L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le comportement à la rupture des matériaux fragiles avec une approche capable de relier l’amorçage de fissures à leurs propagations. On adopte la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM), avec le matériau composé d'un ensemble bidimensionnel régulier de particules en contact. Ceci qui nous permet de dériver une expression pour le facteur d'intensité de contraintes en fonction des forces et des déplacements relatifs des deux contacts adjacents à la pointe d’une fissure. Un critère de rupture classique, basé sur la ténacité du matériau, est ensuite adopté pour l'analyse de la propagation des fissures, représenté par la perte des forces de contact entre les particules. La vérification de la formulation est faite par la comparaison des simulations numériques à des solutions classiques de la mécanique de la rupture en mode I, mode II et mode mixte. Ensuite, on étend l’application du critère discret au comportement d’un matériau sain (non pré-fissuré), soumis à des contraintes homogènes, pour lequel on retrouve un critère de rupture du type Rankine. Le résultat final est un modèle discret simple totalement compatible avec les approches continues usuelles, et qui ne demande pas d’essais de calibration, typiques des approches discrètes conventionnelles. / The objective of this thesis is to study the fracture behavior of brittle materials by an approach which relates crack initiation to crack growth. We adopt the discrete element method (DEM) and we represent the material by a 2D regular set of particles in contact. This allows us to derive an expression for the stress intensity factor as a function of the forces and relative displacements of two adjacent contacts at the crack tip. A classical failure criterion, based on the material’s toughness, is then adopted for the analysis of crack propagation, represented by the loss of contacts forces between particles. The formulation is verified by the comparison of numerical simulations to classical solutions of fracture mechanics in mode I, mode II and mixed mode. Afterwards, we apply our discrete criterion to uncracked materials under homogenous stress conditions, obtaining a Rankine like behavior.. The work results in a simple discrete model which is totally compatible to continuum mechanics, where no calibration tests are required, in contrast to most of discrete approaches.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Simulation einer Wirkpaarung am Beispiel des innermaschinellen Transports von Stückgütern. Zur Schonung des Verarbeitungsgutes wird für das intermittierende Fördern ein neuartiger Bewegungsansatz betrachtet. Da sich der mit diesem Ansatz durchgeführte Prozess sehr sensitiv gegenüber den Eingangsparametern verhält, ist es notwendig, diesen zu simulieren, um somit eine stabile und robuste Bewegung zu synthetisieren. Als grundlegender Modellansatz wird die Diskrete Elemente Methode (DEM) gewählt, da diese es ermöglicht, den Kontakt von Starrkörpern realistisch abzubilden. Zur Umsetzung der Simulation wird die Modellbildung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Modellierungsumgebungen realisiert, die sich hinsichtlich der Umsetzung der DEM unterscheiden: Zum Einen mit Hilfe der kommerziellen Software MATLAB/Simulink und zum Anderen mit Hilfe der Open-Source-Software Woo DEM. Im Anschluss werden die damit erzeugten Modelle verifiziert und experimentell validiert, wodurch sich sowohl die Modellgüte als auch die Modelleignung ableitet. Dabei wird besonders auf die prozessentscheidende Rolle der Reibung eingegangen. Abschließend wird mit Hilfe des Vorzugsmodells an Hand zweier Beispiele die Modellanalyse vollzogen. Hierbei wird der neuartige Bewegungsansatz synthetisiert und simulativ hinsichtlich des Prozesserfolges überprüft. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die mit Hilfe des Modells quanitifizierbaren Prozessgrößen eingegangen. / The subject of this thesis deals with the simulation of an active unit demonstrated by the mechanical transport of pieced goods. To protect the processing goods, a novel motion approach for the intermittent transport is researched. Since the process performed with this approach is very sensitive to its input parameters, it is necessary to simulate it, with the aim to synthesize a stable and robust motion. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is chosen as the basic model approach, because it allows the realistic representation of rigid body contacts. To implement the simulation the modelling is realised with two different modelling environments, which differ in the implementation of the DEM: Firstly, using the commercial software MATLAB/Simulink and secondly with the help of the open-source-software Woo DEM. Following that the generated models are verified and experimentally validated, whereby both the model goodness and the model suitability are derived. Special attention is dedicated to the role of the process relevant friction. Eventually, the model analysis is carried out with the help of two examples using the preferred model. Here, the novel motion approach is synthesized and verified by simulation in terms of process success. In particular it will address process variables, which are quantifiable because of the model.

abstract: The current research is based on the principles of three-dimensional discrete element method (3D – DEM) through simulations, by using heat transfer models in EDEM, to investigate the effects of fill level, rotation rate and particle size on the steady-state conduction heat transfer in rotary drums. The high heat and mass transfer rates obtained through rotary drums make them very useful for powder mixing and heating processes in metallurgical, cement, mining, pharmaceutical, detergent and other particulate processing applications. However, these complex processes are difficult to model and operate since the particles can have a wide range of properties, and there is currently no way to predict the optimal operating conditions for a given material. Steady-state heat transfer by conduction forms the basis for understanding other steady-state and unsteady-state heat transfer in a rotary drum – conduction, convection and radiation. Statistical analysis is carried out to determine the effects of these process parameters and find optimal operating conditions, which will thereby improve the heat transfer efficiency in rotary drums. A stainless-steel drum with a diameter of 6 inches and a length of 3 inches was modeled in EDEM with silica beads of sizes 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm at fill levels of 10%, 17.5% and 25%, and at rotation rates of 2 rpm, 5 rpm and 10 rpm. It was found that the heating uniformity increased with decreasing particle size, decreasing fill level and increasing rotation rate. This research is the first step towards studying the other heat transfer modes and various other process parameters. Better understanding of the various heat transfer modes, when used in combination for heating the particles, will be beneficial in improving the operating efficiency, reducing material costs and leading to significant energy conservation on a global scale. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2020

Background: Snow simulation can be used to increase the visual experience in applications such as games. Previously, snow has been simulated in real-time through two-dimensional grid based methods, which limits itself in the aspect of dynamic interactions. To widen the scope of what games current game engines can produce, an approach to simulating the behavior of snow with non-recoverable compression and phase transition is proposed. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to construct a particle simulation model to simulate the behaviors of snow in regards to compression and phase transition in real-time. The solution is limited to the behavior of deposited snow, and will therefore not consider the aspect of snowfall and realistic visualization. Method: The method consists of a particle simulation with incorporated functionality of compression and thermodynamics. Test cases based on compression, phase transition and performance have been conducted. Results and Conclusions: The results show that the model captures phase transition with the phases of snow, ice, and water. Compression by external forces and self-weight is also captured, but with missing behavior in terms of bond creation between grains. Performance measurements indicates that the simulation is applicable for real-time applications. It is concluded that the approach is a good stepping stone for future improvements of snow simulation. / Bakgrund: Snösimulering kan användas för att öka den visuella upplevelsen i applikationer såsom spel. Tidigare har simulering i realtid gjorts genom tvådimensionella rutnätsmetoder, vilka begränsar den dynamiska interaktionsaspekten. För att bredda omfattningen av vilka spel aktuella spelmotorer kan producera föreslås en metod för att simulera beteendet av snö med icke-återhämtande kompression och fasövergång. Syfte: Syftet med denna avhandling är att konstruera en partikel-simuleringsmodell för att simulera beteendet av snö i förhållande till kompression och fasövergång i realtid. Lösningen är begränsad till ackumulerad snö, och tar därmed inte upp snöfallaspeketen och realistisk visualisering. Metod: Metoden består av en partikel-simuleringsmetod med inbyggd funktionalitet av kompression och termodynamik. Testfall baserade på kompression, fasövergång och prestanda har utförts. Resultat och Slutsatser: Resultaten visar att fasövergång fångas av modellen med faser av snö, is och vatten. Kompression av självvikt samt externa krafter har också fångats, dock med saknat beteende av bandskapande mellan snökorn. Prestandamätningar indikerar att simuleringen är lämplig för realtidsapplikationer. Slutsatsen är att tillvägagångssättet är ett steg i rätt riktning inför framtida implementationer av snösimulering.

<p>Biorefineries which seek to convert biomass into ethanol face many different challenges, and among them, mechanical failure of equipment is common. Unfortunately, the resulting downtime can significantly reduce the profitability and the viability of bioethanol plants. One important piece of mechanical equipment in this setting is the compression screw feeder, which is used both to convey and compress biomass into pressurized chemical reactors. However, due to the variability of feedstock properties, this feeding operation is challenging. An analytical model for predicting the operational steady-state torque of a compression screw feeder can assist the identification of optimal processing conditions, as well as predict and prevent equipment failure.<br></p> <p>Since these models have not yet been proposed, this thesis restricts attention to milled corn stover and investigates the application of the discrete element method (DEM) and analytical techniques to develop predictive models for the stresses and torques developed inside a compression screw feeder. Specifically, DEM simulations are used to identify and study the stresses within the different sections of a representative compression screw feeder for three backpressures, three screw pitches, and three internal friction angles. Using these numerical results, a suite of analytical models is then developed to predict the operational torque required to drive the screw feeder. In this thesis, the DEM results are also used in lieu of experimental data to provide a point of comparison for the models.</p> <p>The analytical models predict stresses on the correct order of magnitude and are not prohibitively sensitive to input properties, but the operational steady-state torque is overpredicted by the model in all cases. The mispredictions of the model are likely due to the assumption of constant material properties along the densification process, and the assumption of hydrostatic conditions throughout the compression screw feeder (especially near the boundaries). Despite these limiting assumptions, the proposed procedure for calculating the torque provides a first-order estimate of the required screw torque, demonstrates the sensitivity of the screw feeder to different inputs, and outlines the necessary steps to improve the model. The DEM simulations proved an invaluable tool in analyzing the behavior of bulk material within a compression screw feeder, but more experiments and simulations (possibly using the finite element method) are needed to further understand the biomass feeding operation.</p>

Ce travail de thèse a pour objet d’analyser le processus de dissipation d’énergie dans les amortisseurs par milieux granulaires. Des études de nature expérimentale, analytique et numérique ont été menées afin de pouvoir détecter les paramètres clefs agissant sur la dissipation; un modèle expérimental minimal a été présenté en premier lieu afin de mettre en évidence l’efficacité des milieux granulaire en tant qu’amortisseurs de vibrations. Un second modèle expérimental plus élaboré a été développé, avec de multiples protocoles expérimentaux, pour mener une étude paramétrique et détecter leurs impacts sur l’évolution du facteur de perte du système. On montre que le coefficient de perte ne dépend pas du matériau des particules ou leur nombre, mais dépend fortement de la masse totale des grains embarqués et sur l’amplitude du signal vibrant. Nos mesures montrent aussi la contribution de l'écoulement visqueux de l'air entourant les grains au facteur de perte globale des amortisseurs.La partie analytique à son tour a permis de retrouver le comportement obtenu expérimentalement par le billet du développement des équations du mouvement du système, celle des énergie cinétique et énergie dissipée afin de proposer enfin une équation maitresse qui décrit l’évolution du facteur de perte réduit au sein de notre système. Pour atteindre une plus grande précision, une modélisation du système granulaire par la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM) a permis de retrouver les mêmes conclusions et ainsi valider les constatations expérimentales et le modèle analytique proposé. / This thesis aims to analyze the process of energy dissipation in particle dampersExperimental, analytical and numerical studies have been conducted in order to identify key parameters influencing the dissipation; minimal experimental model was introduced first to highlight the efficiency of granular media as shock absorbers of vibrations. A second more sophisticated experimental model was developed, with multiple experimental protocols, to conduct a parametric study and detect their impact on the evolution of the system loss factor. It is shown that the loss coefficient is independent of the particle material or their number, but depends strongly on the total mass of embedded grains and on the amplitude of the vibrating signal. Our measurements also show the contribution of viscous flow of the air surrounding the grains to the overall loss factor.The analytical part in turn led to the discovery The behaviour obtained experimentally by the development of the equations of motion of the system, that of kinetic energy dissipated and energy to finally offer a mistress equation which describes the evolution of the loss factor reduced within our system. To achieve greater accuracy, a model of the granular system by the discrete element method (DEM) allowed to find the same conclusions and thus validate the experimental findings and the proposed analytical model.

Magnetic components are necessary for switch-mode power electronics converters, but they are often the bulkiest and heaviest in the system. Novel magnetic designs with intricate structures lead to the size reduction of power electronics converters but pose challenges to the fabrication process and material availability. Because of their low-temperature and pressure-less process-ability, magnetic pastes would be the material of choice to make magnetic cores with complex geometries. However, most magnetic pastes reported in the literature suffer from low relative permeability (µr < 26) due to the low magnetic fraction limited by viscosity. The conventional approach of developing magnetic pastes involves experimental iterations with trial-and-error efforts to determine the optimal compositions. To shorten the development cycle and take advantage of the computational power in the current age, this work focuses on exploring, validating, and demonstrating a computer-aided methodology to correlate material's processing, microstructure, and property to guide the development of magnetic pastes. The discrete element method (DEM) simulation was explored to create materials' microstructure and the finite element method (FEM) simulation was utilized to study the magnetic permeability based on the microstructure created by DEM or taken from an actual material sample. The combination of DEM and FEM provided the linkage among processing-microstructure-property relations. Then, the methodology was verified and demonstrated by improving a starting formulation. The formulation was modeled with DEM based on multiple variables, e.g., particle shape, size, size distribution, mixing ratio, gap, gap distribution, magnetic volume fraction, etc. The optimal mixing ratio of different powders to achieve the maximum magnetic fraction was determined by DEM. Experimental results confirmed the predicted optimal mixing ratio. To further take advantage of the computational tools, the magnetic permeability of the magnetic pastes was computed by FEM based on the DEM-generated microstructures. The effects of powder mixing ratio and magnetic volume fraction on the magnetic permeability were studied, respectively. Compared with the experimental values, the microstructure-based FEM simulations could predict the magnetic permeability of the formulations with varied powder mixing ratios or magnetic volume fractions with an average error of only 10 %. Another critical aspect of employing magnetic pastes for magnetic components in power electronics is capable of tailoring their magnetic permeability to meet different design needs. The methodology was further verified and demonstrated by guiding the selection of composition parameters for tailorable magnetic permeability of a starting formulation with flaky particles. An FEM model was constructed from a microstructural image and varied parameters were explored (particle permeability, matrix permeability, particle volume fraction, etc.) to tailor the magnetic permeability. To verify the simulated results, a set of magnetic pastes with various volume fractions of flakes was prepared experimentally and characterized for their permeability. Comparing the simulated and measured permeability, the error was found to be less than 10 %. Last, the guideline was demonstrated to predict a material composition to achieve a target relative permeability of 30. From the predicted composition, the magnetic paste was prepared and characterized. The error between experimental permeability and the target was only 5 %. With the guideline, one can formulate magnetic pastes with tailorable permeability with minimal experimental effort and select the composition parameters to achieve a target permeability. After developing a series of magnetic pastes with tailorable permeability and a maximum value of 35, the feasibility of making magnetic components with magnetic pastes was demonstrated. The commonly used magnetic cores – C-core, E-core, toroid core, bar core, and plate core were fabricated by a low-temperature (< 200 °C) and pressure-less molding process. Several innovative magnetic components with intricate core structures were also fabricated to demonstrate the shape-forming flexibility. The magnetic paste can also be used as the feedstock for paste-extrusion-based additive manufacturing, which further enhances the shape-forming capability. For demonstration, a multi-permeability core was fabricated by 3D printing the magnetic pastes with tailored permeability. The feasibility of making high-performance magnetic components by additive manufacturing or low-temperature pressure-less molding of magnetic pastes opens the door to power electronics researchers to explore more innovative magnetic designs to further improve the efficiency and power density of the power electronics converters. / Doctor of Philosophy / Magnetic components are necessary for switch-mode power electronics converters, but they are often the bulkiest and heaviest in the system. To reduce the size of the power converters, it is crucial to reduce the size of magnetic components by employing innovative magnetic designs. However, the complicated geometries of the novel magnetic designs pose challenges to the availability of material feedstock and the fabrication process. Magnetic pastes would be the material of choice to make magnetic components with intricate structures because of their flexibility in shape-forming with low-temperature and pressure-less processes. However, most magnetic pastes reported in the literature suffer from low magnetic permeability due to the low magnetic fraction limited by viscosity. The conventional approach of developing magnetic pastes involves experimental trial-and-error efforts to determine the optimal compositions. To shorten the development cycle and take advantage of computational power in the current age, this project focuses on exploring, validating, and demonstrating a computer-aided way to correlate material's processing, microstructure, and property relations to guide material development. The numerical simulations were explored to generate the microstructures and study the properties. With the guidance provided by computer simulations, a series of magnetic pastes with tailorable permeability was developed. Several novel magnetic components were fabricated with the as-developed magnetic pastes via molding or additive manufacturing to demonstrate the shape-forming flexibility.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24167号 / 理博第4858号 / 新制||理||1695(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 早川 尚男, 教授 佐々 真一, 教授 山本 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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