As corridas de detritos são processos caracterizados por escoamentos rápidos associados a precipitações intensas e/ou acumuladas. A ocorrência destes processos está associada a diversas variáveis do meio físico e quando associadas a eventos extremos de precipitação podem gerar grande volume de sedimentos como aqueles observados em 1967 no município de Caraguatatuba (SP). Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de geração de corridas de detritos a partir do emprego de parâmetros morfométricos para as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Santo Antônio, Guaxinduba e Mococa. Metodologicamente, o trabalho dividiu-se, em um primeiro momento, na identificação dos escorregamentos e das zonas de arraste e deposição das corridas de detritos. Posteriormente, foram extraídos os parâmetros e os índices morfométricos das bacias (área, amplitude, comprimento do canal, ângulo da encosta, índice de circularidade, densidade de drenagem e declividade média do canal), e analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. A partir do reconhecimento dos processos foram selecionadas as sub-bacias para a aplicação de dois modelos empíricos considerando os valores de concentração de sólidos e de precipitação. Assim, por meio dos cenários propostos de 60 mm/h e 100 mm/h e concentração de sólidos de 50% foram obtidos os valores de vazão e de volume de sedimentos das corridas de detritos para cada sub-bacia selecionada. Os resultados obtidos na análise qualitativa mostraram similaridades entre as bacias dos rios Santo Antônio e Mococa, fato este não observado para a bacia do Guaxinduba. No entanto, a bacia do Guaxinduba apresentou maior potencial para a geração de corridas de detritos. Em 40 sub-bacias, observou-se que houve diferença de aproximadamente 60% da vazão e volume em relação aos cenários de 60 mm/h e 100 mm/h. Além disso, observou-se nas formulações empregadas que a inserção de variáveis geram valores distintos de vazão de pico e volume de sedimentos. Identificou-se que a bacia do Guaxinduba apresentou maior potência, porém com volumes inferiores aos observados nas bacias do Santo Antônio e Mococa. Acredita-se que a combinação destes métodos pode auxiliar na identificação de áreas suscetíveis à ocorrência das corridas de detritos em regiões serranas, como o Litoral Norte de São Paulo. / Debris flow processes are characterized by rapid runoff associated with heavy and/or accumulated rainfall. The occurrence of these processes is associated with several variables of the physical environment and when associated with extreme precipitation events can generate large amounts of sediment as those observed in 1967 in the city of Caraguatatuba (SP). In this context, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of generating debris flow from the use of morphometric parameters for the river basins of the Santo Antonio, Guaxinduba and Mococa. Methodologically, the work was divided, at first, the identification of landslides and areas of deposition of debris flow. Subsequently, the parameters and morphometric indices of the basins were extracted (area, basin relief, channel length, slope angle, circularity ratio, drainage density and average channel slope), and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Based the recognition of the processes the sub-basins to the application of two empirical models considering the solid concentration values and precipitation were selected. Thus by the proposed scenarios of 60 mm / h and 100 mm/h solids concentration of 50% were obtained the values of peak discharges and magnitude of debris flow for each selected sub-basin. The results of the qualitative analysis showed similitarities between the rivers basins of the Santo Antônio and Mococa, which is not observed for the basin Guaxinduba. However, the basin Guaxinduba showed greater potential for the generation of debris flow. In sub-basin 40, it was observed that there was a difference of approximately 60% of peak discharges and magnitude in relation to the scenarios of 60 mm/h and 100 mm/h. Furthermore, it was observed that the formulations employed in the insertion variables generate different peak and magnitude values of sediment. It was identified that the Guaxinduba basin showed a higher power, but with magnitude lower than those observed in the basins of Santo Antônio and Mococa. It is believed that the combination of these methods can help identify areas susceptible to the occurrence of debris flow in mountainous regions such as the North Coast of São Paulo.

Esta pesquisa teve como hipótese que as corridas de detritos são os principais processos responsáveis pela evolução do relevo da Serra do Mar (SP), esperando-se, portanto, uma relação direta entre as taxas de denudação a longo-termo mais elevadas e a maior magnitude das corridas de detritos, sendo esta fortemente controlada pela morfometria das bacias de drenagem. Acredita-se que as características morfométricas das bacias, por serem determinantes na dinâmica hidrológica das bacias de drenagem, são fundamentais para a compreensão da geração e da propagação de corridas de detritos em ambiente tropical úmido. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi verificar as relações existentes entre a magnitude das corridas de detritos, a morfometria das bacias e as taxas de denudação a longo-termo em relevo escarpado de margem passiva em ambiente tropical úmido, como a Serra do Mar. Para tanto, foram definidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: (i) avaliar o potencial de geração de corridas de detritos das bacias de drenagem; (ii) avaliar a relação entre a morfometria das bacias e a magnitude das corridas de detritos; (iii) discutir a evolução a longo-termo do relevo a partir das taxas de denudação em escala de bacia de drenagem e; (iv) avaliar a importância das corridas de detritos como os principais processos exógenos para a evolução do relevo em margens passivas de ambiente tropical úmido. Os procedimentos adotados para desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram (i) seleção das bacias de drenagens; (ii) amostragem de sedimento aluvial; (iii) mapeamento dos depósitos de corridas de detritos; (iv) aplicação dos índices morfométricos; (v) aplicação dos Índices Adimensionais para determinação do potencial de geração de corridas de detritos; (vi) preparação das amostras e análise da concentração de 10Be e; (vii) análise integrada dos resultados obtidos. As bacias possuem características morfométricas que lhes confere alta capacidade erosiva, conforme o elevado Índice de Rugosidade e Relação de Relevo. A partir da aplicação dos índices Adimensionais, as bacias classificadas com maior potencial de geração de corridas foram a Rio Claro 1 e a Massaguaçu. A identificação dos depósitos de corridas em superfície e a dimensão dos blocos subsidiaram a classificação de cinco bacias com maior magnitude e cinco com menor magnitude. As taxas de denudação médias a longo-termo variaram entre 10,9 m/My e 35,2 m/My, com média de 25 m/My. Observou-se que as variações litológicas e a rede de lineamentos estruturais pôde explicar melhor a distribuição das taxas, em detrimento das características morfométricas das bacias de drenagem. Acredita-se que as taxas de denudação elevadas para algumas bacias com menor magnitude indicaram que estes processos seriam os processos responsáveis pelo maior trabalho geomorfológico e, consequentemente, pela evolução a longo-termo da Serra do Mar (SP). / This research has the hypothesis that debris flows are the major processes related to landforms evolution of the Serra do Mar (SP), and we expected therefore a direct relationship between long-term denudation rates and higher magnitude debris flows events, which is strongly controlled by drainage basin morphometry. We believe that morphometric characteristics, fundamental to drainage basins hydrological dynamics, are determinant to debris flows initiation and propagation in humid tropical environments. Thus this research aims to verify the relationships between debris flows magnitude, basin morphometry and long-term denudation rates in escarped reliefs such as Serra do Mar. Therefore, specific goals are: (i) evaluate the potential to debris flows generation; (ii) evaluate the relationship between drainage basin morphometry and debris flows magnitude; (iii) discuss long-term landforms evolution from denudation rates at drainage basin scale and; (iv) evaluate the importance of debris flows like the main exogenous processes to landforms evolution in passive margins in humid tropical environment. The procedures adopted to the research development were: (i) selection of drainage basins; (Ii) alluvial sediment sampling; (Iii) mapping debris flows deposits; (Iv) application of morphometric parameters; (V) application of Dimensionless Indices to measure the potential to debris flow generation; (Vi) sample preparation and analysis of 10Be concentration; (Vii) integrated analysis of the results. The basins have morphometric characteristics which gives them high erosive power, as the high Ruggedness Index and Relief Ratio. From the Dimensionless Indices application, the basins classified with higher potential to debris flows generation were Rio Claro 1 and Massaguaçu. The identification of superficial debris flows deposits and boulders size subsidized the classification of five basins with higher magnitude and five with lower magnitude. Long-term denudation rates ranged between 10.9 m/My and 35.2 m/My, averaging 25 m/My. We observed that lithological variations, fractures and folds could explain better rates distribution, instead of morphometrics characteristics of drainage basins. We believe that high long-term denudation rates for some basins with lower magnitude indicates that such processes would be the main processes for the geomorphological work and consequently for the long-term evolution of the Serra do Mar (SP).

Bryant and Eastern Canyon systems are located on the northwest Gulf of Mexico, and they are characterized by a very complex sedimentological history related to glacioeustatic cycles, river discharges, and interactions of depositional and halokinetic processes. Both canyon systems were active during the low sea-level stand of Oxygen Isotope Stage 6, and provided the pathways for the transport of enormous amounts of sediments on the continental slope and abyssal plain of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Right after their abandonment, at the beginning of Stage 5, salt diapirs encroached into the canyons, and resulted in their transformation into a network of intraslope basins. The transformation of the canyons resulted in the generation of massive sediment failures. The mid-shelf (Stages 4 and 3) to shelf edge (Stage 2) lowering of the sea-level during the last glacial episode resulted in: 1) extensive river-sourced deposits on the outer shelf and/or upper continental slope that contributed in a seaward mobilization of the underlying salt masses, and 2) the generation of numerous gravity flows and turbidity currents on the outer shelf/upper continental slope. The seaward mobilization of the salt masses resulted in the oversteepening of the flanks of the basins, and consequently in the generation of numerous and massive sediment failures. The turbidity currents were confined on the intraslope basins of the upper continental slope, depositing their coarsest material. However, their most diluted upper and end members were able to continue their downslope propagation depositing characteristic fine-grained turbidites. The frequency of the turbidity currents was highly increased during the last glacial maximum (Stage 2), and three short melt-water pulses centered at 30.5, 36, and 52 ky B.P. The last deglaciation event is characterized by the development of a major melt water event that resulted in the deposition of distinct organic rich sediments, similar to the sapropels of the Eastern Mediterranean. At about 11 ky B.P. the melt water discharges of the North America switched from Mississippi River to St Lawrence Seaway, causing the domination of hemipelagic sedimentation on the continental slope of the northwest Gulf of Mexico.

Submitted by Claudia Vanessa dos Santos Corrêa (claudiageobrax@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-06T02:32:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSAO FINAL COMPLETA.pdf: 29221186 bytes, checksum: e01b175cba96e8af54b4c7995ec5262a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-06-06T12:02:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_cvs_dr_rcla.pdf: 29196738 bytes, checksum: 8314696946ba060a96b1d3d2775068a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T12:02:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_cvs_dr_rcla.pdf: 29196738 bytes, checksum: 8314696946ba060a96b1d3d2775068a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / Outra / As corridas de detritos são movimentos de massa que se desenvolvem ao longo de redes de drenagem e envolvem fluidos densos, compostos por materiais de diferentes granulometrias e composições, bem como quantidades variáveis de água, identificados como processos naturais constituintes da dinâmica e da modelagem da paisagem. Caracterizam-se pelo extenso raio de alcance, altas velocidades, altas vazões de pico e elevada capacidade de erosão e força de impacto. As áreas mais susceptíveis a ocorrência desses processos no Brasil estão situadas no sopé da Serra do Mar, da Serra da Mantiqueira e da Serra Geral, e no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo foi registrado um grande evento de escorregamentos e corridas de detritos generalizados em 1967 que afetou a região de Caraguatatuba e São Sebastião, onde se encontra uma malha dutoviária associada a Unidades de Tratamento da Petrobras, outros empreendimentos, estruturas e uma grande área urbana em crescimento. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é propor uma metodologia para avaliação da potencialidade de bacias hidrográficas à ocorrência de corridas de detritos, através do emprego da compartimentação fisiográfica, de estudos de retroanálise e da simulação numérica do terreno com o software RAMMS. A compartimentação fisiográfica revelou que as unidades que possuem contato direto com planícies são aquelas que possuem maior potencialidade a corridas de detritos. Na retro-análise, foi estabelecido o Fator de Desproporcionalidade, que possibilitou a análise de incoerências de incidência de cicatrizes de escorregamento em bacias hidrográficas, unidades geológicas e classes de declividade. As bacias Camburu, Pau D’Alho, Canivetal e Santo Antônio foram consideradas como as mais afetadas por escorregamentos e corridas de detritos, sendo que a classe de declividade de 350 a 500 é a mais atingida nesses locais e não houve uma unidade geológica preferencial durante a mobilização desses processos. A simulação numérica revelou que as corridas de detritos da Serra do Mar apresentam um fluxo com caráter reológico predominantemente granular e as zonas de deposição das corridas dão-se preferencialmente em regiões de baixa declividade. O emprego desta metodologia pode auxiliar na identificação de locais com potencialidade a corrida de detritos, especialmente na Serra do Mar, e contribuir com a gestão do meio físico. / The debris flows are mass movements that develop along drainage networks and involve generally dense fluids, compose of materials of different granulometries and compositions, as well as variable amounts of water, identified as natural processes that constitute the dynamics and the modeling the landscape. They are characterized by the long range, high speeds, high peak flows, high erosion capacity and impact force. The areas most susceptible to the occurrence of these processes in Brazil are in the foothills of the Serra do Mar, Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra Geral, and on the north coast of São Paulo State there was a great event of landslides and debris flows in 1967 which affected the region of Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião, where there is a pipeline network associated with Petrobras Treatment Units, other enterprises, structures and a large urban area in growth. The general aim of this research is to propose a methodology to evaluate the potential of watersheds to the occurrence of debris flows, using physiographic compartmentalization, retro-analysis studies and numerical simulation of the terrain with Ramms software. The physiographic compartmentalization revealed that the units that have direct contact with lowlands are those that have greater susceptibility to debris flows. In the retro-analysis, the Disproportionality Factor was established, which made it possible to analyze inconsistencies in the incidence of landslide scars in watersheds, geological units and declivity classes. The Camburu, Pau D’Alho, Canivetal and Santo Antônio watersheds were the most affected by landslides and debris flows, and the slope class of 350 to 500 is the most affected in these areas and there was no preferential geological unit during the mobilization of these processes. The numerical simulation revealed that the Serra do Mar debris flows have a predominantly granular rheological flow and the deposition zones of the flows are given in regions of low slope. Thus, the use of this methodology can help in the identification of areas with potential for the debris flows, especially in Serra do Mar, and contribute to the management of the physical environment.

Les roches argileuses, très sensibles à la dégradation par les agents atmosphériques, se caractérisent par des mécanismes de glissement complexes, impliquant des glissements/éboulements de versants et la reprise ultérieure des matériaux argileux glissés et déstructurés par des laves torrentielles. Ce double mécanisme, très fréquent dans les Alpes, pose un problème aux responsables de l'aménagement du territoire, en raison de la soudaineté et de la dangerosité des éboulements et des laves torrentielles en cas de forte pluviométrie. Récemment, les méthodes de traitement du bruit sismique acquis en continu sur des mouvements de terrain rapides (éboulements et glissements coulées dans les sols argileux) ont montré qu'il était possible de mesurer des variations de paramètres sismiques (fréquences de résonance, vitesse de propagation des ondes S) de la zone instable. Dans deux cas d'étude (éboulement et coulée), le suivi temporel de ces paramètres à partir du bruit sismique a montré une variation significative avant le déclenchement d'un évènement gravitaire, pouvant être interprétée comme un signal précurseur. Le projet présenté vise à mettre au point une méthodologie de suivi temporel des mouvements complexes affectant les roches argileuses à partir de mesures de bruit sismique et d'acquisitions photogrammétriques. Des capteurs sismiques ont été implantés à la fois dans la zone de départ des éboulements et dans les ravines qui canalisent le matériau éboulé, afin d'étudier les variations de différents paramètres sismiques avant des instabilités de versant et le déclenchement de laves torrentielles. Ces mesures de bruit sismique ont été couplées à des campagnes d'acquisition photogrammétrique, ce qui a permis de déterminer les taux d'érosion des versants par éboulement et d'évaluer les volumes de matériaux déstabilisés susceptibles d'être affectés par des laves torrentielles. / Clay-rich rocks are very sensitive to weathering and are affected by complex sliding mechanisms, involving both slope sliding/falling and debris flows in a second stage. This double mechanism often occurs in the Alps and raise a problem for land managers, because of the suddenness of falls and flows. Recent studies have showed that continuous ambient vibration recordings could be used to infer seismic parameters (e.g. resonance frequency, shear wave velocity) that characterize the unstable mass. In both cases (falls and flows), the monitoring of these parameters evidences a significant variation before the triggering of gravitational movements, which has been interpreted as a precursory signal. We develop and test a monitoring methodology for such complex movements affecting clay-rich rocks, from ambient vibration measurements and photogrammetric acquisitions. We installed seismic sensors both in the scarp area and in the gullies, in which the material deposits, in order to study variations in seismic parameters before the triggering of movements. By combining these seismic measurements with regular photogrammetric acquisitions, we determine slope erosion rates and evaluate the material volumes likely to be affected by debris flows.

As corridas de detritos são processos caracterizados por escoamentos rápidos associados a precipitações intensas e/ou acumuladas. A ocorrência destes processos está associada a diversas variáveis do meio físico e quando associadas a eventos extremos de precipitação podem gerar grande volume de sedimentos como aqueles observados em 1967 no município de Caraguatatuba (SP). Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de geração de corridas de detritos a partir do emprego de parâmetros morfométricos para as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Santo Antônio, Guaxinduba e Mococa. Metodologicamente, o trabalho dividiu-se, em um primeiro momento, na identificação dos escorregamentos e das zonas de arraste e deposição das corridas de detritos. Posteriormente, foram extraídos os parâmetros e os índices morfométricos das bacias (área, amplitude, comprimento do canal, ângulo da encosta, índice de circularidade, densidade de drenagem e declividade média do canal), e analisados de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. A partir do reconhecimento dos processos foram selecionadas as sub-bacias para a aplicação de dois modelos empíricos considerando os valores de concentração de sólidos e de precipitação. Assim, por meio dos cenários propostos de 60 mm/h e 100 mm/h e concentração de sólidos de 50% foram obtidos os valores de vazão e de volume de sedimentos das corridas de detritos para cada sub-bacia selecionada. Os resultados obtidos na análise qualitativa mostraram similaridades entre as bacias dos rios Santo Antônio e Mococa, fato este não observado para a bacia do Guaxinduba. No entanto, a bacia do Guaxinduba apresentou maior potencial para a geração de corridas de detritos. Em 40 sub-bacias, observou-se que houve diferença de aproximadamente 60% da vazão e volume em relação aos cenários de 60 mm/h e 100 mm/h. Além disso, observou-se nas formulações empregadas que a inserção de variáveis geram valores distintos de vazão de pico e volume de sedimentos. Identificou-se que a bacia do Guaxinduba apresentou maior potência, porém com volumes inferiores aos observados nas bacias do Santo Antônio e Mococa. Acredita-se que a combinação destes métodos pode auxiliar na identificação de áreas suscetíveis à ocorrência das corridas de detritos em regiões serranas, como o Litoral Norte de São Paulo. / Debris flow processes are characterized by rapid runoff associated with heavy and/or accumulated rainfall. The occurrence of these processes is associated with several variables of the physical environment and when associated with extreme precipitation events can generate large amounts of sediment as those observed in 1967 in the city of Caraguatatuba (SP). In this context, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of generating debris flow from the use of morphometric parameters for the river basins of the Santo Antonio, Guaxinduba and Mococa. Methodologically, the work was divided, at first, the identification of landslides and areas of deposition of debris flow. Subsequently, the parameters and morphometric indices of the basins were extracted (area, basin relief, channel length, slope angle, circularity ratio, drainage density and average channel slope), and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Based the recognition of the processes the sub-basins to the application of two empirical models considering the solid concentration values and precipitation were selected. Thus by the proposed scenarios of 60 mm / h and 100 mm/h solids concentration of 50% were obtained the values of peak discharges and magnitude of debris flow for each selected sub-basin. The results of the qualitative analysis showed similitarities between the rivers basins of the Santo Antônio and Mococa, which is not observed for the basin Guaxinduba. However, the basin Guaxinduba showed greater potential for the generation of debris flow. In sub-basin 40, it was observed that there was a difference of approximately 60% of peak discharges and magnitude in relation to the scenarios of 60 mm/h and 100 mm/h. Furthermore, it was observed that the formulations employed in the insertion variables generate different peak and magnitude values of sediment. It was identified that the Guaxinduba basin showed a higher power, but with magnitude lower than those observed in the basins of Santo Antônio and Mococa. It is believed that the combination of these methods can help identify areas susceptible to the occurrence of debris flow in mountainous regions such as the North Coast of São Paulo.

This thesis looks at the comparison between grain micromorphology of moraines, debris flows and similar accumulations. Moraine samples were taken in the Černé jezero Lake area, Bohemian Forest, in the Velická dolina Valley, High Tatras, and in the Labský důl Valley, Krkonoše Mts. Samples of debris flows and unverified accumulations were taken in the Důl Bílého Labe Valley, Krkonoše Mts., and further samples of accumulations were obtained from the valley of Prudký potok Stream, Králický Sněžník Mts., the valley of Vražedný potok Stream and Velká Kotlina, Hrubý Jeseník Mts. Sediments were examined under electron microscope and their morphological characteristics and influence of the environment were identified and described. Calculated exoscopic moraine standard was used for comparison of examined forms of relief using distance coefficients, statistical analysis were carried out which identified diagnostic characters for distinguishing moraines and debris flows. There was also calculated exoscopic standard for different types of moraines (frontal, lateral, basal). This research highlighted the differences between moraines and debris flows, and between different types of moraines. The study also proved that typical glacial microtextures, that are generally accepted, occur at similar levels on grains...

Several debris flows have affected Åre municipality (Sw. Åre kommun) in the last 20 years. Jämtlandis a declared risk area for landslides and debris flows and there is an even higher probability oflandslides causing great damage around the Åre urban area. Debris flows are fast mass movements inwhich a large volume of saturated soil floats down an incline. Basic conditions are steep inclines,erodible soil and high pore-pressure in the soil. The existing literature on the subject is in agreementthat debris flows pose a considerable risk for Åre town because of the combination of steep slopes,high precipitation, land use and geology. Debris flows are often triggered by heavy precipitation and with the changing climate, precipitationpatterns are expected to change, which will have implications for the risk of debris flows in Jämtland,thus, making this issue more critical. Moreover, climate change could also increase tourism inJämtland in the short term. This could result in an increasing demand for further exploitation, thechange of land use could potentially lead to an increase of the debris flow risk in the area. To furtherunderstand how the planned future development in Åre may affect the consequences of debris flows, acomparison between areas with a risk of debris flows and plans of future development for housing inthe municipality’s current overview plan has been made. This comparison showed five areas ofpotential overlap between future development and risk areas for debris flows. Conclusively, thisindicates that future development could increase the consequences of debris flows if no mitigatingactions are taken. Åre municipality has been criticised for their inaction regarding the lack of mitigation strategies andprotection measures against debris flows in both the media and authority documents. Municipalitiesare responsible for planning future development and therefore, Åre municipality should focus ongaining more knowledge and in addition, establish follow up routines and a network for stakeholders.Regarding climate change, the property owner is liable for implementing the protection measuresneeded which sometimes can be very complex. / Under de senaste 20 åren har Åre kommun drabbats av flertal slamströmmar. Jämtlands län harbedömts som ett riskområde för skred och slamströmmar, där stora skador befaras främst i Åresamhälle. Slamströmmar är snabba massrörelser bestående av vattenmättad jord och kan inträffa därdet finns en brant lutning i terrängen, eroderbara jordmassor samt höga porvattentryck i jorden. Slamströmmar utlöses huvudsakligen av intensiva nederbördsevent vilka förväntas öka i och medklimatförändringarna, detta påverkar i sin tur risken för uppkomsten av slamströmmar i Jämtlandvilket gör ämnet väldigt aktuellt. Syftet med litteraturstudien har varit att undersöka risken för slamströmmar i Åre och hur detta skullekunna förändras i framtiden med hänsyn till klimatförändringar och exploatering. Det är framföralltsvenska myndighetsrapporter och kommunala dokument som studerats men även intervjuer av aktöreri nationella tidningar. Den befintliga litteraturen inom ämnet visar på att slamströmmar utgör en riskför Åre samhälle på grund av kombinationen av den branta terrängen, stora mängden nederbörd,markanvändningen och geologin. Däremot är litteraturen gällande andra delar av Åre kommun mindreomfattande. Klimatförändringar kan dessutom påverka turismen i Jämtland på kort sikt vilket i sin tur ökarefterfrågan på ytterligare exploatering där förändrad markanvändning potentiellt kunnat påverkarisken för slamströmmar i området. En jämförelse mellan riskområden och områden för framtidaexploateringsområden enligt kommunens översiktsplan har gjorts för att vidare kunna förståkommunens utmaningar mer djupgående. Detta resulterade i fem tänkbara överlapp mellan de tvåkategorierna. Sammanfattningsvis tyder det på att framtida exploatering kan påverka risken förslamströmmar om inte åtgärder vidtas. Åre kommun har genom åren blivit kritiserat i media och i myndighetsrapporter för sitt bristfälligaarbete gällande riskhanteringen av slamströmmar. Det finns inget tydligt förhållningssätt för dessatyper av problem vilket påverkar förmågan att sprida samt behålla kunskap och erfarenhet inomorganisationen. I och med att det är kommunens ansvar att planera framtida exploatering så är detviktigt för Åre kommun att framöver erhålla den kunskap som krävs och på liknande sätt ävenredogöra för tydliga uppföljningsrutiner. Vidare har kommunen ansvar för att utvärdera geologiskarisker, exempelvis slamströmmar, inom området i planeringsprocessen. Kommunen kan bli skyldig tillskador som sker upp till tio år efter införskaffandet av planen, därefter faller ansvaret på den enskildefastighetsägaren. Det är däremot fastighetsägaren som ska implementera behövande skyddsåtgärdernär det handlar om klimatförändringar vilket kan bli väldigt komplext.

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[pt] Os fluxos de detritos são perigosos riscos naturais, que afetam países com intensas precipitações e terrenos montanhosos. Tais eventos configuram alto perigo para a vida humana e danificação de infraestrutura, resultando em importantes perdas econômicas. O estudo de fluxos de detritos envolve um mecânismo complexo e suas técnicas de previsão são baseadas na calibração de modelos, que devem ser delimitados por tentativa e erro de eventos anteriores. Tais previsões são ferramentas valiosas para delimitar as potenciais áreas de risco e, dessa forma, projetar medidas de mitigação e convivência. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento de quatro fluxos de detritos deflagrados por precipitações de alta intensidade em regiões tropicais utilizando modelagem numérica em 2D e 3D. Foram analisados os casos de Lajas e Llano de la Piedra na Costa Rica e os casos de Córrego D Antas e Hospital São Lucas no Rio de Janeiro. Os principais parâmetros utilizados, na avaliação do risco deste tipo de movimentos de massa, são: a distância percorrida, a área de impacto, a velocidade e profundidade do fluxo. Os casos foram calibrados utilizando a reologia de Voellmy. A definição dos parametros na calibração é vital, pois oferece a possibilidade de previsões de primeira ordem, feita sobre escorregamentos acontecendo em condições semelhantes. Os resultados da análise dinâmica mostram valores consistentes entre os valores observados e as modelagens numéricas em 2D e 3D para os principais parâmetros avaliados, corroborando o uso destas ferramentas para análises de risco e projeção de medidas de mitigação e convivência. / [en] Debris flows are dangerous natural hazards affecting countries with steep terrains and heavy rainfall. They are associated with serious risks to human lives and infrastructure leading to important economic losses and fatalities. Debris flows involve complex mechanics and prediction techniques that are based on the calibration of models that must be constrained by trial-and-error back-analysis of previous landslides. Such predictions are a valuable tool for outlining potential hazard areas and the development of mitigation strategies and design of protective structures. The main goal of this work was to analyze the behavior of four debris flows triggered by heavy rainfall in tropical regions with numerical modelling. The Voellmy rheology was used to calibrate the cases occurred in Lajas and Llano de la Piedra in Costa Rica, and Córrego D Antas and Hospital São Lucas in Rio de Janeiro. The main parameters used for landslide risk assessment are runout distance, potential impact area, flow velocity and flow depth. The definition of appropriate calibrating parameters is important because it provides the possibility of first order predictions to be made about the motion of future landslides happening under similar conditions. The results of the dynamic analysis showed that consistent values were obtained for the main parameters evaluated in the 2D and 3D runout models, verifying the usefulness of these tools for landslide risk assessment and the project of protection structures.