Abstract The relationship between dividend buying and stock volatility is the subject of our research. It focuses on all the listed companies on the Swedish stock market, with a particular emphasis on dividend buying and the impact of stock volatility on the underlying stocks of the indices in our sample. As a result of the problem being discussed, the following research question was posed: What is the relationship between dividend buying and stock volatility? From this question, we investigate the impact of dividend buying on the 'dividend – stock volatility' and contribute to this body of knowledge. We want to see if the average stock volatility between the announcement day and the record date indicates dividend buying compared to the average monthly/weekly volatility during the fiscal year. We applied a theoretical framework that is based mostly on financial and behavioral theories in addressing dividends, stock returns, stock volatility, dividend buying, and the relationship between them. Based on the theories we built up two hypotheses and followed deduction approach and quantitative research strategy for our research paper. The data source for this research study is the Thompson Reuters Eikon Database. Applying the screener function, we obtained all the dividend paying Swedish Public Companies for 5 years. In total they were 226. We carried out a multivariate multiple regression using 5-year historical securities price data from the Swedish stock market. Our variables were Beta and Standard Deviation of prices as dependent variables and dividend yields as the independent variable. We also checked the respective companies' debt-equity ratio and market caps. After controlling the variables market cap and debt-equity ratio, the results were significant for 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 but insignificant for 2014. However, there was a significant negative correlation between dividend yield and beta in all years. This yields an inconclusive result that necessitates further research. As a result, we conclude that dividend buying (dividend yield), and stock volatility have a negative relationship when considering both standard deviation and beta as indicators of volatility. This study's findings partially support evidence from Baskin's (1989) research study, which found a significant positive relationship between stock price volatility and dividend yield. Furthermore, the findings of the study back up Allen and Rachim's (1996) results, which revealed that stock price volatility and dividend yield are unrelated. According to the findings of this research study, the dividend yield has the greatest impact on stock price volatility, as measured by standard deviation, i.e., the unsystematic risk among predictor variables.

The objective of this research is to analyse if there is a negative relationship between dividend policy and stock price volatility in the German stock market.  The data that was collected for this research consists of the 30 biggest companies listed on the German stock exchange Deutscher Aktienindex known as DAX 30 for the period 2000-2020. Fixed effect model estimated by panel data was applied to find the results of this research. The findings showed that the main variables of dividend policy (dividend yield and payout ratio) were negatively significant correlated with stock price volatility which provides evidence for our hypothesis. The results showed that the control variable earnings volatility had a positive significant relationship with stock price volatility. However, asset growth resulted in an insignificant relationship but the rest of the control variables such as leverage, market value and free float percentage showed a significant negative relationship with stock price volatility.

Bolagens vinstutdelning har länge varit omdiskuterad och rönt mycket uppmärksamhet under de senaste årtiondena. Tidigare forskning har påvisat dess relevans ur ett flertal perspektiv, trots detta finns inget enstämmigt svar på vilka faktorer som påverkar bolagens vinstutdelning. Ett relativt nytt forskningsområde avser styrelsens sammansättning och dess relation till bolagens vinstutdelning. Studien utgår ifrån detta forskningsområde för att kunna urskilja hur diverse styrelsevariabler påverkar utdelningsnivåerna. Därför ämnar studien att svara på om styrelsens sammansättning har något samband med de svenska large cap- bolagens vinstutdelning och i så fall hur sambandet ser ut. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om styrelsens sammansättning relaterar, och i så fall hur, med bolagens vinstutdelning på den svenska börsen. Utifrån tidigare forskning och teori har författarna lyckats urskilja följande styrelsevariabler som är relevanta att undersöka: styrelsestorlek, styrelsens oberoende, andel kvinnliga styrelseledamöter, styrelsens ämbetstid, styrelsens aktieinnehav och den verkställande direktörens dualitet. Datan för dessa variabler samlades in manuellt via respektive bolags årsredovisning under en femårsperiod mellan 2010 och 2014. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning utgick författarna från ett kvantitativt metodval. Utifrån befintlig teori och tidigare empirisk forskning konstruerades hypoteser över hur respektive styrelsevariabel bör påverka bolagens vinstutdelning. För att kunna avgöra om styrelsens sammansättning påverkar bolagens vinstutdelning utförde författarna en OLS- regression och en robust regression. Därtill tillkom tester för multikollinearitetsproblem och heteroskedasticitet. Baserat på studiens resultat verkar det finnas ett samband mellan styrelsens sammansättning och vinstutdelningens storlek för svenska large cap- bolag. Resultatet indikerar att både styrelsestorlek och andel kvinnliga styrelseledamöter har en positiv påverkan på bolagens vinstutdelning. Resultatet indikerade också att styrelsens oberoende och aktieinnehav samt dualitet har en negativ påverkan på bolagens vinstutdelning. Vidare har styrelsens ämbetstid ingen signifikant relation till bolagens vinstutdelning. Studiens resultat tenderar att kunna förklaras utifrån Principal agentteorin, då många av variablerna påvisade relationer som förväntas i enlighet med denna teori. Avslutningsvis kan dessa resultat vara av intresse för investerare, lagstiftare och svenska bolag.

The final thesis deals with the construction of a stock portfolio. The traditional portfolio theory models of Markowitz and Sharpe and anomalies based on fundamentals are shown and applied in Germany. In the first part, portfolio theory and fundamentals are explained. The mathematical model is demonstrated in the second part. Empirical results are shown in the last part.

This paper investigates the determinants of excess returns using dividend yields as a proxy in a cross-sectional setting. First, we find that types of industry and the current business cycle are determining factors of returns. Second, our results suggest that dividend yield serves a signaling mechanism indicating “healthiness” of a firm among prospective investors. Third we see that there is a positive relationship between dividend yield and risk, especially in the utility and financial sectors. And finally, using actual excess returns, instead of dividend yield in our model shows that all predictors of dividend yield were also significant predictors of excess returns. This connection between dividend yield and excess returns support our use of dividend yield as a proxy for excess returns.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-08-19T00:00:00Z / Analisamos, empiricamente, o comportamento dos preços das ações após o anúncio do pagamento de dividendos. Nossa amostra foi constituída de 163 eventos, incluindo as ações mais negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, no período de 1998 a 2000. Encontramos uma relação direta entre o dividend yield e o retomo anormal acumulado destas ações no período pós-pagamento de dividendos, dividindo a amostra em três subamostras, em função do dividend yield. Obtivemos um retomo anormal acumulado, nos 90 dias após o evento, de 21,97% para as empresas que pagaram dividendos mais altos, 5,16% para as companhias que pagaram dividendos intermediários, e -15,50% para as empresas que pagaram dividendos mais baixos. Isto demonstra a persistência dos retornos anormais das ações no período pós-evento. Esta relação foi confirmada quando analisamos os eventos por tipo de controlador da empresa (fundos, estatais ou fanu1ias) e as companhias privatizadas, e quando pesquisamos o retomo acumulado das ações em função do percentual do lucro líquido distribuído sob a forma de dividendos.

nÃo hà / O presente trabalho buscou verificar se a utilizaÃÃo do indicador fundamentalista dividend yield como critÃrio para a seleÃÃo de ativos à uma estratÃgia eficiente para se obter essa maximizaÃÃo do retorno de um investimento. Para isso, foi usada a tÃcnica de formaÃÃo de carteiras, criando a carteira alvo da pesquisa, composta por aÃÃes de alto dividend yield, e tambÃm uma carteira de controle, compostas por aÃÃes de baixo dividend yield, sendo ambas comparadas à carteira de mercado. Como objetivos secundÃrios, buscou-se incluir na pesquisa uma anÃlise de risco dessas carteiras e outra de desempenho por unidade de risco. Foi concluÃdo nÃo haver evidÃncias estatisticamente significantes da garantia de que uma carteira composta por aÃÃes de alto dividend yield possa superar o mercado, mas foram verificadas evidÃncias que essa carteira possui menor volatilidade que o mercado, podendo ser uma opÃÃo de investimento mais defensiva em momento de cenÃrio macroeconÃmico desfavorÃvel / This study sought to determine whether the use of the indicator fundamentalist dividend yield as a criterion for yield as a criterion for selection of assets is an effective strategy to achieve that maximization of the return on an investment. For this, we used the technique of formation of portfolios, creating the target portfolio of the research, consisting of stocks of high dividend yield, and also a control portfolio, consisting of low dividend yield stocks, and being both compared to the market portfolio. As a secondary objective, we sought to include in the research a risk analysis study of these portfolios and portfolio and other of performance per unit of risk. It was concluded that there was no statistically significant evidences of assurance that a portfolio consisting of high dividend yield stocks can outperform the market, but evidences were found that this portfolio has less volatility than the market, may be a more defensive investment option in times of unfavorable macroeconomic scenario

L'objectif principal de ce travail est de contribuer au débat initié par Roll (1977) et Basu (1977) depuis plus d‟une trentaine d‟années sur l‟invalidité du MEDAF à expliquer la formation des prix des actifs financiers. Cette étude se focalise plus particulièrement sur la capacité suggérée du ratio rendement du dividende à être un proxy de risque indépendant du bêta. Elle teste l‟aptitude d‟une stratégie value très populaire basée sur l‟effet « rendement du dividende » à réaliser des performances anormales. Les résultats montrent que les bonnes performances de la stratégie Dow 10 ne sont attribuables ni à sa capacité de sélectionner des titres performants ni à son aptitude à anticiper les mouvements du marché. De plus, mis en compétition avec la régression de Litzenberger et Ramaswamy (1979) et un modèle répliquant la méthodologie de Fama et French (1993), le modèle d‟évaluation des actifs financiers de Sharpe s‟impose comme le meilleur modèle de prévision des rentabilités. Afin de montrer que le coefficient bêta capture l‟effet « rendement du dividende », nous suggérons une nouvelle formulation du MEDAF. Nous proposons une décomposition du coefficient bêta en deux facteurs de risque : un risque systématique de base et un risque lié au facteur rendement du dividende. Globalement, l‟hypothèse de l‟efficience des marchés semble être vérifiée. En effet, l‟application de notre modèle améliore de 3% le pouvoir explicatif du MEDAF et les coefficients de notre régression sont significatifs au seuil de 1%. L‟effet « rendement du dividende » est un facteur de risque déjà capturé par le bêta de Sharpe. / The main objective of this work is to contribute to the debate initiated by Roll (1977) and Basu (1977) since more than thirty years on disability of the CAPM to explain the financial assets pricing. This study focuses specifically on the ability of the suggested ratio of dividend yield to be an independent risk proxy beta. It tests the ability of a value strategy based on the popular "dividend yield" effect to achieve abnormal performance. The results show that the good performances of the Dow 10 are not attributable to its ability to select stocks with high scores or his ability to anticipate market movements. Moreover, being in competition with the regression of Litzenberger and Ramaswamy (1979) and a model replicating the methodology Fama and French (1993), the Sharpe‟s asset pricing model stands out as the best model for forecasting returns. To show that the beta captures the dividend yield effect, we propose a new formulation of the CAPM. We propose a decomposition of beta into two risk factors: a systematic basis risk and a risk factor related to dividend yield. Overall, the efficient market hypothesis seems to be verified. Indeed, the application of our model improves the explanatory power of 3% of the CAPM and our regression coefficients are significant at 1%. The “dividend yield” effect is a risk factor already captured by the Sharpe‟s regression.

Denna studie har undersökt huruvida det är möjligt att på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm generera systematiska överavkastningar i samband med att aktier börjar handlas exklusive rätt till utdelningar. Samtliga utdelningstillfällen har undersökts under perioden 2007-2011 vilket givit en total observationsmängd på 699 stycken tillfällen. Genom att ha tagit hänsyn till eventuella marknadsfluktueringar och vikta dessa med bolagets unika risk, i form av betatal, har resultaten även justerats för normalavkastningar under den undersökta dagen. Resultaten från Large Cap, Mid Cap samt Small Cap har sedan jämförts. Resultaten visar att överavkastningar är möjliga under dagen då aktien slutar handlas inklusive utdelning, samt att effekten är större för de mindre bolagen. / This study, has examined the possibility of achieving abnormal returns in the Swedish stock market on the day when stocks no longer trade with its dividend rights. All stocks on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm had been analyzed during 2007-2011, a total of 699 observations. By also including market fluctuations and weight of these fluctuations with the stock’s unique risk, the results have been adjusted for the normal return during the observed day. The results from Large Cap, Mid Cap and Small Cap have then been compared to one another. The overall result shows that abnormal returns are possible on the day stocks no longer trade with the rights of dividends. The result also shows larger, abnormal returns for smaller companies.

Market Timing Strategy is an active investment strategy, which is based on the signals of indicators, for the investors to make their investment decisions. However, there has always been the question on which variable is a good indicator, that would provide superior returns for the investment. Bond to Equity Yield Ratio (BEYR) is a new indicator widely researched by many academics in the field of finance and extensively applied by practitioners of the financial markets during the last two decades. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a theory in finance which states that stock prices are always reflected with the relevant information and beating the market from predicting the trend of future stock prices is not possible. Therefore, if the market is in accordance with EMH, market timing strategy is not useful and passive investment strategy is better than active investment strategy. Although extant literatures have proved BEYR as a good indicator to be used in market timing strategy, the focus of the existing research is on the financial markets in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Europe; the study on Asian financial markets is very limited. The main objective of the research is mainly motivated by this knowledge gap. This study will use extreme value strategy as an active trading strategy to conduct research on the market timing ability of BEYR in three Asian financial markets: Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. In addition, passive trading strategy will be used to compare with active trading strategy in each country to identify whether the markets comply with weak form of EMH. Deductive approach of quantitative research is conducted and three main hypotheses are developed to achieve the research objective. The empirical findings from our research and the responses to the main hypotheses can be summarized as active trading strategy does perform better than passive trading strategy for all countries and the market timing ability of BEYR is not as good as the traditional indicators: dividend yields and earning yields for all countries. Therefore, the financial markets of all counties under scrutiny do not comply with weak form of EMH. However, it is worthy to take note that the sample period chosen for this research includes the period when the Global Financial Crisis occurred in 2008. Therefore, it is assumed that the impact of the financial crisis is the main reason contributing the difference between the findings from our research and the existing literatures. Moreover, the difference in the nature of financial market can be considered as another underlying factor for the new perspective on BEYR resulting from our empirical results.