Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research in concrete has advanced to such an extent that it is now possible to add steel fibres to concrete in order to improve its durability and ductility. This led to a research group in Europe, FIB, who has provided guidelines to designing Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) structures. They have found that it is possible for SFRC beams in flexure to be in static equilibrium. However, the time-dependent behaviour of SFRC has not been researched fully and it requires further investigation. When looking at a concrete beam in flexure there are two main stress zones, the compression zone and the tension zone, of which the tensile zone will be of great interest. This study will report on the investigation of the tensile time-dependent behaviour of SFRC in order to determine how it differs from conventional concrete. The concrete has been designed specifically to exhibit strain-softening behaviour so that the material properties of SFRC could be investigated fully. Factors such as shrinkage and tensile creep of SFRC were of the greatest importance and an experimental test setup was designed in order to test the tensile creep of concrete in a simple and effective manner. Comparisons were be made between the tensile creep behaviour of conventional concrete and SFRC where emphasis was placed on the difference between SFRC specimens before and after cracking occurred in order to determine the influence of steel fibre pull-out. The addition of steel fibres significantly reduced the shrinkage and tensile creep of concrete when un-cracked. It was however found that the displacement of fibre pull-out completely overshadowed the tensile creep displacements of SFRC. It was necessary to investigate what effect this would have on the deflection of SFRC beams in flexure once cracked. Viscoelastic behaviour using Maxwell chains were used to model the behaviour of the tensile creep as found during the tests and the parameters of these models were used for further analyses. Finite Element Analyses were done on SFRC beams in flexure in order simulate creep behaviour of up to 30 years in order to determine the difference in deflections at mid-span between un-cracked and pre-cracked beams. The analyses done showed that the deflections of the pre-cracked SFRC beams surpassed the requirements of the Serviceability Limit States, which should be taken into account when designing SFRC beams. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing in beton het gevorder tot so ‘n mate dat dit nou al moontlik is om staal vesels by die beton te voeg sodat dit beton se duursaamheid en duktiliteit te verbeter. Dit het gelei tot ‘n groep in Europa, FIB, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om Staal Vesel Beton (SVB) strukture te ontwerp. Hulle het gevind dat dit moontlik is vir SVB balke om in statiese ewewig te wees tydens buiging. Die tyd afhanklike gedrag van SVB is egter nog nie deeglik ondersoek nie en benodig dus verdure ondersoek. Wanneer ‘n balk in buiging aanskou word kan twee hoof spanningzones identifiseer word, ‘n druk zone en ‘n trek zone, waarvan die trek zone van die grootste belang is. Hierdie studie gaan verslag lewer oor die ondersoek van tyd-afhanklike trekgedrag van SVB om te bepaal hoe dit verskil van konvensionele beton. Die beton was spesifiek ontwerp om vervormingsversagtende gedrag te wat maak dat die materiaal eienskappe van SVB ten volle ondersoek kan word. Faktore soos krimp en die trekkruip van SVB was van die grootste belang en ‘n eksperimentele toets opstelling was ontwerp om die trekkruip van beton op ‘n eenvoudige en effektiewe manier te toets. Daar was vergelykings getref tussen die trekkruip gedrag van konvensionele beton en SVP en groot klem was geplaas op die verskil tussen SVB monsters voor en na die monsters gekraak het om te bepaal wat die invloed was van staalvesels wat uittrek. Die byvoeging van staalvesels het beduidend die kruip en trekkruip van beton verminder. Daar was alhoewel gevind dat die verplasing van die uittrek van staalvesels heeltemal die trekkruip verplasings van SVB oorskadu het. Dit was nodig om te sien watse effek dit op die verplasing van SVB balke in buiging sal hê. Viskoelastiese gedrag deur Maxwell kettings was gebruik om die gedrag van trekkruip, soos gevind deur die toetse, te modelleer en die parameters van hierdie modelle was verder gebruik vir analises. Eindige Element Analises was gedoen op SVB balke in buiging om die trekkruip gedrag tot op 30 jaar te simuleer op die verskil tussen die defleksies by midspan tussen ongekraakte en vooraf gekraakte balke te vind. Die analises het gewys dat die defleksies van die vooraf gekraakte balke nie voldoen het aan die vereistes van die Diensbaarheid limiete nie, wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer SVB balke ontwerp word.

La Lettonie est l’un des derniers pays indépendants à avoir été rattachés à l’Union soviétique. Elle n’est annexée qu’en 1940 – en conséquence de la définition des « sphères d’intérêts » soviétiques issue du Pacte Ribbentrop-Molotov, tout autant que de la menaçante puissante allemande en Europe. Elle connaît une soviétisation originale, contrastée, violente, profondément liée aux circonstances de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L’invasion, puis l’occupation allemande interviennent un an à peine après l’annexion. La vision d’une collaboration de masse, les potentiels de résistance décuplés par le conflit, l’ampleur de la Shoah aussi sont autant de facteurs bouleversant considérablement le processus d’uniformisation avec le reste de l’URSS. En 1944, l’Armée rouge reconquiert une république qui lui est profondément hostile. Parallèlement, durant la guerre, l’URSS a formé les futurs cadres de la république restaurée.De 1939 à 1949, le processus d’homogénéisation se dissout dans une éternelle guerre et sortie de guerre, marquée notamment par la guérilla antisoviétique, et les mesures d’abord tâtonnantes, puis radicales prises par le régime stalinien. Ma thèse suit un cadre chronologique, afin de cerner les ruptures et les tragédies qui marquent l’espace et ses populations. Mais certaines continuités se dégagent, malgré les immenses fractures temporelles, rapides et incessantes de cette époque. A travers la mobilité institutionnelle et humaine, en croisant histoire politique et histoire sociale, étude de l’administration, de la répression et des mouvements de population, se dégage la singularité d’une république « occidentale » de l’Union. / Latvia was one of the last independent countries to be forcibly become a “Soviet Republic”. It was annexed only in 1940, as a consequence of the secret protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, as well as the growing German threat in Europe. The sovietization that occurred afterwards was uncommon and violent. The German invasion and occupation of Latvia occurred a year after the annexation. During the war, the Soviet leaders elaborated an image of a “rebel” territory (because of the collaboration with the German occupiers, the Holocaust, and the growing anti-Soviet resistance movement). In 1944, the Red Army recovered an hostile and quite illegitimate republic. As the same time, most of the future leaders of the Soviet Latvian republic had been formed in non-occupied Russia.From 1939 to 1949, the homogenization process came along with a never-ending war and “aftermath of war”. This period was particularly characterized by the anti-Soviet guerilla, and by the changing Soviet politics towards “a new territory” (from hesitation to radicalization). The PhD dissertation follows the chronological frames of those changes, in order to insist on the huge breaks and tragedies that reached the territory and its people. Thanks to the analysis of the institutional and human motilities, thanks to the methods of both political and social history, I focus on three main dimensions: the constant turn-over in the “cadres” of the Republic, the specificities of the Stalinist repression, and the population displacements. Those aspects draw the peculiarities of the “Soviet Western borderland”.

Apresenta-se uma ferramenta para análise de edifícios de concreto armado assentados sobre sapatas, capaz de avaliar os efeitos decorrentes da deformabilidade do maciço de solos nas peças da superestrutura (lajes, vigas e pilares) e nos elementos estruturais de fundação (EEF). O software possibilita uma análise mais refinada das solicitações e, conseqüentemente, do real comportamento mecânico da estrutura. O programa ISE (Interação Solo-Estrutura), desenvolvido em linguagem FORTRAN, realiza o cálculo dos deslocamentos segundo o método proposto por Aoki & Lopes em 1975, que por sua vez faz uso das equações apresentadas por Mindlin em 1936, com base na teoria da elasticidade. Devido à grande variabilidade, o solo é tratado como meio heterogêneo, recorrendo-se ao procedimento sugerido por Steinbrenner, em 1934, para cálculo de recalques em meios estratificados. O método dos elementos finitos (MEF) é empregado na modelgagem dos EEF como elementos de casca planos, para determinação das componentes de deslocamento u, v e w. A compatibilização de deslocamentos, na região de contato entre a superfície de assentamento e a face inferior das sapatas, é condição necessária e suficiente para garantir o equilíbrio e a continuidade. Com o intuito de tornar mais amigável o uso do código computacional, é criada uma interface gráfica em Delphi e gerado um arquivo com extensão DXF, possibilitando a visualização da geometria do sistema de fundação. A elaboração de exemplos comprova a validade da formulação desenvolvida, por meio da comparação com resultados de outras metodologias presentes na literatura / This work presents a tool for reinforced concrete building based in direct foundation analysis able to evaluate effects in the superstructure constituent (slab, beams and columns) and foundation structural elements (FSE) resulting from soil deformability, making possible an efforts sophisticated analysis and real mechanical behavior of the structure. The program SSI (Soil-Structure Interaction), developed in FORTRAN language, calculates displacements increases by the Aoki & Lopes’s method. Proposed in 1975, the method uses de Mindlin’s equations showed in 1936 and based in the theory of elasticity. Due great variability, the soil is treated like a heterogeneous medium, appealing to the Steinbrenner proceeding suggested in 1934, for the estimate of displacements in multilayers medium. The finite element method (FEM) is used in FSE modeling as shell elements for determination of displacements components u, v and w. The displacements compatibilization in contact zone between surface support and FSE below side is necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium guarantee and continuity. Turning more friendly the software use, a graphical interface, in Delphi, is made and created a DXF file, making possible the geometry visualization of foundation system. The examples elaboration prove the developed formulation validity through results comparison with others methodologies

Esse estudo parte da problemática da moradia no Brasil para pensar o modo como temos construídos as políticas de gestão do espaço urbano. Desde 2009 acompanhamos o aumento das práticas de remoção, impulsionadas pela demanda de organização do país para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014. Esse cenário agrava-se pelo fato de que, de maneira geral, as famílias removidas são oriundas das comunidades mais pauperizadas, habitantes informais de um modelo de cidade que os exclui da possibilidade de acesso a moradia legal. Tomamos como campo de pesquisa a remoção de 1500 famílias para ampliação da Avenida Tronco na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto proliferam-se denúncias, promovidas por coletivos de militância, de violações de direitos humanos por parte dos gestores na execução das obras. No entanto, essa gramática dos direitos vai ser igualmente utilizada pela Prefeitura Municipal como forma de justificar e legitimar a demanda de retirada dos moradores dos locais das obras. Desta forma, os direitos se constituem como uma ferramenta privilegiada por meio da qual tanto os gestores, quanto os militantes buscam engajar os moradores atingidos pelas obras, bem como dos demais habitantes da cidade em determinados modos de compreender e se relacionar com ela, com a moradia, com a remoção, com os movimentos contestatórios e entre nós. Nesse sentido, inspirados na concepção foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos nos colocar sobre as linhas de visibilidade e dizibilidade produzidas pelos discursos dos direitos humanos em meio à essas disputas, para compreender como esses discursos incidem sobre os modos como habitamos as cidades e nos colocamos frente aos modos de gestão do território e da vida urbana. Assim, tomamos como material de análise documentos produzidos pela Prefeitura Municipal e pelos movimentos sociais, tais como vídeos de audiências públicas, relatórios técnicos, atas das reuniões nas comunidades atingidas e dossiês de denúncias de violações de direitos. Além disso, no intuito de nos aproximarmos de outras formas de compreender e habitar as cidades, que extrapolam aqueles propostos pelas linhas de visibilidade dos grandes enunciados dos direitos humanos, realizamos entrevistas com as famílias que estão sendo removidas, lideranças comunitárias, funcionários da prefeitura municipal e vereadores envolvidos no reassentamento. Essas análises evidenciam a forma como a urbanização da cidade e, nesse contexto, mais especificamente da Avenida Tronco, opera no disciplinamento das ruas e dos corpos, trazendo estes para as zonas de luminosidade e legalidade da cidade. Os direitos serão a ferramenta de disputa, de inclusão, exclusão e de controle do trânsito entre essas zonas. As práticas de remoção vão se constituir como formas de promoção de uma inclusão condicionada e fragmentária. São práticas que não irão se colocar no enfrentamento das desigualdades de acesso à moradia e à cidade, mas que servem para a gestão da pobreza, para sua submissão à lógica Estatal e para o azeitamento logicado sistema capitalista de produção das cidades e dos modos como vivemos nelas. O medo, a insegurança, a precariedade das condições de vida serão elementos fundamentais para a aceitabilidade das ações Estatais por parte dos citadinos. O discurso do acesso a direitos contribui para o engajamento da população nessa relação de aceitabilidade, pois são a promessa, ainda que por vezes falaciosa, da possibilidade de acesso à uma vida mais segura. Entretanto, eles são também veículo de manutenção de relações de dominação e de desigualdade nas cidades. Por outro lado, vemos a proliferação de formas de viver que escapam à essas tentativas de normatização, não necessariamente em uma atitude de oposição a elas, mas antes de indiferença e displicência, por operarem a partir de outros agenciamentos do desejo. Nesse sentido trazemos o conceito de comum, articulado à discussão sobre o direito à cidade, como possibilidade de construção de uma nova gramática de proposição ética de modos gestão do território e da vida urbana, que extrapola a lógica individualista presente em meio as Declarações de direito e investe em um agenciamento das singularidades e diferenças nas cidades. / This study draws upon the problematic of housing in Brazil to think the way policies of urban space management are constructed. Since 2009 we have been following the increase in practices of displacement, driven by the demand of Brazilian’s organization for the 2014 Football World Cup. This scenario is worsened by the fact that, in general, the families removed come from impoverished communities, informal inhabitants of a model of city that excludes them from the possibility of access to legal housing. Hence this thesis takes as a field of research the displacement of 1500 families for the expansion of Avenida Tronco in the city of Porto Alegre. In this context, militancy collective groups proliferate a series of indictments regarding human rights violations perpetrated by executive managers of the construction works. However, this grammar of human rights is equally used by Porto Alegre’s City Hall as a way of justifying and legitimizing the removal of local residents within construction sites. In this sense, human rights constitute a privileged tool through which both groups – managers and militants – try to obtain the engagement of residents towards a certain way of understanding and relating to the city and its problematic: housing matters, displacement practices, protest movements and even how to relate amongst ourselves. This process affects not only those harassed by the construction sites, as every other inhabitant of the city. Inspired by foucauldian concept of apparatus, we place ourselves on the lines of visibility and utterance produced by human rights discourses in the midst of these disputes. We do it so in order to understand how these discourses produce ways of inhabit cities, we put ourselves ahead of territory and urban life management mechanisms. As analytical material, it is taken documents produced by both Municipal Government and social movements, such as videos of public hearings, technical reports, minutes of meetings from affected communities and files of human rights violations formal complaints. In addition, in order to get closer to other ways of understanding and inhabiting cities, which extrapolate those proposed by lines of visibility of human rights leading narratives, we conducted interviews with families who were being removed, community leaders, municipal officials and councilmen involved in the resettlement. These analyses show how urbanization of a city and, in this context, more specifically of Avenida Tronco, operates in the disciplining of streets and bodies, bringing them to the areas of luminosity and legality of a city. Human rights are the tool of dispute, inclusion, exclusion and traffic control between these zones. Displacement practices constitute a way of promoting fragmented and conditioned inclusion. These are practices unwilling to serve as a confrontation line towards inequalities, specially those regarding equal access to housing and to the city. Displacement practices serve, therefore, to the management of poverty, its submission towards State logic and to the logical ease of the capitalist system of production of cities and the ways we live in them. Fear, insecurity, and the precariousness of living conditions will be fundamental elements for the acceptability of State actions by city dwellers. The discourse of access to rights contributes to the engagement of the population in this relation of acceptability, since they are the promise, albeit sometimes fallacious, of the possibility of access to a safer life. On the one hand, they are also a vehicle for maintaining relations of domination and inequality in cities. On the other, however, we see the proliferation of forms of living that escape these attempts of normalization, not necessarily in an attitude of opposition to them, but rather of indifference and disgruntlement, since they operate through other agencies of desire. Irrevocably, we bring the concept of common, articulated to the discussion about the right to the city, as a possibility for constructing a new grammar of ethical proposition of territorial and urban life management means, which extrapolates the individualistic logic existent in declarations of rights documents and invests in an agency of singularities and differences in the cities. / Este estudio parte de la problemática de la vivienda en Brasil para pensar los modos como hemos construido las políticas de gestión del espacio urbano. Desde 2009 hemos acompañado el aumento de las prácticas de remoción, estimuladas por la demanda de organización del país para el Mundial de Fútbol de 2014. Ese escenario agravase por el hecho de que, de manera general, las familias removidas son oriundas de comunidades más empobrecidas, residentes informales de un modelo de ciudad que los excluye de la posibilidad de acceso a la vivienda formal. Hemos tomado como campo de pesquisa la remoción de 1500 familias para la ampliación de la Avenida Tronco en la ciudad de Porto Alegre. En ese contexto se proliferan denuncias, promovidas por colectivos de militancia, de violaciones de derechos humanos por parte de los gestores en la ejecución de las obras. Sin embargo, esa gramática de los derechos es igualmente utilizada por la Intendencia Municipal a fines de justificar y legitimar la demanda de retirada de los residentes de estas regiones. De esta forma, los derechos se constituyen como una herramienta privilegiada por la cual tanto los gestores cuanto los militantes buscan engranar los moradores atingidos por las obras, así como los demás residentes de la ciudad en determinados modos de comprender y relacionarse con ella, con la vivienda, con la remoción, con los movimientos de protestas y entre nosotros. En ese sentido, inspirados por la concepción foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos colocarnos sobre las líneas de visibilidad y decibilidad producidas por los discursos de los derechos humanos en medio a esas disputas, para comprender como esos discursos inciden sobre los modos como habitamos las ciudades y nos colocamos frente a los modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana. Así hemos tomado como material de análisis documentos producidos por la Intendencia Municipal y por los movimientos sociales, como videos de audiciones públicas, informes técnicos, atas de reuniones en las comunidades que serán reubicadas y expedientes de denuncias de violaciones de derechos. Además, con el intento de aproximación de otras formas de comprender y habitar las ciudades, que extrapolan aquellos propuestos por las líneas de visibilidad de los grandes enunciados de los derechos humanos, hemos realizado entrevistas con las familias que están siendo removidas, líderes comunitarios, funcionarios de la Intendencia Municipal y concejales involucrados en la reubicación. Esos análisis evidencian la forma como la urbanización de la ciudad y, en ese contexto, más específicamente de la Avenida Tronco, opera en el disciplinamiento de las calles y de los cuerpos, trayendo estos para las zonas de luminosidad y legalidad de la ciudad. Los derechos son herramientas de disputa, inclusión, exclusión y control de la circulación entre estas zonas. Las prácticas de remoción se constituyen como formas de promoción de una inclusión condicionada y fragmentaria. Son prácticas que no se colocan en el enfrentamiento de las desigualdades de acceso a la vivienda y a la ciudad, pero que sirven para la gestión de la pobreza, para la sumisión frente a la lógica estatal y para la manutención del sistema capitalista de producción de ciudades y de los modos de vivir en ellas. El miedo, la inseguridad, la precariedad de las condiciones de vida van a ser elementos fundamentales para la aceptabilidad de las acciones estatales por parte de los citadinos. El discurso de acceso a los derechos contribuye para el compromiso de la población en esa relación de aceptabilidad, pues es la promesa, aunque por veces equivocada, de la posibilidad de acceso a una vida más segura. No obstante, ellos son también vehículo de manutención de relaciones de dominación y de desigualdad en las ciudades. Por otro lado, hemos visto la proliferación de formas de vivir que escapan a esas tentativas de normalización, no necesariamente en una actitud de oposición a ellas, pero antes de indiferencia y displicencia, por operaren a partir de otras agencias del deseo. En ese sentido, traemos el concepto del común, articulado a la discusión sobre el derecho a la ciudad, como posibilidad de construcción de una nueva gramática de proposición ética de modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana, que extrapola la lógica individualista presente en medio a las Declaraciones de derecho y invierte en una agencia de las singularidades y diferencias en las ciudades.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar uma coleção de fotografias produzidas entre os anos 1920 e 1960 em São Paulo. Nesse período Cleonice Maria Heine (1919-?), foi assunto de descrição visual e de suas imagens emergem três temas cruzados: memória familiar, cultura urbana e deslocamentos de lazer e turismo para o litoral e o campo paulistas. Por meio do consumo de fotografias que se democratizou no decorrer do século XX, Cleonice criou uma imagem de si, da cidade e de alguns destinos turísticos inéditos na praia e no interior. A amostragem composta de 139 imagens permite concluir que a fotografia foi para esta personagem uma plataforma de comunicação e encenação de múltiplos papéis sociais: mulher urbana, comerciária do SESC, consumidora, estudante, irmã, cunhada, turista produzindo subjetividades e sociabilidades diversas. / The purpose of the present study is to analyze a collection of photographs taken between 1920 and 1960. During that length of time, Cleonice Maria Heine (1919 - ?) was the subject of visual description. From these photos three cross-related topics arise: family memory, urban culture and displacements regarding leisure and tourism towards the coast and the countryside of the State of São Paulo. Through photo consumption, which became democratic along the XXth century, Nelli created an image of herself, of the city itself and of some completely new tourist destinations to the beach and the countryside. The sample, formed by 139 images, allows us to conclude that photography meant to that character a stand of communication through which she played several social roles such as: urban woman, a saleswoman who enjoyed the benefits promoted by the Social Service of Commerce, consumer, student, sister, sisterin- law, tourist, by producing different subjectivity and sociability.

H παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία Μεταπτυχιακής Ειδίκευσης με θέμα «Μελέτη Μικρομετακινήσεων σε Κατολισθαίνοντα Πρανή στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας, με Επίγειες και Φωτογραμμετρικές Μεθόδους Αποτύπωσης» ανατέθηκε από τον Επίκουρο Καθηγητή κ. Ιωάννη Κουκουβέλα στα πλαίσια του Προγράμματος Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών «Γεωεπιστήμες και Περιβάλλον», στην Κατεύθυνση «Γεωλογία Χρήσεων Γης», του τμήματος Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών και εκπονήθηκε από τη μεταπτυχιακή φοιτήτρια Μαριάννα Παπαθάνου. Η εργασία αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε ως μια μελέτη με σκοπό την ποιοτική και ποσοτική προσέγγισή της εξέλιξης του φαινομένου των κατολισθήσεων στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας σε βάθος χρόνου περίπου 20 ετών. Ως περιοχή μελέτης έχει επιλέγει η ευρύτερη περιοχή της Πιτίτσας για τους εξής λόγους : Στην περιοχή έχουν συμβεί μια σειρά κατολισθήσεων οι θέσεις των οποίων έχουν πολλές φορές επαναδραστηριοποιηθεί μετά την κατασκευή του δρόμου. Η δομή των πετρωμάτων (ρήγματα, λιθολογική σύσταση), και η κατασκευή του δρόμου είναι πρακτικά οι μόνοι παράγοντες που επιδρούν στις κατολισθήσεις της περιοχής, ενώ οι βροχοπτώσεις είναι σχεδόν σταθερές και η ανθρώπινη παρέμβαση, εκτός από την κατασκευή του δρόμου, είναι περιορισμένη. Στις κατολισθήσεις που αναλύθηκαν διακρίνονται όσο το δυνατό περισσότερα ιστολογικά στοιχεία των κατολισθήσεων της περιοχής. Η περιοχή παρουσιάζει εμφανή στοιχεία ολισθήσεων όπως διαρρήξεις στην άσφαλτο ή δευτερεύουσες ουλές, οι οποίες δείχνουν στοιχεία ενεργότητας. Προκειμένου να εξαχθούν ασφαλή ποοτικά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για την εξέλιξη των κατολισθήσεων ακολουθήθηκε η εξής μεθοδολογία : Η συλλογή όσο το δυνατό περισσότερων γεωμετρικών και γεωγραφικών στοιχείων διαφορετικών χρονολογιών για την περιοχή. Τα στοιχεία αφορούν αποτυπώσεις αλλά και αεροφωτογραφίες της περιοχής. Η επεξεργασία των στοιχείων με σκοπό την σύνταξη τοπογραφικών χαρτών και τη χάραξη τομών σ’αυτούς, ώστε να είναι εφικτή η σύγκριση των διαφορετικών χρονολογιών. Η σύγκριση των τοπογραφικών χαρτών και τομών διαφορετικών χρονολογιών με σκοπό την εξαγωγή αποτελεσμάτων και τη στατιστική επεξεργασία. Για τη μελέτη των κατολισθητικών φαινομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίγειες τοπογραφικές αλλά και φωτογραμμετρικές μέθοδοι αποτύπωσης . Αρχικά χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας τοπογραφικός χάρτης της Διεύθυνσης Έργων της Νομαρχιακής Αυτοδιοίκησης Αχαΐας που εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια της Μελέτης Βελτίωσης του δρόμου Σαλμενίκο – Πιτίτσα το 2000 και επιλέχθηκαν συγκεκριμένες κατολισθήσεις που αναγνωρίσθηκαν στον χάρτη αυτόν. Στη συνέχεια στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας αποτυπώθηκαν εκ νέου οι παραπάνω κατολισθήσεις τα έτη 2004 και 2005. Από τη σύγκριση των χαρτών των τριών χρονολογιών προέκυψαν όχι μόνο ποιοτικά αλλά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις. Δηλαδή αναγνωρίσθηκαν οι κινήσεις υλικού αλλά επιπλέον χαράχθηκαν διατομές με βάση τις οποίες υπολογίσθηκαν οι όγκοι του υλικού που κατολίσθησε. Τέλος με βάση τους υπολογισμούς του όγκου του υλικού που κατολίσθησε, υπολογίστηκε ένας μέσος ετήσιος ρυθμός διάβρωσης. Επίσης στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας παρελήφθη από τη Γεωγρφική Υπηρεσία Στρατού μια σειρά αεροφωτογραφιών της ευρύτερης περιοχής του 1986. Από την επεξεργασία των αεροφωτογραφιών ανά στερεοσκοπικά ζεύγη κατασκευάστηκαν ψηφιακά μοντέλα εδάφους και ορθοφωτοχάρτες των κατολισθήσεων που είχαν επιλεγεί παραπάνω, για τη χρονολογία 1986. Στη συνέχεια, με σκοπό τη σύγκριση των χρονολογιών 1986 και 2000, χαράχθηκαν τομές στους ορθοφωτοχάρτες του 1986. Από τη σύγκριση των χαρτών και των τομών ανάμεσα στις χρονολογίες 1986 και 2000 προέκυψαν επίσης σημαντικά ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις. Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται στη μελέτη της εξέλιξης των κατολισθητικών φαινομένων, στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας, σε βάθος χρόνου σχεδον 20 ετών. Με βάση την παρούσα μελέτη τέλος προέκυψαν συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις που αποτυπώθηκαν που αφορούν στα ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά χαρακτηριστικά τους, στη μορφή και στην κίνησή τους, στην ενεργότητα και στο ρυθμό εξέλιξής τους και στις ανθρωπογενείς παρεμβάσεις που δέχτηκαν στο διάστημα αυτό των 20 περίπου ετών. / The present Master Diploma Thesis entitled “Small scale Displacementσ within Landslides in the region of Pititsa using Earth Surveying and Photogrammetry” was assigned by Professor Ioannis Koukouvelas within the framework of the Graduate Studies Program “Geosciences and Environment”, of “Geology of Land Use”, of the University of Patras, Geology department, and was elaborated by the post-graduate student Marianna Papathanou. This project was implemented as a study aiming to approach, qualitative and quantitative, the landslide phenomena in the region of Pititsa over the last 20 years. The region of Pititsa was selected as a case study for the following reasons: The region is characterized by a series of small scale landslides, most of them experiencing reactivation which is damaging the asphalt covered road from Pititsa to Salmeniko villages. The structure of rocks (faults, lithologic composition etc.) and the construction of the road are practically the only factors affecting the landslides, since the precipitation is almost stable within the study area and the man-made modification, apart from the road construction, is limited. A wide range of morphological features within the landslides of the region was detected. The region offers evident elements of slide, for example asphalt fissures or secondary seams, presenting evidence of continuous activity. Qualitative and quantitative conclusions of the landslides was based on the following methodology: The collection of as many as possible geographic and geometric elements of the region, of different chronologies. These elements include different periods of surveying and airphotographs. The process of elements, aiming to set out contour plans. In order to define mass-balance cross-sections were composed to compare the evolution over the different chronologies. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of the contour plans, topographic maps and cross-sections of different chronologies aiming conclusions and statistical elaboration. For the study of landslide phenomena we used earth Surveying methods (repeated on 2004 and 2005 campaing) and Photogrammetry. Initially we used a topographic map provided from the Department of Public Works of the Prefectural Government of Achaia elaborated within the framework of the Improvement Study for the road Salmeniko - Pititsa in 2000, selecting specific locations of landslides identified on this map. The comparison of the sequential maps of the three chronologies resulted in qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding landslides. Which means that the movements of material were recognized, but moreover cross-sections were composed whereby the volumes of the landslided material was calculated. Also an average rate of landslide-erosion per year was calculated. Furthermore, within the framework of the present project, a set of airphotographs of the wider region of 1986 was received from the Military Geographical Service. From the process on stereopairs of these airphotographs, digital models (DTM) of land and orthophotomaps were created, regarding the chosen landslides for the year 1986. In order to compare the two chronologies 1986 and 2000, cross-sections were composed from the orthophotomaps of 1986. Important qualitative and quantitative conclusions were resulted from the comparison of the maps and the cross-sections between the two chronologies 1986 and 2000. From the repeated surveying and the photogrammetry it concluded that the present project refers to the evolution of the landslides of the Pititsa region, for a period of 20 years. These data suggest continuous erosion increasing from 1986 and onwards at a rate of between 0.34 m/yr to 0.0186m/yr for the last 5 yers. Based on the present project important conclusions, for the mapped landslides, were extracted regarding their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, their shapes and movements, their development for this period of 20 years and also evidence that they are continuously creeping.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop corotational beam elements for the nonlinear dynamic analyse of flexible beam structures. Whereas corotational beam elements in statics are well documented, the derivation of a corotational dynamic formulation is still an issue. In the first journal paper, an efficient dynamic corotational beam formulation is proposed for 2D analysis. The idea is to adopt the same corotational kinematic description in static and dynamic parts. The main novelty is to use cubic interpolations to derive both inertia terms and internal terms in order to capture correctly all inertia effects. This new formulation is compared with two classic formulations using constant Timoshenko and constant lumped mass matrices. In the second journal paper, several choices of parametrization and several time stepping methods are compared. To do so, four dynamic formulations are investigated. The corotational method is used to develop expressions of the internal terms, while the dynamic terms are formulated into a total Lagrangian context. Theoretical derivations as well as practical implementations are given in detail. Their numerical accuracy and computational efficiency are then compared. Moreover, four predictors and various possibilities to simplify the tangent inertia matrix are tested. In the third journal paper, a new consistent beam formulation is developed for 3D analysis. The novelty of the formulation lies in the use of the corotational framework to derive not only the internal force vector and the tangent stiffness matrix but also the inertia force vector and the tangent dynamic matrix. Cubic interpolations are adopted to formulate both inertia and internal local terms. In the derivation of the dynamic terms, an approximation for the local rotations is introduced and a concise expression for the global inertia force vector is obtained. Four numerical examples are considered to assess the performance of the new formulation against two other ones based on linear interpolations. Finally, in the fourth journal paper, the previous 3D corotational beam element is extended for the nonlinear dynamics of structures with thin-walled cross-section by introducing the warping deformations and the eccentricity of the shear center. This leads to additional terms in the expressions of the inertia force vector and the tangent dynamic matrix. The element has seven degrees of freedom at each node and cubic shape functions are used to interpolate local transversal displacements and axial rotations. The performance of the formulation is assessed through five examples and comparisons with Abaqus 3D-solid analyses. / <p>QC 20131017</p>

Esse estudo parte da problemática da moradia no Brasil para pensar o modo como temos construídos as políticas de gestão do espaço urbano. Desde 2009 acompanhamos o aumento das práticas de remoção, impulsionadas pela demanda de organização do país para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014. Esse cenário agrava-se pelo fato de que, de maneira geral, as famílias removidas são oriundas das comunidades mais pauperizadas, habitantes informais de um modelo de cidade que os exclui da possibilidade de acesso a moradia legal. Tomamos como campo de pesquisa a remoção de 1500 famílias para ampliação da Avenida Tronco na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto proliferam-se denúncias, promovidas por coletivos de militância, de violações de direitos humanos por parte dos gestores na execução das obras. No entanto, essa gramática dos direitos vai ser igualmente utilizada pela Prefeitura Municipal como forma de justificar e legitimar a demanda de retirada dos moradores dos locais das obras. Desta forma, os direitos se constituem como uma ferramenta privilegiada por meio da qual tanto os gestores, quanto os militantes buscam engajar os moradores atingidos pelas obras, bem como dos demais habitantes da cidade em determinados modos de compreender e se relacionar com ela, com a moradia, com a remoção, com os movimentos contestatórios e entre nós. Nesse sentido, inspirados na concepção foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos nos colocar sobre as linhas de visibilidade e dizibilidade produzidas pelos discursos dos direitos humanos em meio à essas disputas, para compreender como esses discursos incidem sobre os modos como habitamos as cidades e nos colocamos frente aos modos de gestão do território e da vida urbana. Assim, tomamos como material de análise documentos produzidos pela Prefeitura Municipal e pelos movimentos sociais, tais como vídeos de audiências públicas, relatórios técnicos, atas das reuniões nas comunidades atingidas e dossiês de denúncias de violações de direitos. Além disso, no intuito de nos aproximarmos de outras formas de compreender e habitar as cidades, que extrapolam aqueles propostos pelas linhas de visibilidade dos grandes enunciados dos direitos humanos, realizamos entrevistas com as famílias que estão sendo removidas, lideranças comunitárias, funcionários da prefeitura municipal e vereadores envolvidos no reassentamento. Essas análises evidenciam a forma como a urbanização da cidade e, nesse contexto, mais especificamente da Avenida Tronco, opera no disciplinamento das ruas e dos corpos, trazendo estes para as zonas de luminosidade e legalidade da cidade. Os direitos serão a ferramenta de disputa, de inclusão, exclusão e de controle do trânsito entre essas zonas. As práticas de remoção vão se constituir como formas de promoção de uma inclusão condicionada e fragmentária. São práticas que não irão se colocar no enfrentamento das desigualdades de acesso à moradia e à cidade, mas que servem para a gestão da pobreza, para sua submissão à lógica Estatal e para o azeitamento logicado sistema capitalista de produção das cidades e dos modos como vivemos nelas. O medo, a insegurança, a precariedade das condições de vida serão elementos fundamentais para a aceitabilidade das ações Estatais por parte dos citadinos. O discurso do acesso a direitos contribui para o engajamento da população nessa relação de aceitabilidade, pois são a promessa, ainda que por vezes falaciosa, da possibilidade de acesso à uma vida mais segura. Entretanto, eles são também veículo de manutenção de relações de dominação e de desigualdade nas cidades. Por outro lado, vemos a proliferação de formas de viver que escapam à essas tentativas de normatização, não necessariamente em uma atitude de oposição a elas, mas antes de indiferença e displicência, por operarem a partir de outros agenciamentos do desejo. Nesse sentido trazemos o conceito de comum, articulado à discussão sobre o direito à cidade, como possibilidade de construção de uma nova gramática de proposição ética de modos gestão do território e da vida urbana, que extrapola a lógica individualista presente em meio as Declarações de direito e investe em um agenciamento das singularidades e diferenças nas cidades. / This study draws upon the problematic of housing in Brazil to think the way policies of urban space management are constructed. Since 2009 we have been following the increase in practices of displacement, driven by the demand of Brazilian’s organization for the 2014 Football World Cup. This scenario is worsened by the fact that, in general, the families removed come from impoverished communities, informal inhabitants of a model of city that excludes them from the possibility of access to legal housing. Hence this thesis takes as a field of research the displacement of 1500 families for the expansion of Avenida Tronco in the city of Porto Alegre. In this context, militancy collective groups proliferate a series of indictments regarding human rights violations perpetrated by executive managers of the construction works. However, this grammar of human rights is equally used by Porto Alegre’s City Hall as a way of justifying and legitimizing the removal of local residents within construction sites. In this sense, human rights constitute a privileged tool through which both groups – managers and militants – try to obtain the engagement of residents towards a certain way of understanding and relating to the city and its problematic: housing matters, displacement practices, protest movements and even how to relate amongst ourselves. This process affects not only those harassed by the construction sites, as every other inhabitant of the city. Inspired by foucauldian concept of apparatus, we place ourselves on the lines of visibility and utterance produced by human rights discourses in the midst of these disputes. We do it so in order to understand how these discourses produce ways of inhabit cities, we put ourselves ahead of territory and urban life management mechanisms. As analytical material, it is taken documents produced by both Municipal Government and social movements, such as videos of public hearings, technical reports, minutes of meetings from affected communities and files of human rights violations formal complaints. In addition, in order to get closer to other ways of understanding and inhabiting cities, which extrapolate those proposed by lines of visibility of human rights leading narratives, we conducted interviews with families who were being removed, community leaders, municipal officials and councilmen involved in the resettlement. These analyses show how urbanization of a city and, in this context, more specifically of Avenida Tronco, operates in the disciplining of streets and bodies, bringing them to the areas of luminosity and legality of a city. Human rights are the tool of dispute, inclusion, exclusion and traffic control between these zones. Displacement practices constitute a way of promoting fragmented and conditioned inclusion. These are practices unwilling to serve as a confrontation line towards inequalities, specially those regarding equal access to housing and to the city. Displacement practices serve, therefore, to the management of poverty, its submission towards State logic and to the logical ease of the capitalist system of production of cities and the ways we live in them. Fear, insecurity, and the precariousness of living conditions will be fundamental elements for the acceptability of State actions by city dwellers. The discourse of access to rights contributes to the engagement of the population in this relation of acceptability, since they are the promise, albeit sometimes fallacious, of the possibility of access to a safer life. On the one hand, they are also a vehicle for maintaining relations of domination and inequality in cities. On the other, however, we see the proliferation of forms of living that escape these attempts of normalization, not necessarily in an attitude of opposition to them, but rather of indifference and disgruntlement, since they operate through other agencies of desire. Irrevocably, we bring the concept of common, articulated to the discussion about the right to the city, as a possibility for constructing a new grammar of ethical proposition of territorial and urban life management means, which extrapolates the individualistic logic existent in declarations of rights documents and invests in an agency of singularities and differences in the cities. / Este estudio parte de la problemática de la vivienda en Brasil para pensar los modos como hemos construido las políticas de gestión del espacio urbano. Desde 2009 hemos acompañado el aumento de las prácticas de remoción, estimuladas por la demanda de organización del país para el Mundial de Fútbol de 2014. Ese escenario agravase por el hecho de que, de manera general, las familias removidas son oriundas de comunidades más empobrecidas, residentes informales de un modelo de ciudad que los excluye de la posibilidad de acceso a la vivienda formal. Hemos tomado como campo de pesquisa la remoción de 1500 familias para la ampliación de la Avenida Tronco en la ciudad de Porto Alegre. En ese contexto se proliferan denuncias, promovidas por colectivos de militancia, de violaciones de derechos humanos por parte de los gestores en la ejecución de las obras. Sin embargo, esa gramática de los derechos es igualmente utilizada por la Intendencia Municipal a fines de justificar y legitimar la demanda de retirada de los residentes de estas regiones. De esta forma, los derechos se constituyen como una herramienta privilegiada por la cual tanto los gestores cuanto los militantes buscan engranar los moradores atingidos por las obras, así como los demás residentes de la ciudad en determinados modos de comprender y relacionarse con ella, con la vivienda, con la remoción, con los movimientos de protestas y entre nosotros. En ese sentido, inspirados por la concepción foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos colocarnos sobre las líneas de visibilidad y decibilidad producidas por los discursos de los derechos humanos en medio a esas disputas, para comprender como esos discursos inciden sobre los modos como habitamos las ciudades y nos colocamos frente a los modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana. Así hemos tomado como material de análisis documentos producidos por la Intendencia Municipal y por los movimientos sociales, como videos de audiciones públicas, informes técnicos, atas de reuniones en las comunidades que serán reubicadas y expedientes de denuncias de violaciones de derechos. Además, con el intento de aproximación de otras formas de comprender y habitar las ciudades, que extrapolan aquellos propuestos por las líneas de visibilidad de los grandes enunciados de los derechos humanos, hemos realizado entrevistas con las familias que están siendo removidas, líderes comunitarios, funcionarios de la Intendencia Municipal y concejales involucrados en la reubicación. Esos análisis evidencian la forma como la urbanización de la ciudad y, en ese contexto, más específicamente de la Avenida Tronco, opera en el disciplinamiento de las calles y de los cuerpos, trayendo estos para las zonas de luminosidad y legalidad de la ciudad. Los derechos son herramientas de disputa, inclusión, exclusión y control de la circulación entre estas zonas. Las prácticas de remoción se constituyen como formas de promoción de una inclusión condicionada y fragmentaria. Son prácticas que no se colocan en el enfrentamiento de las desigualdades de acceso a la vivienda y a la ciudad, pero que sirven para la gestión de la pobreza, para la sumisión frente a la lógica estatal y para la manutención del sistema capitalista de producción de ciudades y de los modos de vivir en ellas. El miedo, la inseguridad, la precariedad de las condiciones de vida van a ser elementos fundamentales para la aceptabilidad de las acciones estatales por parte de los citadinos. El discurso de acceso a los derechos contribuye para el compromiso de la población en esa relación de aceptabilidad, pues es la promesa, aunque por veces equivocada, de la posibilidad de acceso a una vida más segura. No obstante, ellos son también vehículo de manutención de relaciones de dominación y de desigualdad en las ciudades. Por otro lado, hemos visto la proliferación de formas de vivir que escapan a esas tentativas de normalización, no necesariamente en una actitud de oposición a ellas, pero antes de indiferencia y displicencia, por operaren a partir de otras agencias del deseo. En ese sentido, traemos el concepto del común, articulado a la discusión sobre el derecho a la ciudad, como posibilidad de construcción de una nueva gramática de proposición ética de modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana, que extrapola la lógica individualista presente en medio a las Declaraciones de derecho y invierte en una agencia de las singularidades y diferencias en las ciudades.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho procura contribuir para o estudo da influência de escavações nos recalques superficiais de construções vizinhas, tema este de grande interesse em regiões urbanas, com grande concentração de construções. Apresenta-se uma análise detalhada dos principais métodos empíricos disponíveis na literatura para a previsão dos recalques deflagrados por escavações vizinhas. Detalham-se alguns aspectos de uma ferramenta numérica utilizada, bem como sua validação à análise de escavações escoradas pela aplicação do MEF. Um caso de obra bem documentado em pesquisas anteriores é selecionado para uma análise que procura confrontar os resultados da previsão procedida pelos métodos empíricos, pelo método numérico, com os resultados experimentais. A presente pesquisa mostrou que o método empírico de Hsieh e Ou (1998) foi o que revelou uma melhor capacidade de previsão do comportamento observado no caso de obra analisado, tanto na avaliação do recalque máximo como na obtenção do perfil de recalques superficiais com a distância à face da escavação. A aplicação da modelagem numérica ao caso de obra selecionado confirmou as observações ressaltadas por alguns autores, revelando sua capacidade de reproduzir de forma bastante satisfatória os deslocamentos horizontais da parede, porém apresentando um resultado menos aproximado na previsão dos recalques superficiais. / The present thesis aims at contributing to the study of the influence of excavations on settlements of nearby structures. This is a theme of major interest in urban areas where a concentration of tall buildings is very common. A detailed analysis of the main available empirical methods is presented dealing with the settlement prediction caused by nearby excavations. Some aspects of the numerical tools employed in the analysis are also detailed. The validation of the numerical analysis is made through a comparison of its results for a strutted excavation with the results of the same application using a well estabilished method, adopted in design, based on plastic equilibrium equations. A case history extensively documented in previous research was chosen for a comparative analysis confronting the prediction of ground surface settlement during excavation based on empirical methods and also by means of the numerical approach. The results are then compared with the experimental data. The present research has shown that the empirical method proposed by Hsieh and Ou (1998) best reproduced the experimental behavior. Not only has the method been able to predict the maximum settlement but it has also shown ability to predict the ground settlement profile. The numerical analysis of the selected case history confirmed the observations of some authors that the finite element analysis is able to predict horizontal displacements of the excavation wall but less accurately predict ground surface settlements.

Les déplacements des barrages en béton sont influencés par de nombreux facteurs tels que lacharge hydrostatique, les effets thermiques et les effets irréversibles. Pour interpréter les mesures,séparer les différentes influences et identifier un éventuel comportement pathologique,des modèles physico-statistiques de type régression multi-linéaire sont couramment utilisés parl’ingénierie. L’estimation de la composante thermique est cependant une source d’incertitudesignificative pour ces modèles. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont alors de mettre en évidenceles mécanismes à l’origine des déplacements thermiques, de clarifier les hypothèses des modèlesactuels et de déterminer les principales sources d’incertitudes parmi les influences environnementalesafin de proposer des pistes d’amélioration de la modélisation statistique. Deux nouveauxmodèles physico-statistiques ont alors été développés pour prendre en compte l’influence de latempérature de l’eau qui s’est révélée être l’un des facteurs prépondérants d’incertitude. Dansun premier temps, uniquement la valeur moyenne a été introduite. Puis, parallèlement à desmesures in-situ, des profils réalistes sont pris en compte sur la hauteur du barrage. Ces modèlesont été testés sur un environnement virtuel (modèle aux éléments finis) puis sur un cas d’étuderéel, montrant une diminution significative de la dispersion résiduelle ainsi qu’une augmentationdu caractère prédictif. / Concrete dam displacements are influenced by various factors such as hydrostatic load, thermaleffects, and irreversible effects. In order to interpret measurements, to split apart all the differentinfluences and to identify a potential pathological behaviour, physico-statistical modelssuch as multi-linear regression are commonly employed in dam engineering. Nevertheless, thethermal component estimation is an important source of uncertainty for these models. Thus, theobjectives of this thesis are to highlight the mechanism that generate thermal displacement, toclarify model hypothesis, to determine the main sources of uncertainty from environnemental influencesso as to propose improvements of statistical modelling. Two original physico-statisticalmodels have been develloped to account for water temperature which has been identified as amain source of uncertainty. Firstly, only the mean value has been introduced. Then, in parallelto in-situ measurements, realistic temperature profils are accounted for over the dam’s height.These models have been tested both on a virtual environnement (finite element model) and ona real study case. The results show a significant reduction of the residual dispersion and anincrease of the predictive capacity of the models.