Design brief is the descriptive and connective medium of design competitions. The main aim (design problem) of the design competition is explained by means of design brief which is setting up all needs and requirements or design program (specification) which is explaining the requirement list. The definition of design problem should be formulated to make clear statements in order to avoid misapprehensions by forming creative environment to enable creation of new ideas. The communication processes are composed between the participants of the competition, which are the client, competitors, jury and the public, by means of the formulation of design problem by the design brief. This thesis aims to understand the role of design brief as different from design program (specification) in the process and result of the urban design competitions by studying the nature and effects of design brief as the main communication tool in the design and evaluation processes in design competitions. Three urban design competitions are chosen as the main study areas of the thesis because of their different processes and results.

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I uppsatsen undersöks marknadsavgränsningen vid onlinetjänster vilket är ett ämne som uppmärksammats nyligen i ett avgörande från Marknadsdomstolen där inblandade parter var OnlinePizza och Pizza24, som båda är verksamma inom onlinebeställning av mat. Yrkandet kunde inte bifallas på grund av bristande bevisning från den yrkande parten. Författarna har diskuterat hur utfallet av domen kunde blivit om tillräcklig bevisning hade lagts fram.Med stöd av svensk och europeisk rätt samt relevant praxis diskuterar författarna framförallt angående begränsningen av den relevanta produktmarknaden vid onlinetjänster, särskilt för matbeställningar.Det går inte att dra slutsatser angående den relevanta produktmarknaden för onlinetjänster eftersom tjänsterna till en väldigt stor grad skiljer sig från varandra generellt i syfte och användning. Författarna har undersökt tjänsten onlinebeställning av mat och kommit fram till att den relevanta produktmarknaden bygger på tre grundpelare. Även om onlinetjänster oftast betraktas som geografiskt obegränsade spelar dock den geografiska marknaden roll vid fastställandet av den relevanta marknaden för olika onlinetjänster.

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Cette étude porte sur les différentes formalisations du sens linguistique dans le cadre de la théorie Sens-Texte (TST) ; elle s’intéresse notamment à la représentation sémantique, la représentation la plus importante dans la modélisation du sens d’énoncés et d’unités lexicales de la langue. Cette étude a trois objectifs : premièrement, décrire trois formalisations de la représentation sémantique existant dans la TST – les réseaux sémantiques, les définitions lexicographiques et les définitions de la BDéf (des définitions très formalisées) ; deuxièmement, identifier les disparités et les décalages entre les formalisations choisies ; troisièmement, proposer des modifications aux formalisations existantes pour réduire au maximum ces disparités. / This study explores the different formalisations of linguistic meaning as encountered in the Meaning-Text Theory (MST) framework. Its main interest is semantic representation, which is the most important representation in the modeling of the meaning of utterances and lexical units. This study has three objectives: first, describing three existing formalisations of semantic representation in the MST – semantic networks, lexicographical definitions, and BDéf definitions (definitions that are extremely formalized); second, identifying the discrepancies between these formalisations; finally, proposing modifications to these formalisations in order to reduce the disparities as much as possible.

Cette recherche porte sur la controverse médiatique entourant le projet de loi HADOPI en France, à compter du dépôt du rapport Olivennes en novembre 2007 jusqu’à son adoption définitive en octobre 2009, loi qui vise à développer l’offre légale d’œuvres culturelles sur Internet, en régulant les pratiques de téléchargement. Durant ces deux années, HADOPI a fait l’objet de maintes discussions, de débats et de négociations sur les activités des internautes ayant recours à ces nouveaux modes de consommation de la musique sur Internet, entre autres. L’étude porte sur un corpus d’articles journalistiques des principales institutions médiatiques françaises, tant la presse généraliste quotidienne qu’hebdomadaire. Son cadre théorique s’inspire essentiellement des travaux du sociologue français Michel Callon et sa notion de cadrage (framing) qui suppose qu’un problème identifié à un environnement donné est avant tout défini et pris en charge par des acteurs spécifiques à cet environnement. Je défends l’idée que l’adoption définitive de la loi HADOPI repose sur un processus de négociations complexe, dont les points de vue dans les discours de presse semblent être organisés en deux camps par les médias, les « pour » et les « contre ». La définition de la situation du point de vue d’un « camp » comme de l’autre évoque les principaux constats de la controverse médiatique selon les intervenants concernés. / This research explores the media controversy about the HADOPI law project in France, from its inception in November 2007 until its final adoption in October 2009, in particular surrounding illegal downloading activity. During those two years, HADOPI was the subject of a series of discussions, debates, arguments and negotiations about those activities. This study analyzes media articles from major French media institutions using popular papers from the daily and weekly press. The theoretical framework is based on Michel Callon’s notion of framing, according to which an issue identified in a specific context is defined by specific actors from this environment. I also argue that the adoption of the HADOPI law was the result of a complex process of negotiation, and the points of view are split into pros and cons camps for and against, by each media outlet. The definition of the context from one camp or the other presents the media controversy’s assessments from the actors involved.

Išsilaisvinus iš sovietų okupacijos, Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjai į šalies teisinę sistemą inkorporavo konvencijos Dėl kelio užkirtimo genocido nusikaltimui ir baudimo už jį nuostatas. Be to, siekiant nubausti asmenis, kaltus už okupacijos metu vykdytus nusikaltimus, į genocido apibrėžimą buvo įtrauktos taip pat politinės bei socialinės grupės. Tačiau toks Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjų žingsnis praplėtė tarptautinėje teisėje įtvirtintą genocido apibrėžimą, kuriame numatoma, jog genocidu siekiama visiškai ar iš dalies sunaikinti nacionalinę, etninę, rasinę ar religinę grupę, taigi ne politinę ar socialinę grupę. Pagal tarptautinės teisės principą nullum crimen sine lege niekas negali būti baudžiamas už nusikaltimą, kuris jo darymo metu nebuvo draudžiamas įstatymu. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti ar Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje įtvtirtintas išplėstinis genocido sudėties apibrėžimas nepažeidžia principo nullum crimen sine lege. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys, kuriose atskleidžiami nagrinėjamos problemos teoriniai bei praktiniai aspektai. Pirmojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas genocido apibrėžimas, priežastys kodėl politinės ir socialinės grupės nebuvo įtrauktos į Genocido konvenciją bei analizuojama kitų šalių praktika apibrėžiant genocido veiką. Politinės ir socialinės grupės į konvenciją nebuvo įtrauktos dėl politinių priežasčių, iškilus tam tikrų šalių prieštaravimams. Tačiau Lietuva ne vienintelė įtraukė šias grupes į savo įstatymus, tai rodo, kad ne vien Lietuvai svarbi šių grupių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Genocide is described as one of the most severe crimes of the international law. After the Second World War international community decided to codify international law and the general principles of the law recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations enacted The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The convention stated that genocide crime is described as acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many countries including Lithuania got back their independence. Lithuania’s legislators incorporated the norms of the Genocide convention into the state’s legal system. Besides these norms legislators also included social and political groups into the definition of genocide crime. It was done in order to punish persons, who were responsible for the criminal offense against Lithuania’s citizen during soviet occupation. The decision that states legislators made extended the definition of genocide crime established in international law, which defines genocide as the acts against national, ethnic, racial or religious group, but not against social or political group. Under international principle nullum crimen sine lege a person should not face criminal punishment except for an act that was criminalized by law before he performed the act. In this work it is aimed to determine whether the extended genocide structure established in Lithuanian legal system does not violate principle nullum... [to full text]

Values and concerns of project participants have influence on design quality as well as on the design process itself. These determine the functional, social and &aelig / sthetic characteristics of the project that are necessary to achieve client satisfaction. The issues of value and quality are compared within the context of architectural programming, including their theoretical and philosophical ground as well as current management techniques. Value and quality can be misunderstood and confused with each other / therefore, it is vital for project participants to have a common understanding of terminology and meaning. This study includes a comprehensive literature survey on architectural programming and design quality. The current approaches to the construction project process in Turkey were observed through analyzing an hotel project in Turgutreis, Turkey. Supporting tools like Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI) and Design Quality Indicators (DQI) were studied in detail and discussed by the project participants who involved in and affected the design of the project. This study on architectural programming aimed to explore opportunities for identifying and delivering values into the current process of construction projects. It attempted to claim due recognition for designers in that they had an important role to play in developing better quality buildings and that they designed buildings within pertinent social, political and cultural contexts. It was expected that analysis of participants&amp / #8217 / values would provide an understanding of the elaborate decision-making that architects have to perform in order to produce added value in designs, and of how architects resolve design problems.

Although a number of definitions of mixing have been proposed in the literature, no single definition accurately and clearly describes the full range of problems in the field of industrial mixing. Based on the review of mixing and segregation characterization techniques in chemical engineering, spatial statistics and population studies, a definition of industrial mixing is proposed in this thesis, based on three separate dimensions of segregation. The first dimension is the intensity of segregation which quantifies the uniformity of concentration; the second dimension is the scale of segregation or clustering; and the last dimension is the exposure or the potential to reduce segregation. The first dimension focuses on the instantaneous concentration variance; the second on the instantaneous length scales in the mixing field; and the third on the driving force for change, i.e. the mixing time scale, or the instantaneous rate of reduction in segregation. The definition is introduced using concepts, theory and mathematical equations. This definition provides a theoretical framework for the rigorous analysis of mixing problems, encompassing all industrial mixing processes and allowing a clear evaluation of experimental methods. In this work, the three dimensions of segregation are presented and defined in the context of previous definitions of mixing, and then applied to a range of industrial mixing problems to test their accuracy and robustness. Suitable quantities for direct measurement of the dimensions of segregation are then investigated in detail. The result is a toolkit of ready-to-use methods for the measurement of the intensity (CoV) and the scale of segregation (maximum striation thickness on a transect, point-to-nearest neighbour distributions and variogram), provided as Matlab codes. The chosen methods are thoroughly investigated by testing their applicability, limitations, sampling strategies and meaningfulness of the results using selected sets of mixing data, resulting in creation of guidelines for the use of each of the provided methods. The developed definition of mixing, together with tools and guidelines for measurement of mixing will help researches to further develop the field of mixing, engineers to solve practical industrial mixing problems, and instructors of chemical engineering courses to introduce mixing concepts more easily. / Chemical Engineering

This research aims to chart four modes of engagement in post-verite documentary films, devoted to an exclusive examination of theatrical formats, that being those documentaries which are originally intended for a cinema audience. As these theatrical documentaries provide a means for spectators to see through the cinema screen and into the real world, it is important to understand how this 'seeing through' is constructed by the documentary production itself. This thesis acknowledges that the 'learning' of documentary stories and subjects has broadened for the global audience of today. After exploring various separate critiques of documentary voice theory, the definition of documentary and film semiotics, I have devised eight paradigms for creating this 'learning' or 'documentary consciousness' in these theatrical or cinema documentaries. I have explored how these eight paradigms can be observed to function in four different modes. These modes contribute to an evolving understanding of viewer comprehension; that thing called documentary consciousness. This is demonstrated through the audio-visual appendix of clips taken from the proto-typical theatrical documentaries I have chosen to analyse, which are: 'Bowling For Columbine' by Michael Moore (2003), which is illustrative of what I have dubbed the 'Outcome Mode'; 'Etre et Avoir' ('To Be And To Have') by Nicholas Philibert (2004), which exemplifies what I call the 'Participant Mode'; 'My Architect' by Nathaniel Kahn (2005), an example of the 'Journey Mode'; 'Baraka' by Magidson Films (1996), a model of the 'Mandala Mode'.