Après l'entrée dans l'ère du numérique, la consommation vidéo a évolué définissant de nouvelles tendances. Les contenus vidéo sont désormais accessibles sur de nombreuses plateformes (télévision, ordinateur, tablette, smartphone ... ) et par de nombreux moyens, comme les réseaux mobiles, les réseaux satellites, les réseaux terrestres, Internet ou le stockage Blu-ray par exemple. Parallèlement, l'expérience utilisateur s'améliore grâce à la définition de nouveaux formats comme l'Ultra Haute Définition (UHD), le « High Dynamic Range » (HDR) ou le « High Frame Rate » (HFR). Ces formats considèrent une augmentation respectivement de la résolution, de la dynamique des couleurs et de la fréquence d'image. Les nouvelles tendances de consommation et les améliorations des formats imposent de nouvelles contraintes auxquelles doivent répondre les codeurs vidéo actuels et futurs. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une solution de codage vidéo permettant de répondre à des contraintes de codage multi-formats, multi-destinations, rapide et efficace en termes de compression. Cette solution s'appuie sur l'extension Scalable du standard de compression vidéo « High Efficiency Video Coding » (HEVC) définie en fin d'année 2014, aussi appelée SHVC. Elle permet de réaliser des codages scalables en produisant un unique bitstream à partir d'un codage sur plusieurs couches construites à partir d'une même vidéo à différentes échelles de résolutions, fréquences, niveaux de qualité, profondeurs des pixels ou espaces de couleur. Le codage SHVC améliore l'efficacité du codage HEVC grâce à une prédiction inter-couches qui consistent à employer les informations de codage issues des couches les plus basses. La solution proposée dans cette thèse s'appuie sur un codeur HEVC professionnel développé par la société Ateme qui intègre plusieurs niveaux de parallélisme (inter-images, intra-images, inter-blocs et inter-opérations) grâce à une architecture en pipeline. Deux instances parallèles de ce codeur sont synchronisées via un décalage inter-pipelines afin de réaliser une prédiction inter-couches. Des compromis entre complexité et efficacité de codage sont effectués au sein de cette prédiction au niveau des types d'image et des outils de prédiction. Dans un cadre de diffusion, par exemple, la prédiction inter-couches est effectuée sur les textures pour une image sur deux. A qualité constante, ceci permet d'économiser 18.5% du débit pour une perte de seulement 2% de la vitesse par rapport à un codage HEVC. L'architecture employée permet alors de réaliser tous les types de scalabilité supportés par l'extension SHVC. De plus, pour une scalabilité en résolution, nous proposons un filtre de sous-échantillonnage, effectué sur la couche de base, qui optimise le coût en débit global. Nous proposons des modes de qualité intégrant plusieurs niveaux de parallélisme et optimisations à bas niveau qui permettent de réaliser des codages en temps-réel sur des formats UHD. La solution proposée a été intégrée dans une chaîne de diffusion vidéo temps-réel et montrée lors de plusieurs salons, conférences et meetinqs ATSC 3.0. / After entering the digital era, video consumption evolved and defined new trends. Video contents can now be accessed with many platforms (television, computer, tablet, smartphones ... ) and from many medias such as mobile network or satellite network or terrestrial network or Internet or local storage on Blu-ray disc for instance. In the meantime, users experience improves thanks to new video format such as Ultra High Definition (UHD) or High Dynamic Range (HOR) or High Frame Rate (HFR). These formats respectively enhance quality through resolution, dynamic range and frequency. New consumption trends and new video formats define new constraints that have to be resolved by currents and futures video encoders. In this context, we propose a video coding solution able to answer constraints such as multi-formats coding, multi­destinations coding, coding speed and coding efficiency in terms of video compression. This solution relies on the scalable extension of the standard « High Efficiency Video Coding » (HEVC) defined in 2014 also called SHVC. This extension enables scalable video coding by producing a single bitstream on several layers built from a common video at different scales of resolution, frequency, quality, bit depth per pixel or even colour gamut. SHVC coding enhance HEVC coding thanks to an inter-layer prediction that use coding information from lower layers. In this PhD thesis, the proposed solution is based on a professional video encoder, developed by Ateme company, able to perform parallelism on several levels (inter-frames, intra-frames, inter-blocks, inter-operations) thanks to a pipelined architecture. Two instances of this encoder run in parallel and are synchronised at pipeline level to enable inter-layer predictions. Some trade-off between complexity and coding efficiency are proposed on inter-layer prediction at slice and prediction tools levels. For instance, in a broadcast configuration, inter-layer prediction is processed on reconstructed pictures only for half the frames of the bitstream. In a constant quality configuration, it enables to save 18.5% of the coding bitrate for only 2% loss in terms of coding speed compared to equivalent HEVC coding. The proposed architecture is also able to perform all kinds of scalability supported in the SHVC extension. Moreover, in spatial scalability, we propose a down-sampling filter processed on the base layer that optimized global coding bitrate. We propose several quality modes with parallelism on several levels and low-level optimization that enable real-time video coding on UHD sequences. The proposed solution was integrated in a video broadcast chain and showed in several professional shows, conferences and at ATSC 3.0 meetings.

Les microprocesseurs et les architectures parallèles d'aujourd'hui lancent de nouveaux défis aux techniques de compilation. En présence de parallélisme, les optimisations deviennent trop spécifiques et complexes pour être laissées au soin du programmeur. Les techniques de parallélisation automatique dépassent le cadre traditionnel des applications numériques et abordent de nouveaux modèles de programmes, tels que les nids de boucles non affines, les appels récursifs et les structures de données dynamiques. Des analyses précises sont au c{\oe}ur de la détection du parallélisme, elles rassemblent des informations à la compilation sur les propriétés des programmes à l'exécution. Ces informations valident des transformations utiles pour l'extraction du parallélisme et la génération de code parallèle. Cette thèse aborde principalement des analyses et des transformations avec une vision par instances, c'est-à-dire considérant les propriétés individuelles de chaque instance d'une instruction à l'exécution. Une nouvelle formalisation à l'aide de langages formels nous permet tout d'abord d'étudier une analyse de dépendances et de définitions visibles par instances pour programmes récursifs. L'application de cette analyse à l'expansion et la parallélisation de programmes récursifs dévoile des résultats encourageants. Les nids de boucles quelconques font l'objet de la deuxième partie de ce travail. Une nouvelle étude des techniques de parallélisation fondées sur l'expansion nous permet de proposer des solutions à des problèmes d'optimisation cruciaux.

<p>AbstractTitle: Communicative leadership – a leadership for modern organizationsQualitative research attempting to define the concept.(Kommunikativt ledarskap – ett ledarskap för moderna organisationerKvalitativ studie med ansats att definiera begreppet.)Author: Jenny AxällAim: The aim of this essay is to try to find the essence of and a definition of the communicative leadership. Questions asked are: How can communicative leadership be described? How can it be practiced? What does it demand of those who practice it? What organizational conditions are required? And what results and performances can this leadership lead to?Method: Qualitative explorative research method. The study contains an academic lit-erature review of the science of leadership and communication in general and the more specific communicative leadership. It also includes two personal in-terviews. After analysing the interviews, the result is compared with the litera-ture and discussed in the last chapter. The essay concludes with a definition of communicative leadership.Main results: The following definition of communicative leadership was formulated after concluding the study: In communicative leadership communication is used as the main means of control in order to create joint action and thereby excellent company results. The leadership is based on a conscious and open communication that leads to understanding and participation among employees, as well as to sound and thoroughly founded decisions and well-informed business development. The leadership is constantly practised in formal and informal conversation and dialogue situations where true exchange of opinions and sense making is de-sired. For the communicative leader the employees are the most valuable re-sources in the organization. He or she assumes that employees want to suc-ceed, and will do so, if the right conditions are in place. The communicative leader wants to lead and inspire, emanates joy and comfort, and receives as manager the trust of being a leader.Number of pages: 63Course: Media and Communications Studies DUniversity: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala UniversityDate of submission: 2005-01-17, autumn term of 2004Tutor: Professor Lowe HedmanKeywords: Communicative leadership, communicative competence, communicative fol-lowership, communicative processes, decentralized organizations, leadership, organizational culture, internal communication, definition of leadership.</p>

This paper examines the results of a usability study for finding aids from the Special Collections Research Center at North Carolina State University. In 2005, the Special Collections Research Center reformatted its finding aids so that the container information, typically located on the left-hand side of the document, moved to the right-hand side of the document. The study tested the effectiveness of this change, and determined that traditional finding aids performed better. The analysis of the study’s results is followed by a discussion about Web usability guidelines for online finding aids.

The aim of this thesis is to illuminate which role theories of music education can have in the dialectic between discourse and competence in the practice of music pedagogy. The thesis stems from a problem-oriented project that resulted in the formulation of the following research question: how can the connection between music education theory and the power of definition be described and problematized from a cultural-historical perspective using Vygotsky's thesis of Semiotic Thinking? In his research on the dual function of language Vygotsky makes a distinction between the usage of concepts and conceptualization. In this study this distinction has been crucial to determining the relationship between music education theory and the power of definition as practised in music pedagogy. The research project comprised a background study and three sub-studies. The focus of the background-study was the conditions for musical learning and development in persons with severe cognitive dysfunctions. The first sub-study dealt with how social workers in this area of special education conceptualise their view of music in relation to their understanding of music activities in their own practice. The second sub-study aimed to explore which concepts music-therapists use in their meta-reflections on musical situations in this area of special education. The purpose of the third sub-study was to formulate a theoretical perspective on the relationship between music education theory and the power of definition using Vygotsky's hypothesis of semiotic thinking. The main conclusions are: first, that music education theory can be understood as a structural coupling between the power of definition that is embedded in music-pedagogical discourse as a whole, and the power of definition possessed by music pedagogues; second, that the development of the power of definition in the practice of music pedagogy is a creative process that in turn entails a critical questioning of music education theory.

AbstractTitle: Communicative leadership – a leadership for modern organizationsQualitative research attempting to define the concept.(Kommunikativt ledarskap – ett ledarskap för moderna organisationerKvalitativ studie med ansats att definiera begreppet.)Author: Jenny AxällAim: The aim of this essay is to try to find the essence of and a definition of the communicative leadership. Questions asked are: How can communicative leadership be described? How can it be practiced? What does it demand of those who practice it? What organizational conditions are required? And what results and performances can this leadership lead to?Method: Qualitative explorative research method. The study contains an academic lit-erature review of the science of leadership and communication in general and the more specific communicative leadership. It also includes two personal in-terviews. After analysing the interviews, the result is compared with the litera-ture and discussed in the last chapter. The essay concludes with a definition of communicative leadership.Main results: The following definition of communicative leadership was formulated after concluding the study: In communicative leadership communication is used as the main means of control in order to create joint action and thereby excellent company results. The leadership is based on a conscious and open communication that leads to understanding and participation among employees, as well as to sound and thoroughly founded decisions and well-informed business development. The leadership is constantly practised in formal and informal conversation and dialogue situations where true exchange of opinions and sense making is de-sired. For the communicative leader the employees are the most valuable re-sources in the organization. He or she assumes that employees want to suc-ceed, and will do so, if the right conditions are in place. The communicative leader wants to lead and inspire, emanates joy and comfort, and receives as manager the trust of being a leader.Number of pages: 63Course: Media and Communications Studies DUniversity: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala UniversityDate of submission: 2005-01-17, autumn term of 2004Tutor: Professor Lowe HedmanKeywords: Communicative leadership, communicative competence, communicative fol-lowership, communicative processes, decentralized organizations, leadership, organizational culture, internal communication, definition of leadership.

Denna C-uppsats analyserar genom kvalitativt innehållsanalytiska metoder utvalda delar av BBC:s bevakning av upploppen i England i augusti 2011. Metodmodellen är egenkonstruerad, men använder element ur kritisk diskursanalys (CDA, Faircloughs tillämpningar), samt delar av de metodverktyg som tas upp i Selby och Cowderys metodhandbok How to Study Television. Materialet undersöks i fyra steg: konstruktion, kategori/genre, inverkan/agency samt diskursiv praktik/nyhetsvärdering. Teorin som tjänar som bas för undersökningen består av litteratur inom ämnesområdet journalistik och samhälle, med stor fokus på relationen dem sinsemellan. Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa hur social skiktning och rådande diskurser spelar in i representationen av olika samhällsgrupper i BBC:s nyhetsrapportering, med rapporteringen kring upploppen som exempel på hur representationen kan se ut. De centrala frågeställningar som uppsatsens analysdel ämnar besvara är hur individer från olika samhällsskikt tilldelas rätten att definiera upploppen, och hur denna tilldelning av definitionsrätt påverkar innehållet i nyhetsinslagen. Vissa avgränsningar görs för undersökningen. Då analysen görs på ett relativt litet urval bestående av tre nyhetsinslag (alla tre är intervjuer) görs i uppsatsen inga anspråk på att dra några slutsatser gällande rapporteringen kring upploppen i stort, eller kring BBC:s rapportering generellt. Från resultaten kan det konstateras att det finns stora skillnader i identitetskonstruktionen av de olika individerna i nyhetsinslagen, och att representation och tillåtelsen till definition av nyhetshändelsen skiljer sig tydligt mellan inslagen. En vit butiksinnehaverska i yngre medelåldern representeras med en stark positiv identitet, och får föra ut sitt budskap fritt och ostört. Hennes definition av händelserna och de inblandade människorna tillåts dominera inslaget totalt och därmed legitimeras. Övriga individer, två unga flickor och en svart journalist i övre medelåldern kommer inte i närheten av att på allvar få definiera händelserna, och representeras betydligt mer negativt och som svagare individer. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att det i materialet finns en grov skevhet och allvarliga skillnader i rätten att få definiera händelser i sin omvärld.

The aim of this thesis is to illuminate which role theories of music education can have in the dialectic between discourse and competence in the practice of music pedagogy. The thesis stems from a problem-oriented project that resulted in the formulation of the following research question: how can the connection between music education theory and the power of definition be described and problematized from a cultural-historical perspective using Vygotsky's thesis of Semiotic Thinking? In his research on the dual function of language Vygotsky makes a distinction between the usage of concepts and conceptualization. In this study this distinction has been crucial to determining the relationship between music education theory and the power of definition as practised in music pedagogy. The research project comprised a background study and three sub-studies. The focus of the background-study was the conditions for musical learning and development in persons with severe cognitive dysfunctions. The first sub-study dealt with how social workers in this area of special education conceptualise their view of music in relation to their understanding of music activities in their own practice. The second sub-study aimed to explore which concepts music-therapists use in their meta-reflections on musical situations in this area of special education. The purpose of the third sub-study was to formulate a theoretical perspective on the relationship between music education theory and the power of definition using Vygotsky's hypothesis of semiotic thinking. The main conclusions are: first, that music education theory can be understood as a structural coupling between the power of definition that is embedded in music-pedagogical discourse as a whole, and the power of definition possessed by music pedagogues; second, that the development of the power of definition in the practice of music pedagogy is a creative process that in turn entails a critical questioning of music education theory.

The writer has attempted to discuss the distinction between the necessary and the contingent. It begins with a criticism against the possibility for a so-called ‘a possible worlds realism’ to give a “philosophical explanation” of this distinction. The writer argues that this is impossible, since it requires that a notion of this distinction be already accepted (more precisely that the necessity of such a theory is already accepted). After this specific criticism, the writer intends to show that this is a more general problem that follows any explanation of the contingent/necessary distinction. The writer then discusses the counter-argument that the requirements placed on these explanations are set to high, therefore the writer shows in theory the problem can be solved and sketches a more specific way how to explain and show the basis for this distinction. / Författaren har avsett att diskutera distinktionen mellan det nödvändiga och det kontingent. Det börjar med en kritik mot möjligheten för en så kallad ’möjliga världars realism’ att ge en ”filosofisk förklaring” av denna distinktion. Författaren argumenterar för att detta är omöjligt, eftersom det kräver att en sådan distinktion redan är accepterad (mer specifikt att nödvändigheten av en sådan teori redan är accepterad). Efter denna specifika kriticism, så avser författaren visa att detta problem är generellt och att det följer alla försök att förklara den kontingenta/nödvändiga distinktionen. Författaren diskuterar sedan motargumentet att de krav som ställts på dessa förklaringar är för högt ställda, därför visar författaren hur problemet kan lösas i teorin och visar också en förenklad modell av en lösningsmetod.

The study aimed at getting a grass root opinion on poverty and why Ghana is still poor after 50 years of independence in spite of her richness in natural resources, second largest producer of cocoa in the word and appreciable stable political environment. The opinions of the ordinary people in the Bia district and their observed living conditions was analysed in line with theoretical basis of the study and previous studies to justify the stance that poverty should be considered as an abuse of human rights. It was concluded based on position of informants and previous data available that though many factors have been raised by previous scholars as the cause of poverty, the actions and inactions of both internal and external power-holders is the main source of poverty in Ghana. It was proposed that for poverty to be reduced in a sustainable way there should be strong civil society groups and active citizens through civic education to hold power-holders accountable. Until the actions and inactions of power-holders which have subjected many Ghanaians into intergenerational poverty are seen as human rights abuse, the rights of many Ghanaians would be constantly abused. This will eventually defeat the promotion of human rights culture in Ghana.