Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar e compreender a relação entre o arquiteto e o cliente, focado na comunicação, considerando os caminhos que levam aos acertos, ou aos desvios, e que resultarão no nível de qualidade do serviço prestado. Justifica-se este estudo, devido à maioria dos arquitetos e urbanistas, no mercado brasileiro, atuar nas áreas de concepção e projetos, de serviços relacionados à execução de obras, e de arquitetura de interiores e se comprometer, através de suas relações com seus clientes, com o fornecimento desses serviços dentro de prazos, escopos e custos pré-estabelecidos. O método utilizado, aliado a revisão bibliográfica, são estudos de caso múltiplos, constituído de um caso-piloto e nove estudos de caso. A delimitação da pesquisa está no trabalho do profissional de arquitetura autônomo ou microempresário, que trabalha com projetos e obras, de pequeno ou médio porte, e que possui relação direta com o seu cliente. Como resultado, verificou-se que as documentações analisadas, como normas técnicas e resoluções pertinentes, nem sempre apresentam orientações e parâmetros compatíveis com o processo da execução dos serviços para obras de pequeno porte e sugestões são apresentadas, com o objetivo de contribuir e aprimorar a qualidade do serviço do profissional arquiteto e urbanista. Também neste estudo, foi possível identificar novas formas de aprimorar um conjunto de parâmetros, que unidos ao embasamento teórico científico, possibilitarão, no futuro, a proposição de uma estrutura de abordagem de todo o processo, orientado ao gerenciamento de prazos, custos e escopo, em projetos de pequeno porte. / This research aims at investigating and understanding the relationship between architects and clients, focused on communication, considering the paths that lead to the success or divergence, and that will result in the effective quality of the service provided. This study is based on the fact that the majority of architects in the Brazilian market, work with design conception, services related to the building construction and interior design and who commit themselves to supplying services within pre-established deadlines, scopes and costs, through their relations with the clients. The applied method combined with literature review, are multiple case studies, carried out with a pilot-case and nine case studies. The range of the research is the small-size firms or freelancer architects, working with small or medium-sized buildings designs, and has a direct relationship with their clients. As a result, it was found that the documentation reviewed, such as technical standards and other relevant resolutions, not always provide guidelines and parameters consistent with small buildings process of service execution. Suggestions are presented in order to contribute and improve the quality of service of the professional architect. In this study, it was also possible to identify new ways to improve a set of parameters, which attached to the theoretical scientific basis, will enable, in future, the propose a structured process approach, oriented towards success and divergence of management of cost, scope, and deadline, to the small buildings design.

Se considerarmos a hipótese de que a luz é parte indissociável da arquitetura, faz-se necessário buscar possíveis respostas às questões associadas à conciliação entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos no desenvolvimento de projetos de iluminação. Qual o caminho a seguir para que o projeto não se resuma a um simples \"arranjo\" de luminárias e equipamentos? Qual o papel da luz na composição estética do espaço arquitetônico? A iluminação produzida por fontes feitas por mãos humanas, por convenção chamada de iluminação artificial produz uma leitura diferente da obtida pela iluminação natural diurna. Este fato é relevante para o entendimento da arquitetura? Sabemos que a luz pode influenciar no estado emocional e físico das pessoas, mas em que medida esse fator pode ser utilizado de forma a agregar melhores condições nos ambientes projetados? O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar possíveis caminhos de conciliação entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos no processo de projeto de iluminação aplicada à arquitetura, que possam resultar em ambientes seguros, saudáveis e confortáveis. / Whether we consider the hypothesis that light is an integral part of the architecture, it is necessary to seek possible answers to the questions associated with reconciling quantitative and qualitative aspects in the development of lighting projects. What is the way forward for the project not to summarize a single \"arrangement\" of luminaries and equipments? What is the role of light in the aesthetics composition of architectural space? The illumination produced by sources made by human hands, called artificial lighting by convention, produces a different reading from the illumination obtained by natural daylight. Is this fact relevant to the understanding of architecture? We know that light can influence the physical and emotional state of the people, but to what extent this factor can be used to aggregate the best conditions in projected environments? This research aims to investigate possible ways of reconciling quantitative and qualitative aspects in the process of lighting design applied to architecture, which may result in safe, healthy and comfortable environments.

A pesquisa investiga o atual momento em que a topologia adquire uma posição especial dentro dos diálogos que a arquitetura historicamente têm estabelecido com outras áreas do conhecimento. Aponta e sistematiza aproximações contemporâneas com a topologia realizadas por arquitetos e desenvolve sua aproximação por meio da apresentação do conceito de diagrama processual topológico. Este conceito tripartite (diagrama, processo, topologia), é investigado em diferentes áreas como ciência cognitiva, lógica (matemática e semiótica) e filosofia, a fim de enriquecer a análise de sua atuação no campo da topologia. Nesta análise, o diagrama processual topológico é delineado como um meio operativo-representacional de relações espaciais estruturais (a topologia do objeto) que possui três variáveis: pensamento, espaço e tempo. Finalmente, este conceito é levado ao campo do projeto e da representação em arquitetura, construindo um diálogo crítico com o uso e a referência ao diagrama que fazem arquitetos contemporâneos paradigmáticos – Bernard Tschumi, Peter Eisenman, Greg Lynn, Rem Koolhaas, MVRDV, Ben van Berkel, Lars Spuybroek, dentre outros / This research aims to analyse topology’s state of the art. Nowadays topology is a key player in the dialogues that architecture has historically stablished with other areas of knowledge. This work points out and systematizes contemporary approximations with topology made by architects and developes their ideas by means of the concept of topologic processual diagram. This threefold concept (topology, process, diagram) is investigated in different areas such cognitive science, logic (mathematics and semiotics) and philosophy, in order to enrich the analyse of its actuation in the field of topology. In this analysis, the topologic processual diagram is described as an operative-representational medium of spatial structural relations (the object’s topology), with three variables: thought, space and time. Finally, this concept is investigated within the realm of the project and representation in architecture, building up a critical dialogue with diagrams, its use and reference, as performed by paradigmatic contemporary architects - Bernard Tschumi, Peter Eisenman, Greg Lynn, Rem Koolhaas, MVRDV, Ben van Berkel, Lars Spuybroek and others

A bibliografia acerca da obra e vida de Oscar Niemeyer é extensa. Contudo, seu processo projetual ainda é pouco estudado, permanecendo à sombra da superestimada genialidade do arquiteto. A historiografia tem descrito e relatado a maneira de projetar de Oscar Niemeyer como exclusivamente gráfica e sintética, quando muito, valendo-se apenas de croquis e curtos textos explicativos como ferramentas projetuais. O discurso simplificador, tanto do arquiteto quanto de outros autores, contribuiu para a mitificação do processo projetual de Niemeyer. Por esse motivo, pouco se sabe a respeito da existência e do papel dos modelos físicos neste processo. Não há estudos específicos a respeito do emprego de tal recurso pelo arquiteto, de que maneira o fazia, com que frequência e que experimentações efetuava tridimensionalmente. Esta pesquisa tem por fundamento material primário e inédito - especialmente dois filmes - de registro da interação entre Oscar Niemeyer e seu maquetista Gilberto Antunes, com quem teve parceria de mais de quatro décadas, trazendo à luz o processo projetual de Oscar Niemeyer e revelando aspectos até então desconhecidos do método de trabalho do arquiteto. Os documentos de processo são o ponto de apoio de profunda revisão metodológica e historiográfica do papel dos modelos tridimensionais nesse processo de projeto. Tal revisão crítica pode conduzir a reconfigurações significativas nas posições vigentes quanto às distorções e mitificação do modo de projetar de Niemeyer Esse trabalho de compreensão e desmistificação do processo é fundamental e contribui para o ensino de arquitetura no Brasil e no mundo. / The specific literature about Oscar Niemeyer\'s work and life is extensive. However, his design process is still not widely studied, remaining in the shadow of the architect\'s overestimated genius. Historiography has described and reported Oscar Niemeyer\'s way of projecting as exclusively graphic and synthetic, using only sketches and short explanatory texts as design tools. The simplistic discourse, by the architect and other authors, contributed to the mythification of Niemeyer\'s design process. For this reason, little is known about the existence and role of study models in this process. There are no specific studies regarding the use of such asset by the architect, how he did it, how often and what three-dimensional experiments he made. This research is based on primary and unpublished material - especially two films - documenting the interaction between Oscar Niemeyer and his model-maker Gilberto Antunes, with whom he had a partnership of more than four decades, bringing to light Oscar Niemeyer\'s design process and revealing aspects, until then unknown, from the architect\'s method of work. The documents of the process are the point of support for a deep methodological and historiographic revision of the role of three-dimensional models in this design process. Such critical review may lead to significant reconfigurations in the current positions regarding the falsification and mitigation of Niemeyer\'s design process. This work of comprehension and demystification of the process is fundamental and contributes to the education of architecture in Brazil and in the world.

A pesquisa investiga o atual momento em que a topologia adquire uma posição especial dentro dos diálogos que a arquitetura historicamente têm estabelecido com outras áreas do conhecimento. Aponta e sistematiza aproximações contemporâneas com a topologia realizadas por arquitetos e desenvolve sua aproximação por meio da apresentação do conceito de diagrama processual topológico. Este conceito tripartite (diagrama, processo, topologia), é investigado em diferentes áreas como ciência cognitiva, lógica (matemática e semiótica) e filosofia, a fim de enriquecer a análise de sua atuação no campo da topologia. Nesta análise, o diagrama processual topológico é delineado como um meio operativo-representacional de relações espaciais estruturais (a topologia do objeto) que possui três variáveis: pensamento, espaço e tempo. Finalmente, este conceito é levado ao campo do projeto e da representação em arquitetura, construindo um diálogo crítico com o uso e a referência ao diagrama que fazem arquitetos contemporâneos paradigmáticos – Bernard Tschumi, Peter Eisenman, Greg Lynn, Rem Koolhaas, MVRDV, Ben van Berkel, Lars Spuybroek, dentre outros / This research aims to analyse topology’s state of the art. Nowadays topology is a key player in the dialogues that architecture has historically stablished with other areas of knowledge. This work points out and systematizes contemporary approximations with topology made by architects and developes their ideas by means of the concept of topologic processual diagram. This threefold concept (topology, process, diagram) is investigated in different areas such cognitive science, logic (mathematics and semiotics) and philosophy, in order to enrich the analyse of its actuation in the field of topology. In this analysis, the topologic processual diagram is described as an operative-representational medium of spatial structural relations (the object’s topology), with three variables: thought, space and time. Finally, this concept is investigated within the realm of the project and representation in architecture, building up a critical dialogue with diagrams, its use and reference, as performed by paradigmatic contemporary architects - Bernard Tschumi, Peter Eisenman, Greg Lynn, Rem Koolhaas, MVRDV, Ben van Berkel, Lars Spuybroek and others

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar e compreender a relação entre o arquiteto e o cliente, focado na comunicação, considerando os caminhos que levam aos acertos, ou aos desvios, e que resultarão no nível de qualidade do serviço prestado. Justifica-se este estudo, devido à maioria dos arquitetos e urbanistas, no mercado brasileiro, atuar nas áreas de concepção e projetos, de serviços relacionados à execução de obras, e de arquitetura de interiores e se comprometer, através de suas relações com seus clientes, com o fornecimento desses serviços dentro de prazos, escopos e custos pré-estabelecidos. O método utilizado, aliado a revisão bibliográfica, são estudos de caso múltiplos, constituído de um caso-piloto e nove estudos de caso. A delimitação da pesquisa está no trabalho do profissional de arquitetura autônomo ou microempresário, que trabalha com projetos e obras, de pequeno ou médio porte, e que possui relação direta com o seu cliente. Como resultado, verificou-se que as documentações analisadas, como normas técnicas e resoluções pertinentes, nem sempre apresentam orientações e parâmetros compatíveis com o processo da execução dos serviços para obras de pequeno porte e sugestões são apresentadas, com o objetivo de contribuir e aprimorar a qualidade do serviço do profissional arquiteto e urbanista. Também neste estudo, foi possível identificar novas formas de aprimorar um conjunto de parâmetros, que unidos ao embasamento teórico científico, possibilitarão, no futuro, a proposição de uma estrutura de abordagem de todo o processo, orientado ao gerenciamento de prazos, custos e escopo, em projetos de pequeno porte. / This research aims at investigating and understanding the relationship between architects and clients, focused on communication, considering the paths that lead to the success or divergence, and that will result in the effective quality of the service provided. This study is based on the fact that the majority of architects in the Brazilian market, work with design conception, services related to the building construction and interior design and who commit themselves to supplying services within pre-established deadlines, scopes and costs, through their relations with the clients. The applied method combined with literature review, are multiple case studies, carried out with a pilot-case and nine case studies. The range of the research is the small-size firms or freelancer architects, working with small or medium-sized buildings designs, and has a direct relationship with their clients. As a result, it was found that the documentation reviewed, such as technical standards and other relevant resolutions, not always provide guidelines and parameters consistent with small buildings process of service execution. Suggestions are presented in order to contribute and improve the quality of service of the professional architect. In this study, it was also possible to identify new ways to improve a set of parameters, which attached to the theoretical scientific basis, will enable, in future, the propose a structured process approach, oriented towards success and divergence of management of cost, scope, and deadline, to the small buildings design.

Atualmente, as empresas do setor da construção civil encontram-se desenvolvendo e aprimorando o trabalho de coordenação de projetos e incluem, além das atribuições de coordenação, responsabilidades como planejamento de custos, etapas e prazos do processo de projeto, contratação de projetistas e análise de projeto. Portanto, a competência do coordenador de projetos torna-se decisiva para a qualidade do projeto encaminhado à obra, e, de forma mais abrangente, o coordenador tem grande importância para o sucesso do empreendimento e das empresas envolvidas no processo de construção. A presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo propor o perfil, as atividades e a autonomia mais adequados para o coordenador de projetos de edificações no contexto da construção civil brasileira. Para tanto, o método Delphi foi selecionado para ser utilizado nessa pesquisa, na qual foram aplicados 03 questionários: o primeiro referiu-se à pesquisa exploratória inicial para escolha dos participantes da pesquisa e conteve questões sobre o perfil atual dos coordenadores de projeto; o segundo, relativo ao estudo prospectivo, foi composto por questões totalmente abertas, de acordo com o método Delphi e versou sobre o perfil, as atividades e a autonomia dos coordenadores. As respostas recebidas foram tabuladas, analisadas e reenviadas, na forma de um questionário fechado e objetivo, para os entrevistados a fim de convergir as respostas a um denominador comum. O resultado obtido explicitou que o segmento de projetos de edificações necessita de coordenadores de projeto não apenas com experiência e conhecimento técnico nas diversas áreas que compõem o projeto completo do edifício, mas também com habilidades e competência para gerenciar os profissionais que compõem a equipe de projeto. Com base na proposta final para o perfil, as competências, os conhecimentos, as habilidades, as atividades e a autonomia do coordenador de projetos foram desenvolvidas ainda diretrizes para a concepção de novo currículo para um curso de pós-graduação em coordenação de projetos de edificações. / At the moment, the companies of the sector of civil building are developing and improving the work of design coordination and include, besides attribution of coordination, responsibility with costs planning, phases and deadlines of the design process, hiring of designers, and analysis of project. Therefore, the competence of the design coordinator becomes decisive for the quality of the building project sent to the building site, and more broadly, the coordinator has great importance for the success of the undertaking and of the companies involved in the design building. This research has the main objective of proposing the profile, the activities and the most adequate autonomy for the coordinator of edification projects in the context of the Brazilian civil building. For this, the Delphi method was selected to be used in this research where 3 questionnaires were applied: the first was referred to the initial exploratory research for the choice of the participants of the research and contained questions about the current profile of the design coordinators; the second, related to the prospective study, was composed of questions totally open, according to the Delphi method and conversed about the profile, the activities and the autonomy of the coordinators. The answers received were tabulated, analyzed and sent, as a closed and objective questionnaire, for the interviewees aiming to converge the answers to a common denominator. The result obtained made explicit that the segment of edifications projects need coordinators of project not only with experience and technical knowledge in several areas that compose the complete design of the building, but also with abilities and competence to manage the professionals that compose the design team. Based on the final proposal for the profile, the competence, the knowledge, the abilities, the activities and the autonomy of the design coordinator were developed yet directives for a conception of a new curriculum for a post-graduation course in coordination of building projects.

While there currently exists a great deal of research in the literature demonstrating various engineering applications for virtual reality (VR) and the benefits of these applications, VR adoption has been slow in part because of the high cost and resources required to setup and maintain the hardware for these applications. However, in the last 5 years, a new generation of VR hardware has emerged with cost and resource requirements which are a small fraction of previous hardware. This work begins with a survey of this newly available hardware summarizing recent advances for providing virtual input to all of the five human senses. The literature review then proceeds to highlight previous research into improving various aspects of the Engineering Design Process by using VR applications. The literature review concludes that given the significantly improved cost to benefit ratio of this new hardware, a tipping point has been reached where companies will see benefits from providing their engineering workforce with general access to VR hardware. From the conclusions drawn in the literature review, this work proceeds to explore and answer two main questions related to connecting and collaborating via this new VR hardware. The first question seeks to understand the trade-offs between cybersickness and disorientation from different styles of moving users in a collaborative VR environment (CVE). Since a CVE can be much larger than the physical world it is sometimes necessary to move the virtual participant which can cause cybersickness and disorientation. Understanding this trade-off is one key to creating a usable CVE. It is found that many users are willing to experience some mild cybersickness to significantly reduce the amount of disorientation experienced in a CVE. However, a second group of users are not willing to make this trade and hence require the ability to customize the CVE for their preferred trade-off between cybersickness and disorientation. The second question seeks to understand how a CVE with support for natural gestures can improve communication about complex 3D data over video conferencing which is the current standard for remote collaboration. It is found that such a CVE implemented with the latest low-cost consumer-grade VR hardware can improve communication speed up to 45% while also improving the accuracy of the communication. In addition, it was found that gestures in the CVE were much more effective and natural than mouse gestures in Skype, 93% of participants preferred the CVE over current video conferencing software, and 86% of participants stated they would like to have access to VR tools in their workplace.

While there currently exists a great deal of research in the literature demonstrating various engineering applications for virtual reality (VR) and the benefits of these applications, VR adoption has been slow in part because of the high cost and resources required to setup and maintain the hardware for these applications. However, in the last 5 years, a new generation of VR hardware has emerged with cost and resource requirements which are a small fraction of previous hardware. This work begins with a survey of this newly available hardware summarizing recent advances for providing virtual input to all of the five human senses. The literature review then proceeds to highlight previous research into improving various aspects of the Engineering Design Process by using VR applications. The literature review concludes that given the significantly improved cost to benefit ratio of this new hardware, a tipping point has been reached where companies will see benefits from providing their engineering workforce with general access to VR hardware. From the conclusions drawn in the literature review, this work proceeds to explore and answer two main questions related to connecting and collaborating via this new VR hardware. The first question seeks to understand the trade-offs between cybersickness and disorientation from different styles of moving users in a collaborative VR environment (CVE). Since a CVE can be much larger than the physical world it is sometimes necessary to move the virtual participant which can cause cybersickness and disorientation. Understanding this trade-off is one key to creating a usable CVE. It is found that many users are willing to experience some mild cybersickness to significantly reduce the amount of disorientation experienced in a CVE. However, a second group of users are not willing to make this trade and hence require the ability to customize the CVE for their preferred trade-off between cybersickness and disorientation. The second question seeks to understand how a CVE with support for natural gestures can improve communication about complex 3D data over video conferencing which is the current standard for remote collaboration. It is found that such a CVE implemented with the latest low-cost consumer-grade VR hardware can improve communication speed up to 45% while also improving the accuracy of the communication. In addition, it was found that gestures in the CVE were much more effective and natural than mouse gestures in Skype, 93% of participants preferred the CVE over current video conferencing software, and 86% of participants stated they would like to have access to VR tools in their workplace.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis describes the exploration and the development of computational means to investigate the behaviour of design objects before they are available for investigation in the physical world. The motivation is to inform the design process about the design object’s performance in order to achieve better – more performance-oriented – design outcomes in the sense of energy efficiency and comfort performance than can be achieved by conventional design techniques. The research is structured into five successive parts. - Concept Development – A review of the objective domains comfort assessment and energy efficiency assessment is conducted and the design process, human design activity and the application of simulation in the architectural domain is discussed in order to identify requirements for the development of computational means for design analysis. Requirements regarding model content, model features and model integration are developed. The main requirements are that a highly integrated, three-dimensional and dynamic representation of physical processes is needed and that a universal and integrated representation is required. - Concept Formulation – Based on the identified requirements, the concept for a model is formulated. In order to achieve a universal and integrated representation of physical processes the concept uses the approach of a constructive language. Space is represented with autonomous spatial elements, called congeneric cells. Interaction between the cells is represented by near- and remote-conjunctions. Physical and geometric self-contained formulations of the model reduce the model input requirements, so that geometric information and simple property specification (material, activity) is sufficient to describe the design object in the model. - Model Development – The concept is formulated in mathematical physical terms based on well known physical laws and building physical models (first-principle approach). Heat and moisture conduction, diffusion of various components and a flow model is formulated as near-conjunction processes. Heat radiation, light and sound are modelled with a radiosity approach as remote-conjunctions. The simulation algorithm, which governs the interaction between the cells in order to represent the behaviour of space, is explained. - Computational Implementation – The concept and the model is tested by implementation of a prototype using C++ and OpenGL on a conventional Pentium 4 notebook. The prototype consists of three parts: user-interface, model translator and simulation engine. The user interface functions as model-input and result-output device. The implementation of the concept and of further model parts is described in detail. - Assessment and Testing – The developed concept and the model, as implemented in the prototype, are tested and assessed against the initially developed requirements. The physical model is assessed in regard to plausibility and accuracy of the representation of the physical phenomena. At the end of the thesis the project is summarized, the achievements of the project’s objectives are discussed critically and issues for future research are suggested. Possible applications of the developed model are listed, and the contributions to the application of computational simulation in the architectural domain, developed in this research, are named. At the current stage the required processing time and high memory requirements prevent implementation of a design assessment system, following the suggested concept, at a useful scale. Also the developed physical models require further refinement and testing. Although the general feasibility of the concept and the model was successfully demonstrated, its implementation in a fully applicable design assessment system based on the universal and integrated representation of physical processes was not achieved at this stage. While detailed description and analysis is given in the body of the thesis, detailed formulations of the work and the developed model are given in the appendix. The body and the appendix together provide a complete picture of the research presented.