusion”, making us create different words, in connection with the vibrations of life. When the deaf poet and the hearing poet meet in the mixed poetic performances that take place in such Slam, the problem of translation operates in an autonomous and creative form, allowing tongues to kiss, to tension and to stretch one another. This is how Tongue Kiss drags us outside the prevalent logic that categorizes the bodies and exterminates its different knowledges and potencies, affirming the insubordinate and dangerous strength of alliances / Este trabalho procura investigar a experiência poética, ética e (auto)educativa realizada pelo grupo Corposinalizante, formado por surdos e ouvintes, e hoje responsável pelo Slam do Corpo, uma batalha de poesias que acontece na imbricação entre a língua portuguesa e a língua brasileira de sinais, dois modos de língua e linguagem. Este empenho em produzir uma vizinhança entre os dois mundos nos leva por um caminho que escapa às ideias de “deficiência” e “diferença” pautadas por um olhar normativo e hegemônico, tornando possível pensar o acontecimento de distintos processos de diferenciação. Na mesma direção, nos permite ocupar e desocupar certas palavras que nos espreitam nesta experiência, como “acessibilidade” e “inclusão”, levando-nos a criar outras, em conexão com as vibrações da vida. Quando o poeta surdo e o poeta ouvinte se encontram, nas performances poéticas mestiças realizadas neste Slam, o problema da tradução se opera de forma autônoma e criativa, possibilitando que as línguas se beijem, se tensionem e se alarguem. É assim que o Beijo de Línguas nos arrasta para fora da lógica vigente, que categoriza os corpos e extermina suas potências e saberes, afirmando a força insubordinada e perigosa das alianças

Nesta tese, desenvolvo a temática sobre a experiência das mãos literárias de sujeitos surdos, geradores de valores culturais e vinculados à Literatura Surda. Tenho como base contribuições de pesquisas desenvolvidas no campo dos Estudos Culturais em Educação e dos Estudos Surdos, tais como as constribuições de Wrigley (1996), Hall (2007 e 2011), Karnopp, Klein e Lunardi-Lazzarin (2011), Ladd (2013), Silva (2014), Larrosa (2015) e outros. A partir da análise de entrevistas realizadas com representantes da comunidade surda, que de alguma forma estão relacionados com a Literatura Surda, investigo suas experiências literárias em línguas de sinais. O problema de pesquisa que apresento para investigação é o seguinte: como vêm sendo narradas as experiências de surdos com as mãos literárias? Tenho como finalidade investigar as representações de Literatura Surda, a partir dessas entrevistas. Deste modo, como objetivo geral pretendo analisar a experiência de surdos com a Literatura Surda, e como sua trajetória influenciou sua constituição como produtor de literatura. A pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa e utiliza entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com nove surdos brasileiros e três estrangeiros. Nos resultados das análises, destaco a forma como os entrevistados utilizam o conceito de Literatura Surda e Literatura em Língua de Sinais, com evidência de utilização das mãos literárias entre os surdos em encontros, festivais e escolas residenciais. As experiências dos entrevistados ocorreram por meio de sua formação literária, que foram sendo absorvidas pela sua identificação cultural e pertencimento à comunidade surda. Por fim o papel da Literatura Surda é narrado como uma forma de compartilhamento em diferentes espaços, tanto em ambientes formais quanto informais, com um público diversificado. Através da análise dos dados foram registradas suas experiências literárias em línguas de sinais. Com esta pesquisa espera-se dar visibilidade à Literatura Surda e às experiências de surdos em mãos literários, contribuindo para a educação de surdos. / The purpose of this thesis is to develop the theme of the experience of the literary hands of Deaf individuals, here seen as the generators of cultural values who are connected to Deaf Literature. As a base, we reference research carried out in the field of Cultural Studies in Education as well as Deaf Studies, from authors such as Wrigley (1996) Hall (2007 e 2011), Karnopp, Klein and Lunardi-Lazzarin (2011), Ladd (2013), Silva (2014), and Larrosa (2015), among others. Through an analysis of interviews with representatives of the Deaf community, we investigate the signed literary experiences of these members who, in some way, are associated with Deaf Literature. The research question that we pose for investigation is the following: how are literary hands narrating Deaf experiences? Our final objective is to examine representations of Deaf Literature, based on these interviews. Accordingly, our general goal is to analyze Deaf experiences with Deaf Literature and how their individual trajectories influenced their formation as producers of literature. Our approach is qualitative and includes semi-structured interviews with nine Brazilians and three foreign, all of whom are Deaf. Among the results of our analysis, we highlight that way in which those interviewed use the concepts of Deaf Literature and Signed Literature, evidenced by their use of literary hands among the Deaf at meetings, festivals and residential schools. The experiences of the interviewees, channeled through their literary formation, are also absorbed into their cultural identification and belonging to the Deaf community. Finally, the role of Deaf Literature is narrated as a form of sharing in different spaces, whether formal or informal, and among a diverse public. Through an analysis of the data, we registered their signed literary experiences. With this research, we hope to give visibility to Deaf Literature as well as to the Deaf experiences signed by literary hands, and in this way contribute to the education of the Deaf.

早期口語習得研究假設被動句的賓語通過“論元移位“ (A-movement) 移到主語位置。Huang (1999)和 Tang (2000, 2001) 認為粤語被動句和漢語被動句類似，都通過空運算元移位形成，即空運算元通過“非論元移位“(A’-movement) 從內嵌 VP的賓語位置移到時態短語(TP)指定語的位置。經過謂語化後，這個空語類受主語約束。 / 漢語被動句習得研究顯示兒童較遲獲得長被動句 (Chang, 1986; Xu and Yang, 2008; Liu and Ning, 2009)。粤語表被動的「畀」存在一詞多義形式，除了表示被動，還有表示給予的「畀」，表示與格的「畀」，以及表示允許的「畀」。Wong (2004) 發現表被動的「畀」最難習得。 / 本研究從普遍語法 (UG)的角度來考察粤語「畀」字被動句的獲得情況，旨在探討聾童如何習得粤語「畀」字被動句，他們是否經歷與健聽兒童相似的習得過程。同時，進一步研究聾童是否掌握粤語「畀」字被動句內部的語法關係，包括基本的句法語序，內嵌使役結構的有終結性“telic“，以及空運算元和主句主語的約束關係。本研究採用了三種實驗方法：圖片選擇、圖片描述，以及圖片判斷。參與此項研究的被試有 18名 7;03至 12;06之間的聾童，40名 3;03至 7;05之間的健聽兒童，以及作為控制組的 20名健聽成人。 / 圖片選擇和圖片描述實驗的結果表明聾童和健聽兒童在粤語「畀」字被動句的發展中經歷了相似的習得過程。他們表達含光杆動詞的被動句沒有什麼困難。光杆動詞，比如“踢“，若自身帶有“終結體“(+telic) 的特徵，在粤語被動句中是合語法的。但是，當需要使用動補複合動詞 (RVC) 來表達一個事件的有終結性特徵時，聾童與健聽兒童的表現則不同。聾童很難以這種有終結性的特徵解讀這個內嵌的使役結構。取而代之，他們保留用光杆動詞結構來表達單單一個動作或一個結果。亦有不少聾童使用兩個連接的短語，以前一個表達動作，後一個表達結果。圖片判斷實驗的結果顯示，隨著“語言接收年齡“(receptive language age) 的提高，聾童對可加強被動義的標記「親」(-can1)意識也逐漸提高。在「畀」字句中，含被動義的標記「親」用於限制: (a) 句子在表允許和表被動的歧義，使句子解讀為被動義; (b) 主句主語和內嵌賓語的約束關係。 / 為深入瞭解聾童「畀」字被動句的獲得，本研究同時考察了他們能否區別「畀」字的一詞多義形式及其相應的句法結構，包括表給予的「畀」和表允許的「畀」。研究結果顯示「畀」字被動句帶有兩個小句，且含空運算元移位，這給聾童被動句的習得造成了極大的困難。儘管表允許的「畀」也帶有兩個小句，含賓語控制結構，相對而言仍比被動句容易習得。表給予的「畀」為單句，我們假設應發展得較早，但是在本研究中卻發現比表允許的「畀」更遲習得。事實上，聾童在產出粤語 IDOC (即 [N bei2 DO IO], DO 代表直接賓語而 IO代表間接賓語) 語序時有困難，可是卻會採用漢語語法的語序 DOC (即 [N bei2 IO DO])。我們認為這可能是漢語書面語的輸入對聾童更為“可接收 （accessible）所致；相比之下，由於聽力受損，他們通過聽覺接收的粤語口語輸入卻受到了限制。 / Earlier acquisition studies of passives in spoken languages assume A-movement of the object to the subject position. Huang (1999) and Tang (2000, 2001) claim that Cantonese passives, similar to Mandarin passives, involve null operator movement from the object position of the embedded VP via A’movement to the specifier position of the intermediate TP. This null category is then bound by a base-generated subject through predication. / Acquisition studies of Mandarin passives show that children acquire long passives late (Chang, 1986; Xu and Yang, 2008; Liu and Ning, 2009). As for Cantonese, Wong (2004) found that passive bei2 is most difficult among the different polysemous bei2, namely transfer bei2 ‘give’, dative bei2, and permissive bei2 ‘let’. / In the current study, we approach the acquisition of Cantonese passive bei2 from a UG perspective. We aim to see how deaf children acquire passive bei2, whether they go through a similar acquisition process as their typical hearing counterparts. We also want to see if they have developed knowledge about the grammatical relations involved with passive bei2, namely the basic syntactic order, the telicity encoded in the embedded causative structure, and the binding relationship between the null operator and the matrix subject. Three experimental procedures were developed: a picture selection task, a picture description task and a picture verification task. 18 deaf children (7;03-12;06), 40 younger hearing children (3;03-7;05) and 20 hearing adults as controls participated in this study. / The results in the picture selection and the picture description task show that the deaf children and the hearing children went through a similar acquisition process in the development of passive bei2. They did not seem to encounter difficulty in producing passives bei2 involving a bare verb which is inherently +telic such as ‘kick’, which is acceptable in Cantonese. However, when coming to using a resultative verb compound (RVC) to encode the +telic aspect of the eventuality, the deaf subjects’ performance differed from the hearing subjects in demonstrating difficulty in encoding a telic causative event structure. Instead, they maintained a bare verb structure to encode either an activity or a result. A number of deaf children also used two conjoined phrases, with the first encoding an activity and the second a result. The results of the picture verification task show that as a function of receptive language age, the deaf children in our study were sensitive to the presence of the adversative marker -can1, which is used to restrict (a) the interpretation of an ambiguous permissive/passive sentence to a passive reading, and (b) the binding relation between the matrix subject and the embedded object involved. / To deepen our understanding of deaf children’s acquisition of passive bei2, part of the project is to examine if they could identify the other polysemous bei2s, including transfer bei2 and permissive bei2 as they involve different linguistic structures. The results show that passive bei2 which requires a biclausal structure plus null operator movement poses as the most difficult construction to be acquired by deaf children. Although permissive bei2 also invokes a biclausal structure with object control, it is relatively easier than passive bei2. Unexpectedly, transfer bei2 is found to be more difficult than permissive bei2 although the structure is monoclausal and assumed to be developmentally early in typically developed children. In fact, the deaf subjects have experienced difficulty in producing the IDOC order (i.e. [N bei2 DO IO], where DO represents Direct Object and IO represents Indirect Object), a required word order in Cantonese; instead, they resorted to the DOC (i.e. [N bei2 IO DO]) order which reflects the Mandarin grammar. We propose that it is due to the more ‘accessible’ input from printed written Chinese, which follows the Mandarin grammar, as against the less accessible Cantonese input through the auditory mode. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yiu, Kun Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-242). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix 1 includes Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Abbreviations --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Spoken Language Acquisition by Deaf Children --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3. --- Berent’s (2004) Characterization of Bi-modal Bilingual Acquisition --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4. --- The Current Research --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5. --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Deafness and Language Acquisition --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2. --- General Descriptions about the Deaf Situation in HK --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3. --- The Effects of Deafness on Language Acquisition --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4. --- Factors Affecting Language Acquisition of Deaf Children --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5. --- Acquisition of Syntax by Deaf Children: Theoretical Assumptions . --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Acquisition Studies on Syntactic Development of Deaf Children . --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Interim Discussion --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6. --- Problematic Domains in Syntactic Acquisition --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Problems in the I-system --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- Problems in the C-system --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.3. --- Problems in the D-system --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6.4. --- Interim Summary --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.5. --- Problems in Acquiring Syntactic Movement --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6.6. --- Problems with Interpreting Empty Categories --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7. --- Summary --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Morpho-syntactic Analysis of Passive bei2 Construction and the Polysemous Forms of bei2 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2. --- Cantonese Passives --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Types of Passives in Cantonese --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Grammatical Relations in Cantonese bei2 Passives --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Morpho-syntactic Analysis of Cantonese bei2 Construction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- The Movement Approach --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.5. --- A Complementation Approach to Cantonese Passives --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.6. --- Telicity and Delimiting Elements of the Embedded Predicate --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.7. --- Interim Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3. --- Polyesmous Forms of bei2 ‘give’ in Cantonese --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4. --- Transfer bei2 in Cantonese --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- The Inverted Double Object Construction (IDOC) in Cantonese --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Derivation of the Transfer bei2 Construction --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Two Non-Canonical Transfer bei2 Construction in Cantonese --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- Animacy Effects --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5. --- Permissive bei2 Construction in Cantonese --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Permissive bei2 as Object Control Sentences --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Selection of Non-finite Embedded Clause --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6. --- Ambiguity between Permissive and Passive bei2 --- p.71 / Chapter 3.7. --- Summary --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter4 --- Acquiring Bei2 in Cantonese: A Review of Previous Studies . --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2. --- Acquisition of Cantonese bei2 Passives --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3. --- Acquisition of Passives in Mandarin --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4. --- Issues in the Acquisition of Passives --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Age of Acquisition --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Passives with Actional vs Non-actional Verbs --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Lexical-semantics of the Verb Phrase of Passives --- p.83 / Chapter 4.5. --- Acquisition of Cantonese bei2 Passives by Deaf Children --- p.84 / Chapter 4.6. --- Acquisition of Passives by Deaf Children in Other Languages --- p.87 / Chapter 4.7. --- Acquisition of Other Polysemous Forms --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Acquisition of Permissive bei2 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Acquisition of Control --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Acquisition of Transfer bei2 --- p.90 / Chapter 4.8. --- Acquisition Predictions --- p.91 / Chapter 4.8.1. --- How do Deaf Children Acquire Passive bei2 in Cantonese? --- p.91 / Chapter 4.8.2. --- What is the Sequence of Acquisition among the three Polysemous bei2? . --- p.91 / Chapter 4.8.3. --- Do Deaf Children Follow a Different Pathway from Hearing Children? --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methodology --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1. --- Background --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2. --- Subjects --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Deaf Subjects --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Hearing Subjects --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3. --- Experimental Design --- p.102 / Chapter 5.4. --- Picture Selection (PS) - A Comprehension Task --- p.103 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Design of Test Items --- p.103 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Verbs Used in the Test Items --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Items for Transfer bei2 --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.4. --- Items for Permissive bei2 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4.5. --- Items for Passive bei2 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.6. --- Items for Zoeng1 and Active Sentences --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.7. --- Experimental Procedure --- p.110 / Chapter 5.5. --- Picture Description (PD) - An Elicited Production Task --- p.111 / Chapter 5.5.1. --- Design of Test Items --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5.2. --- Items for Transfer bei2 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.5.3. --- Items for Permissive bei2 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5.4. --- Items for Passive bei2 --- p.117 / Chapter 5.5.5. --- Active Sentences --- p.120 / Chapter 5.5.6. --- Testing Procedure --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6. --- Picture Verification (PV) - A Judgment Task --- p.123 / Chapter 5.6.1. --- Can1 as the Disambiguating Cue --- p.124 / Chapter 5.6.2. --- Experimental Design --- p.126 / Chapter 5.6.3. --- The Test Items --- p.129 / Chapter 5.7. --- Experimental Procedures --- p.132 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.133 / Chapter 6.2. --- Performance in Passive bei2 --- p.136 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Picture Selection (PS) Task --- p.136 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Picture Description (PD) Task --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Active Sentences (Controls) --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.4. --- Passive bei2 with an Embedded Bare Verb --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.5. --- Resultative Passives --- p.148 / Chapter 6.2.6. --- Subjects’ Performance on the Embedded VP --- p.152 / Chapter 6.2.7. --- Reversibility of the NPs --- p.157 / Chapter 6.2.8. --- The Picture Verification (PV) Task --- p.161 / Chapter 6.2.9. --- Is -can1 an Effective Disambiguating Cue? --- p.161 / Chapter 6.2.10. --- Interim Summary --- p.170 / Chapter 6.3. --- Performance on Transfer bei2 and Permissive bei2 --- p.171 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Picture Selection (PS) Task --- p.171 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Picture Description (PD) Task --- p.176 / Chapter 6.3.3. --- Acquisition of Transfer bei2 --- p.176 / Chapter 6.3.4. --- Acquisition of Permissive bei2 --- p.183 / Chapter 6.3.5. --- The Three Polysemous Forms in the PD Task --- p.191 / Chapter 6.3.6. --- The Three Polysemous Forms in Both the PS and PD Tasks --- p.193 / Chapter 6.3.7. --- Performance by Level/Group in Both the PS and PD Tasks --- p.196 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.199 / Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2. --- The Acquisition of Passive bei2 Construction in Cantonese --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Knowledge about the Grammatical Relations in Passive bei2 --- p.200 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Knowledge about the Syntactic Order of Passive bei2 --- p.202 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Knowledge about the Reversible and Non-Reversible Passives --- p.203 / Chapter 7.2.4. --- Knowledge about a +Telic Embedded Predicate --- p.204 / Chapter 7.2.5. --- Knowledge about Co-indexation and Null Operator Movement . --- p.206 / Chapter 7.3. --- Acquisition of Polysemous Forms of bei2 --- p.207 / Chapter 7.3.1. --- Order of Difficulty --- p.207 / Chapter 7.3.2. --- Acquisition of Transfer bei2 --- p.209 / Chapter 7.3.3. --- Acquisition of Permissive bei2 --- p.211 / Chapter 7.3.4. --- Developmental Pathway of Deaf Children’s Grammatical Knowledge --- p.213 / Chapter 7.4. --- Limitations of the Research --- p.214 / Chapter 7.5. --- Conclusions --- p.217 / Chapter 7.5.1. --- Get to Know the Acquisition Process of Passive bei2s and Other Polysemous Forms --- p.217 / Chapter 7.5.2. --- Age Factor in Research on Language Development of Deaf Children . --- p.218 / Chapter 7.5.3. --- Understanding Language Development of Deaf Children --- p.220 / Chapter 7.5.4. --- Practical Implications --- p.223 / Chapter Appendix 1: --- Test items of the experiment --- p.225 / Chapter Appendix 2: --- Correct Responses in the Picture Selection Task (All hearing adult subjects, N=20) --- p.231 / References --- p.232