Cette étude porte sur les différentes formalisations du sens linguistique dans le cadre de la théorie Sens-Texte (TST) ; elle s’intéresse notamment à la représentation sémantique, la représentation la plus importante dans la modélisation du sens d’énoncés et d’unités lexicales de la langue. Cette étude a trois objectifs : premièrement, décrire trois formalisations de la représentation sémantique existant dans la TST – les réseaux sémantiques, les définitions lexicographiques et les définitions de la BDéf (des définitions très formalisées) ; deuxièmement, identifier les disparités et les décalages entre les formalisations choisies ; troisièmement, proposer des modifications aux formalisations existantes pour réduire au maximum ces disparités. / This study explores the different formalisations of linguistic meaning as encountered in the Meaning-Text Theory (MST) framework. Its main interest is semantic representation, which is the most important representation in the modeling of the meaning of utterances and lexical units. This study has three objectives: first, describing three existing formalisations of semantic representation in the MST – semantic networks, lexicographical definitions, and BDéf definitions (definitions that are extremely formalized); second, identifying the discrepancies between these formalisations; finally, proposing modifications to these formalisations in order to reduce the disparities as much as possible.

Cette recherche porte sur la controverse médiatique entourant le projet de loi HADOPI en France, à compter du dépôt du rapport Olivennes en novembre 2007 jusqu’à son adoption définitive en octobre 2009, loi qui vise à développer l’offre légale d’œuvres culturelles sur Internet, en régulant les pratiques de téléchargement. Durant ces deux années, HADOPI a fait l’objet de maintes discussions, de débats et de négociations sur les activités des internautes ayant recours à ces nouveaux modes de consommation de la musique sur Internet, entre autres. L’étude porte sur un corpus d’articles journalistiques des principales institutions médiatiques françaises, tant la presse généraliste quotidienne qu’hebdomadaire. Son cadre théorique s’inspire essentiellement des travaux du sociologue français Michel Callon et sa notion de cadrage (framing) qui suppose qu’un problème identifié à un environnement donné est avant tout défini et pris en charge par des acteurs spécifiques à cet environnement. Je défends l’idée que l’adoption définitive de la loi HADOPI repose sur un processus de négociations complexe, dont les points de vue dans les discours de presse semblent être organisés en deux camps par les médias, les « pour » et les « contre ». La définition de la situation du point de vue d’un « camp » comme de l’autre évoque les principaux constats de la controverse médiatique selon les intervenants concernés. / This research explores the media controversy about the HADOPI law project in France, from its inception in November 2007 until its final adoption in October 2009, in particular surrounding illegal downloading activity. During those two years, HADOPI was the subject of a series of discussions, debates, arguments and negotiations about those activities. This study analyzes media articles from major French media institutions using popular papers from the daily and weekly press. The theoretical framework is based on Michel Callon’s notion of framing, according to which an issue identified in a specific context is defined by specific actors from this environment. I also argue that the adoption of the HADOPI law was the result of a complex process of negotiation, and the points of view are split into pros and cons camps for and against, by each media outlet. The definition of the context from one camp or the other presents the media controversy’s assessments from the actors involved.

Le médicament est un produit de consommation particulier ayant une multiple vocation.Biens spécifiques porteurs de risques par essence, sa répartition ne peut être laissée au seul jeudu marché. Ils doivent être évalués aussi bien à priori qu’à postéri et durant toute leur viecommerciale. Produit actif nécessaire à la santé, ils comportent de nombreux risques. Latotalité du cycle (production, dispensation, récupération) de tout produit de santé doit être trèsétroitement encadrée et confiée à la responsabilité de professionnels. Leur prise en chargerequiert donc l’attention de toute la collectivité, et doit faire l’objet d’une réglementationrigoureuse en raison des problèmes de santé publique résultant d’une mauvaise utilisation.Ces particularités du médicament entraînent un certain nombre de codification. Descontraintes réglementaires régissent la mise sur le marché et l’utilisation de ces biens, afind’assurer leur qualité, leur efficacité et leur innocuité. Les événements indésirables graves nesont pas toujours bien encadrés dans les pays, milieux médical et hospitalier africain. Et encas de dommages à la santé résultant d’une mauvaise utilisation, il importe de s’interroger surles droits et les responsabilités des différents acteurs (professionnels de santé, patient, Etat).On ne peut espérer prévenir les erreurs médicamenteuses si on n’implante pas dans les espritsla culture du risque et de la responsabilité, préalable indispensable à la réorganisation ducircuit des produits de santé. / Drugs are a particular consumer product having a multiple purposes. Specific goods carryrisks in themselves, and shouldn’t be distributed solely to the mainstream market. Rather, theymust be evaluated before, during and after their commercial life. Active products arenecessary for healthcare, but contain numerous risks. The entire cycle (production, delivery,recovery) of all health products must be very strictly supervised and entrusted to aprofessional’s responsibility. Their supervision therefore requires the attention of the wholehealth care community, and must be strictly regulated because health problems can resultfrom misuse. These features of the drug involve a certain codification system. Regulatoryrequirements govern the place on the market and use of these assets to ensure their quality,effectiveness and safety. Medical malpractice is not always well supervised in the medicaland hospital atmosphere of Africa. And in case of damage to health resulting from misuse, itis important to consider the rights and responsibilities of the various people involved(healthcare professionals, patients, government). Medical errors cannot be prevented if theculture of risk and responsibility is not instilled in the minds of the public. This is aprerequisite for the reorganisation of the distribution of health products.

The works of the nineteenth-century American thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson continue to be inspiring particularly due to their empowering effect on the individual. It is especially Emerson's concepts of the sovereignty of the individual, the importance of self-definition, the view of life as a transitory flow, and the relationship between freedom and fate which can be practically and usefully applied in the life of an individual. It is possible, then, to understand and evaluate Emerson's works through the practical effects of his concepts, in other words through the prism of pragmatism. Emerson's empowering philosophy can be of use especially to disempowered groups such as African Americans. The Emersonian themes which are to be found in the works of various African-American non-fiction writers such as W.E.B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr. and Cornel West testify to the relevance of Emerson for this minority group. In Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and Richard Wright's Native Son, two African-American novels, Emersonian principles are shown to be of utmost importance for the positive development of the protagonists.

ZBIEJCZUKOVÁ, I. The conception of hero in fantasy literature. Diploma thesis. Prague: ÚČLLV FF UK, 2010-2011. This diploma thesis deals with typology of heroes and heroins in fantasy literature, with special regard to heroic quest from the point of view of literally composition. One part of the thesis applies to the defition and history of fantasy genre in both anglo-saxon and czech environment. The thesis therefore uses and cites both czech and foreign fantasy literally works. The aim of the thesis is to point to archetypical neomythic structure of fantasy texts and to their tendency to recreate heroism using particular examples of fantasy literature.

Ce travail propose une approche novatrice de l’étude des sculptures préhispaniques de l’Altiplano. En nous concentrant sur les pièces de la culture Pucara, c’est toute la vision du monde andin que nous revisitons. Après avoir énuméré les travaux antérieurs et les lacunes qui perdurent, nous procédons à une redéfinition complète du phénomène Pucara. Pour cela, nous utilisons la grande quantité de pièces inédites que nous avons pu inventorier au cours de nos voyages de recherche dans la région. De même, nous réalisons une étude comparative plus globale comprenant l’ensemble des styles affiliés Yaya-Mama, Tiahuanaco ou encore Khonkho Wankane. De la sorte, c’est tout le panorama culturel de cette région des Andes que nous revisitons. Il en découle une description précise des critères d’attributions stylistiques propres à chaque culture, ainsi que l’élaboration de normes de création strictes. Mais dans le même temps, nous mettons en évidence la continuité culturelle qui existe entre les différents phénomènes. Nous aboutissons à une chronologie relative des sculptures Pucara et de l’ensemble du bassin du lac Titicaca, tout en démontrant l’existence de phases de transition. Ces éléments rompent radicalement avec la théorie en place énonçant une disparition soudaine de la culture Pucara. Fort de cette nouvelle vision, nous proposons une lecture symbolique de l’iconographie présente sur ces vestiges. Par cette analyse en profondeur, nous extirpons le phénomène Pucara de son isolement. En fin de compte, nous illustrons comment les sculptures Pucara expriment une tradition pan-andine tout en conservant une forte identité régionale. / This thesis introduces an innovative approach for the Altiplano’s sculptures study of the pre-hispanic times. Focusing on the lithic elements produced by the Pucara culture, our conception of the Andean world is revisited. After the reminder of anterior works and lacks that remain, a complete redefinition of the Pucara phenomenon is given. For that, we use the important quantity of unpublished elements, recorded during our research journeys in this region. In the same way, a more global comparative study is realized, including the whole affiliated styles: Yaya-Mama, Tiahuanaco and also Khonkho Wankane. Thus, we revisit all the cultural overview of this Andean region. Following, we make a precise description of the stylistic criteria specifics to each culture, as well as the elaboration of strict creation standards. However, at the same time, the cultural continuity existing in each phenomenon is highlighted. We come up to a relative chronology of the Pucara sculptures and for the entire Lake Titicaca basin, while demonstrating the existence of transition phases. These elements break radically with the current theory that states a sudden disappearance of the Pucara culture. With this new vision, we propose a symbolical reading of the iconography shown on these artifacts. By our profound analysis, the Pucara phenomenon is taken out of its isolation. In fact, we illustrate how the Pucara sculptures express a pan Andean tradition while keeping a strong regional identity.

The aim of this Thesis is to describe the practical implementation of process management in terms of Configuration Management process and subsequent implementation support tool, configuration and management database, focusing on describing and identifying particular steps needed for the definition and implementation process and the subsequent selection and implementation support tools. As an initial base of this Thesis I have used the practical experience of projects focusing on the definition and implementation of process management and subsequent implementation support tools, in which I acted in the role of the Configuration Manager. It means I assisted at course of entire projects. The Thesis focuses mainly on my run and defined Configuration Management process and describes the process and importance of various activities leading to the successful establishment of a process into practice, including identified problems and some of their solutions. The result of this Thesis should approach introducing one of the process of family ITIL v. 2 to practice and subsequent leading to the selection and implementation of the configuration and management database, as a major output of this process.

This research investigated the manner in which a group of African male students perceive and construct gender equality in the work place. A sample of 19 African male students within the University of Witwatersrand student population was used. The participants were aged between 19 and 30 years. This specific age range was chosen on the grounds that most students in this age range would have already formed specific views regarding gender equality. Individual and focus group interviews were the main methods of data collection; both types of interviews were conducted with this varied sample of African male students. The study was qualitative in nature and it employed thematic content analysis as a method of data analysis. Key themes were identified and discussed.The results indicated the contradictory nature of how men understand and accept equality. This was evident in how men tried to curb and undermine the empowerment of women in a manner that helped to advance the agenda of men. The participants used a varied number of strategies to try and argue for male power and control. These strategies were utilised as deemed contextually relevant by the men. This was especially relevant in how men were seen to negotiate their roles within the workplace in a manner that would align or help them be seen to be in favour of equal opportunities in the workplace yet in private and within their homes they were seemingly against the whole notion altogether.

A designação de estruturas próprias de sistemas dinâmicos com retroação completa de estados ou saídas foi objeto de estudo de muitos pesquisadores durante a segunda metade do século XX. Os trabalhos mais relevantes sobre o tema foram revisados e serviram como base para a elaboração da metodologia apresentada neste trabalho. Que consiste na designação de estruturas próprias desejadas para um sistema linear em malha aberta com a modificação de parâmetros do sistema através da pseudo retroação de saídas devidamente definidas. O método foi aplicado na coxinização de um veículo de passeio. No qual os modos de vibrar de modelos lineares com 7 e 8 graus de liberdade do veículo foram adequados com o intuito de reduzir as acelerações verticais de chassi, características do fenômeno shake de motor e câmbio (faixa de frequência entre 7 e 25 Hz). Para tanto, reduziu-se a participação do grau de liberdade vertical de chassi nos modos com grande participação dos graus de liberdade de motor e massa não suspensa. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da metodologia na coxinização foram valores de rigidezes, amortecimentos e características de coxins hidráulicos que resultam na redução significativa da aceleração vertical de chassi, que implica em uma melhora perceptível para o consumidor na qualidade do conforto do veículo. / Eigenstructure assignment using full state or output feedback control had been object of study of many researchers during the second half of XX century. The most important works about eigenstructure assignment were reviewed, specially some applications within aerospace industry, that was the responsible for developing all the theory concerning pole and eigenvector placement. The review of the related theory was also based on the pioneering and most expressive works and were base for the methodology developed and described in this work. Which consists basically on the assignment of some desired eigensctructure of open loop linear systems modifying some parameters of the systems by means pseudo feedback of some outputs into inputs specifically defined. This methodology was applied to a 8 DOF vehicle model, a case of study, in order to adequate the system modes changing engine mounts parameters to improve the vehicle ride comfort, mainly eigenstructures about powertrain shake range frequencies.

Master's thesis "Symbolism of a circle and a spiral - art interpretation" consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part is focused on a general description of the history, occurrence and interpretation of circle and spiral in different cultures and chart the use of these symbols in their visual arts. The practical part of the thesis is my own realization of the described symbols. The main inspiration source came from the Czech painter Václav Boštík and from illustrator and graphic artist Petr Sís. The resulting product consists of a collection of sketches and five final designs processed by using several drawing and graphic techniques.