Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aldenor silva.pdf: 2266817 bytes, checksum: 9f385925da5d8d5c7b71efcebb64bc01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Esta dissertação discute o processo de inserção da comunidade Tikuna Wotchimaücü no tecido social urbano de Manaus analisada a partir do seu processo de deslocamento. A construção do processo teórico e metodológico da pesquisa foi baseada numa perspectiva multidisciplinar, tendo caráter qualitativo e exploratório. Para tanto utilizamos como técnicas metodológicas as entrevistas semi estruturadas abertas além da observação direta com registro fotográfico, com apoio do diário de campo, instrumento importante nessa construção. Como resultado deste trabalho foi constatado que os indígenas Tikuna da citada comunidade se deslocaram para Manaus a partir da década de 1980 devido a alguns motivos como a procura de trabalho e educação de grau mais elevado para os filhos e um melhor atendimento na área da saúde, buscando desta forma a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Percebeu-se também neste estudo que as relações e as formas de inserção no tecido social, que foi uma construção dos próprios sujeitos, são fatores determinantes para o fortalecimento de sua associação comunitária por perceberem que na cidade o poder público local não possui políticas específicas que atendam às demandas desta camada social pois antes de formalizarem a associação foi percebido que a comunidade vivia a mercê de sua própria sorte. Como conclusão podemos observar que os Tikuna entenderam o mundo que os cerca e o processo desse novo viver , e buscam a sua maneira com a ajuda de alguns parceiros, dar cada vez mais respostas à sociedade que estão dispostos a enfrentar este desafio da inserção no tecido social de Manaus, capacitando-se, qualificando-se, experimentando novos dilemas e quebrando paradigmas, afinal conseguir inserir-se no seio social de uma cidade como Manaus não foi tarefa das mais fáceis, uma vez que falando outra língua e não tendo formação e capacitação para assim lograr um lugar no mercado de trabalho a luta é mais árdua. E para não serem mais vistos apenas como mais uma comunidade indígena em Manaus e sim como a Comunidade do povo Tikuna, a grande aposta do momento está no poder de atuação de sua Associação Comunitária, símbolo maior na luta pela preservação da cultura deste povo na cidade de Manaus. Sendo assim, entendemos que este trabalho poderá ser importante não somente para a academia, mas, sobretudo para nossos jovens, porque traz à tona uma questão social quase esquecida.

Nesta dissertação emprega-se um método simplificado de análise elástica baseado na técnica do meio contínuo para edifícios altos submetidos a terremoto formados por painéis paredes, pórticos e núcleos de seção aberta de parede delgada. Na ligação dos diferentes painéis, supõe-se que existe uma considerável quantidade de diafragmas horizontais rígidos em seu próprio plano, distribuídos continuamente ao longo da vertical 0z. Levando-se em conta a equação constitutiva dos painéis individuais pode-se obter a solução de analise estrutural para o edifício mediante equações diferenciais acopladas para deslocamento e rotações ao longo do eixo vertical do edifício. Com base nesses resultados, todos os esforços internos podem, então, ser obtidos. O método de análise proposto oferece um simples e rápido meio de obtenção da deformada e das forças internas dos diferentes painéis do edifício alto em fases iniciais do projeto. A utilidade e a aproximação do método são examinadas mediante exemplos numéricos, sendo a solução aproximada comparada com aquela obtida com o emprego do método de elementos finitos elaborado pelo programa SAP2000. / This work presents a simplified method of elastic analysis based on the continuous medium technique for tall building structures formed by shear wall panels, frames and core thin walled sections. In order to connect the various panels, it is assumed that there exist a considerable amount of rigid diaphragms continuously distributed along the vertical 0z. The building is subject to lateral earthquake load. Taking into account the constitutive equation of the individual panel, one can achieve a solution through coupled differential equations for displacement and rotation of the building. Based on that, all of the internal forces can be obtained. The analysis is extended to structures formed by singular panel configuration. The proposed method offers a relatively simple and rapid way to obtain the displacements and internal forces of different structural systems of tall buildings, especially indicated for preliminary stages of calculation. The usefulness of the approach and method are illustrated by numerical examples, where the approximated solution is compared with that obtained by finite element calculations.

A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a finalidade de se analisar o comportamento elástico e inelástico de estruturas de cabos, sob carregamento estático, pela técnica dos elementos finitos. Para a discretização das estruturas de cabos adotou-se um elemento retilíneo isoparamétrico, e na formulação dos princípios variacionais foram considerados a não linearidade física do material e a não linearidade geométrica, inerente às estruturas de cabos. Empregou-se o método incrementai-iterativo de Newton-Raphson para a resolução do sistema de equações não lineares. Alternativamente a solução foi obtida da minimização direta da função energia potencial total da estrutura de cabos, utilizando-se o método do Gradiente Conjugado. Vários exemplos de estruturas de cabos comumente empregadas em coberturas de grandes vãos foram estudados. Os resultados obtidos segundo os dois procedimentos foram analisados e a eficiência elos métodos foi comprovada. / The research was developed with the purpose of analyzing the elaslic and the inelaslic behaviour of cable slructures, under static load. The finite element method with straight isoparametric element was used. In the formulation of the variational principles, the material and the geometric non-linearity were considered. The Newton-Raphson method was used to resolve the non-linear equations system. Alternatively the solution was obtained of the direct minimization of the total potential energy of the cable structure; in this case using the Conjugated Gradient Method. Several examples of cable structures, commonly employed in roofs of large spaces were studied. The results were obtained according to both processes and the efficiency of the methods was verified.

Um grande número de pacientes adultos têm procurado tratamento ortodôntico, apresentando com certa frequência, diferentes tipos de perdas dentárias, associadas ou não a distúrbios temporomandibulares (DTMs). Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a repetibilidade dos deslocamentos das cabeças mandibulares entre relação cêntrica (RC) e máxima intercuspidação habitual (MIH); comparar os deslocamentos das cabeças mandibulares em três grupos, com diferentes padrões oclusais; avaliar a aplicabilidade de dois índices de distúrbios temporomandibulares (Helkimo e RDC-TMD) comparando-os nos referidos grupos. Esses foram constituídos por 15 indivíduos sem perdas dentárias (grupo controle); 11 com perdas resultando em extremo livre (grupo 2), e 19 com perda intercalada (grupo 3). As idades dos participantes variaram entre 18 e 65 anos, de ambos os gêneros, divididos ainda quanto à faixa etária: de 18 até 37 anos e 11 meses e de 38 até 65 anos, sem distinção de gênero. Foram realizados anamnese e exame físico, aplicando-se os índices de distúrbios temporomandibulares, assim como foram medidos os deslocamentos das cabeças mandibulares por meio de Indicadores de posição das cabeças mandibulares (IPC). Observou-se repetibilidade da avaliação dos deslocamentos das cabeças mandibulares, caracterizando a validade do método empregado. Com relação aos deslocamentos, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os três grupos. Encontrou-se diferença significativa entre os índices de Helkimo e RDC-TMD, porém esta foi independente ao grupo estudado. Não houve diferença entre a faixa etária do grupo estudado. Confirma-se então, neste estudo, que o tipo de perda dentária não influencia a quantidade dos deslocamentos das cabeças mandibulares, e os índices de distúrbios temporomandibulares diferem quanto aos resultados de sua avaliação. / A large number of adult patients have sought orthodontic treatment, and with a certain frequency, have presented different types of tooth loss, either associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) or not. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the repeatability of displacement of mandibular heads between centric relation (CR) and habitual maximum intercuspidation (HMI); compare displacements of mandibular heads in three groups with different occlusal patterns; evaluate the applicability of two temporomandibular disorder indices (Helkimo and RDC-TMD), and compare them in the mentioned groups. These consisted of 15 individuals without tooth losses (Control Group); 11 with losses resulting in distal extension (Group 2) and 19 with interspersed loss (Group 3). Participants\' ages ranged between 18 and 65 years, of both genders, further divided according to age-range: from 18 to 37 years and 11 months and from 38 to 65 years without gender distinction. Anamnesis and physical exam were performed, applying temporomandibular disorder indices, in addition to measuring the displacements of mandibular heads by means of condylar position indicators (CPI). Repeatability of mandibular head displacement was observed, characterizing the validity of the method used. As regards displacements, no significant difference was found among the three groups. Significant difference was found between the Helkimo and RDC-TMD indices; however, this was irrespective of the studied group. There was no difference between the age-range of the studied groups. In this study, therefore, it was confirmed that the type of tooth loss does not influence the number of mandibular head displacements and the temporomandibular disorder indices differed with regard to the results of their evaluation.

The thesis deals with testing of the automatic measurement system, namely of the system for monitoring civil engineering structures Trimble 4D Control. A summary of the basic principles of deformation monitor is given at the beginning of the study and is followed by an overview of the system´s structure. The activities carried out under the pilot project (beginning with the installation of the system and finishing by the evaluation of the measured data) are described. The project demonstrated by the functionality, reliability and usability of the systam for monitoring of the structures.

After the excavation of a cut slope ongoing deformations on the slope surface can often be measured. These deformations can be induced due to various processes and can also be used as an indicator of slope stability. If the reasons for the deformations are known, selective stabilization methods can help to decelerate, or stop, the movements. The potential for the recognition of displacement patterns in excavated slopes is studied in this dissertation. In the laboratory, the analysis of displacement patterns due to various processes is difficult as identical initial test conditions can hardly be reproduced. Furthermore, measurements of displacements can only be conducted to a limited degree. Therefore, numerical calculations using the finite element method were applied to simulate excavation processes and analyse the displacements. In addition, a suitable mathematical model has to be used to represent the stress-strain behaviour during the unloading process. Three different advanced constitutive soil models were chosen to calculate an excavation process of an idealized slope assuming drained conditions: - elasto-plastic Modified-Cam-Clay model - rate-independent hypoplastic model according to Masin - rate-dependent visco-hypoplastic model according to Niemunis Before conducting the excavation simulation, the soil parameters of the constitutive models were calibrated by means of numerical element tests, depicting the stress paths of conventional laboratory tests. Within the literature, those conventional laboratory tests are recommended for the determination of parameters for the constitutive models. A parameter set for the visco-hypoplastic model was chosen from literature. The parameters were adapted for the remaining models. Thus, all three models predicted approximately the same stress-strain behaviour during conventional laboratory tests. Despite the correlations during the element tests, the constitutive models predicted different displacements during the calculation of the excavation of an idealized slope under drained conditions. Thereupon, load-controlled triaxial compression tests were conducted reproducing the characteristic stress paths during an excavation process. At the same time, numerical calculations were carried out to reproduce the triaxial compression tests, and the measured and calculated displacement behaviour was compared. Different processes such as pure unloading due to excavation, excavation in overconsolidated soil, excavation coupled with consolidation, excavation coupled with previous ground water lowering and consolidation as well as the influence of creep effects were considered in the analysis of the displacement patterns during an excavation. It can be stated that the evaluation of displacements and changes in displacements in a single point on the slope surface cannot provide sufficient information about a certain physical process. Only the combination of displacement paths at different survey points will lead to a reliable conclusion. Thus, representative displacement patterns for different processes are recognizable during and after the excavation, which can be used for the identification. During the numerical simulation of an in-situ model test, where a slope was brought to failure by excavation, the calculated displacements were analysed for identifiable displacement patterns. It can be stated that despite different slope systems, consistencies were found within characteristic survey points. These points can be used to identify patterns within the displacement contours.

This thesis presents the results of a study that uses Incremental Dynamic Analysis to assess the seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frames with fluid viscous dampers subjected to earthquake ground motions. The study systematically investigated the effects of linear and nonlinear dampers on the response of steel moment-resisting frames to earthquakes that varied in intensity and type. Both near-field and far-field motions were considered. Two different types of nonlinear dampers were investigated; one had a hardening and the other had a softening force-velocity relationship. The nonlinear dampers were calibrated to the linear dampers so that there was a basis of comparison. Maximum damper displacement is one of the parameters of the calibration, and it was varied to investigate its effect on structural response. Several nonlinear inelastic time history analyses were performed to obtain responses, such as peak base shear, peak interstory drift, or residual displacement index, which were plotted versus earthquake intensity to create individual IDA curves. Sets of related IDA curves provide a useful summary of the structural behavior for a wide range of variables. IDA curves for the tests with different damping types are presented. The results show that for both near-field and far-field ground motions the nonlinear dampers with a hardening force-velocity relationship are best suited to reduce undesirable drifts and residual displacements; however, these reductions come at the cost of high base shear forces. / Master of Science

Conventional fixed base walls are typically characterized by yielding that results in permanent damage, residual drifts and costly losses due to the service shutdown for structural repairs. Controlled rocking masonry walls have been developed as a solution to prevent structural damage when seismic events take place. These systems purposely allow the wall to rock from its foundation and have an uplift at the base, thus replacing the typical yielding at the base of conventional fixed-base walls. Controlled rocking masonry walls have traditionally been controlled by using unbonded post-tensioning strands to provide the self-centering behaviour. Although post-tensioning has shown favourable results, its implementation is difficult in practical applications, and post-tensioning losses due to yielding of the strands at large deformations can reduce their self-centering ability. In order to overcome such issues, an alternative controlled rocking system for masonry walls was developed recently, which is designed to self-center through vertical gravity loads only, instead of the post-tensioning tendons. The rocking response of this alternative system is controlled by using energy dissipation devices, so the system is referred to as Energy Dissipation-Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls (ED-CRMWs). The vertical gravity loads are primarily transferred to the ED-CRMWs from the floor slab at each level. Therefore, the wall-slab interaction should be investigated in order to ensure a fully resilient system. In this regard, the current study identifies and categorizes the potential issues that are expected to occur due to the interaction between the wall rocking mechanism and the floor slab, and then investigates the most common of these issues using a parametric study. The parametric study focuses on the vertical incompatibility of displacements that a hollow- core slab suffers when its supporting walls uplift by different displacements during seismic events. Three different spans, four different cross-sections and two different alternatives of prestress configurations are considered in this study. The models were developed using ABAQUS 6.18 commercial software. The results show the cracking/yielding behaviour of the slabs and their displacement capacities at five different stages. The obtained results are promising for the usage of hollow-core slabs on ED-CRMWs or similar systems that require this interaction, as the range of displacement capacities can accommodate many of the vertical displacement incompatibilities expected in many potential situations. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologia para avaliar a utilização do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) como ferramenta de pesquisa no estudo do comportamento dinâmico de obras viárias. Para ser caracterizado como um instrumento de medição, foi estudada a potencialidade de um método, que se fundamenta numa forma específica de coleta e processamento de dados GPS; análise dos resíduos resultantes do processamento da dupla diferença de fase e aplicação de análise espectral para filtragem de informações indesejáveis (multicaminhamento dos sinais GPS). A coleta envolve um oscilador eletro-mecânico, especialmente projetado, que permite calibrar as medidas de amplitude e freqüência das oscilações mensuráveis pela obra sob teste. Inúmeros experimentos foram realizados em ambientes de reflexões e difrações variáveis e com diversos tipos de receptores e antenas GPS. Alguns ensaios foram realizados utilizando, simultaneamente, equipamentos como transdutores de deslocamento, acelerômetros e estações totais. Comparando os resultados obtidos, mesmo com valores prescritos em normas e códigos, afirma-se que o GPS, sob o método de coleta de dados testado, é um instrumento confiável para detecção e caracterização do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas, apresentado confiabilidade para as medições realizadas, da ordem de décimos de milímetro. Quanto à detecção das freqüências, as mais baixas ficam comprometidas pela presença do multicaminhamento e as mais elevadas têm a detecção limitada pela máxima taxa de coleta dos receptores (Lei de Nyquist) / This work presents the development of a methodology to appraise the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) as a tool for researching of dynamic behavior of road transport structures. To be characterized as an instrument for measuring it was studied the potentiality of one method which includes a specific mode of GPS data collection; analyses of double difference phase residuals and application of spectral analyses and filtering for excluding undesirable information (multipath). The GPS data collected applies an electro-mechanical oscillator, specially built for that, which permits to calibrate the measures of frequency and amplitude of structure’s oscillations under dynamic load test. Several field tests were carried out in vicinities with high and low capacity of causing signal reflections and diffractions and with different types of GPS receivers and GPS antennas. A couple of fields were carried out using, at the same time, transducers of displacement, accelerometers and total stations. Comparing these results obtained even with values of codes, it is affirmed that GPS, under the data collection method tested, it is a trustworthy instrument for detection and characterization of dynamic behavior of structures, presenting reliability of measures ranging around tenths of millimeters. The very low frequencies are highly degraded by multipath and very high frequencies have its detection limited by the receiver data rate (Theorem’s Nyquist)

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologia para avaliar a utilização do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) como ferramenta de pesquisa no estudo do comportamento dinâmico de obras viárias. Para ser caracterizado como um instrumento de medição, foi estudada a potencialidade de um método, que se fundamenta numa forma específica de coleta e processamento de dados GPS; análise dos resíduos resultantes do processamento da dupla diferença de fase e aplicação de análise espectral para filtragem de informações indesejáveis (multicaminhamento dos sinais GPS). A coleta envolve um oscilador eletro-mecânico, especialmente projetado, que permite calibrar as medidas de amplitude e freqüência das oscilações mensuráveis pela obra sob teste. Inúmeros experimentos foram realizados em ambientes de reflexões e difrações variáveis e com diversos tipos de receptores e antenas GPS. Alguns ensaios foram realizados utilizando, simultaneamente, equipamentos como transdutores de deslocamento, acelerômetros e estações totais. Comparando os resultados obtidos, mesmo com valores prescritos em normas e códigos, afirma-se que o GPS, sob o método de coleta de dados testado, é um instrumento confiável para detecção e caracterização do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas, apresentado confiabilidade para as medições realizadas, da ordem de décimos de milímetro. Quanto à detecção das freqüências, as mais baixas ficam comprometidas pela presença do multicaminhamento e as mais elevadas têm a detecção limitada pela máxima taxa de coleta dos receptores (Lei de Nyquist) / This work presents the development of a methodology to appraise the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) as a tool for researching of dynamic behavior of road transport structures. To be characterized as an instrument for measuring it was studied the potentiality of one method which includes a specific mode of GPS data collection; analyses of double difference phase residuals and application of spectral analyses and filtering for excluding undesirable information (multipath). The GPS data collected applies an electro-mechanical oscillator, specially built for that, which permits to calibrate the measures of frequency and amplitude of structure’s oscillations under dynamic load test. Several field tests were carried out in vicinities with high and low capacity of causing signal reflections and diffractions and with different types of GPS receivers and GPS antennas. A couple of fields were carried out using, at the same time, transducers of displacement, accelerometers and total stations. Comparing these results obtained even with values of codes, it is affirmed that GPS, under the data collection method tested, it is a trustworthy instrument for detection and characterization of dynamic behavior of structures, presenting reliability of measures ranging around tenths of millimeters. The very low frequencies are highly degraded by multipath and very high frequencies have its detection limited by the receiver data rate (Theorem’s Nyquist)