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At present the number of drug addicted women who incidentally become pregnant is increasing. The children of such woman usually end in care of their grandparents, in infantile institutions and children homes. It is important to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies in drug addicted women. Institutions providing service to drug addicted should concentrate on prevention of unplanned pregnancy. Women should be informed on risks of possible pregnancy in the context of their drug addiction. If a woman becomes pregnant and pregnancy is wanted it is necessary to enable a women treatment which would take into account the stay of a mother with a child. The impossibility of treatment of a mother with a child is a very discouraging factor of treatment. Most of drug addicted women are not willing to admit their drug addiction because they are afraid of losing a child. The cooperation of treatment facilities and gynaecology-maternity departments of hospitals should be common. With regard to the insufficient treatment facilities enabling common stay, it is not easy to ensure that a mother and her child start treatment in time. The more available the treatment for a mother the more probable is the mother ´s decision for the treatment. It is necessary to build the net of treatment facilities where mothers would be enabled to undergo the treatment with their children.

The work points to the possible causes of drug addiction, and how from drug addiction can be cured. What are the centers for drug addicts and what offering.Practical part is formed by using case studies with individuals who are addicted to marijuana and methamphetamine.

Bakgrund: Drogberoende patienters upplevda förmåga att hantera sitt drogberoende, antas påverka utfallet av vården. Self-efficacy förmodas spela en framträdande roll, tillsammans med sjuksköterskans förhållningsätt och stöd för denna patientgrupp.     Syfte: Att beskriva self-efficacy och dess roll vid påverkan på patienter med drogberoende.  Metod: Genom litteraturöversikt skapa en kunskapsöversikt över self-efficacys roll och påverkan på drogberoende patienter.   Resultat: Resultatet bekräftar self-efficacy som en viktig faktor, men att andra faktorer verkar självständigt och styrande i sitt förhållande till self-efficacy, i en komplex kontext. Andra viktiga faktorer utöver self-efficacy framkommer i resultatet, är socialt stöd och social kontext, kognitiva faktorer och psykisk hälsa, interventioner och behandling.  Slutsats: Self-efficacy är som faktor viktig och ingår i ett komplext sammanhang med andra faktorer. Self-efficacy framstår som en viktig faktor i sin roll för påverkan på de drogberoende patienterna. I detta sammanhang är sjuksköterskans personcentrerade förhållningssätt viktigt, för att genom ett evidensinformerat arbete sammanföra detta med den nödvändiga kunskapen som patienten har om sig själv och för att så stötta patienten på bästa sätt. Vidare omvårdnadsforskning bör göras på drogberoende patienters olika följdsjukdomar, tidiga interventioner och negativt behandlings utfall, med ett focus på self-efficacy. / Background:  Drug dependent patients perceived ability to deal with where drug addiction, are assumed to influence the outcome of care. Self-efficacy is likely to play a prominent role, together with the nurse's attitude and support for this group of patients.  Purpose:  To describe the role of self-efficacy and its effects on patients with drug dependence.  Method:  Through literature overview create a knowledge overview of self-efficacy’s effect on drug dependent patients.  Results:  The result confirms self-efficacy as an important factor, but other factors seems to be autonomous and self-governing in its relationship with self-efficacy, in a complex context. Other important factors that emerge in the result set in addition to selfefficacy are social support and social context, cognitive factors and mental health, interventions and treatment.  Conclusion:  Self-efficacy is as a factor important and are included in a complex context with other factors. Self-efficacy is emerging as an important factor in his role for the impact on the drug dependent patients. In this context, the nurse's personcentered approach is important, because with an evidence informed work combine this with the necessary knowledge that the patient has about himself and in so support the patient in the best way. Nursing research should be done on various sequelae of drug dependent patients, early interventions and negative treatment outcome, with a focus on self-efficacy.

The diploma thesis deals with the drug addiction issue, the circumstances that lead to drug addiction and most importantly the impact the drug addiction has on an individual. It also describes the behaviour of the drug addicted in different life situations and the impact of such behaviour; specifically the impact of behaviour of the drug addicted Romany on functioning of Romany families and communities. The aim of this thesis is to present drug-related issues of the Romany ethnic group, specific aspects of the behaviour of the drug addicted and the impact of such behaviour on their communities. Terminology related to the topic is defined and further described and drug addiction related issues of the Romany ethnic group are specified. As a part of the analysis there are semi-structured interviews which aim to describe, as authentically as possible, behaviour of the drug addicted Romany and to help people understand what kind of impact the Romany community perceive as the most urgent. Among the most important there are: the negative and condemning attitude of the older generation towards the drug addicted members; financial burden of the families of the drug addicted and prevailing negative attitude of the majority society towards the Romany as a whole, which is strengthened by the behaviour of the drug addicted and by higher rate of criminality among them.

The neurochemical effects of partial D2-like agonists (i.e., terguride) to alter striatal DOPA accumulation under high and low dopaminergic tone was examined in preweanling rats. The results indicate that terguride has agonist-like (quinpirole-like) effects under a low dopaminergic tone and antagonist-like (haloperidol-like) effects under a high dopaminergic tone during the preweanling period.

These studies led the experimenter to investigate the use of chemical aversion therapy using anectine as the aversive stimulus with a morphine addict. The success of Thomason and Rathod with heroin addicts suggested that their experimental method would be useful as a reference while designing this study. The treatment hypothesis was that the patient's use of intravenous narcotic drugs would be eliminated through the application of chemical aversion therapy. Chemical aversion therapy was operantly defined as the injection intravenously of anectine into the patient concurrent with his self-injection of his narcotic of choice.

OUŘEDNÍKOVÁ, Veronika. Addicted mothers in relation to pregnancy and motherhood. Praha, 2016. 84 s. Diploma thesis. Charles University, Hussite theological faculty. Supervisor: PhDr. Miloslav Čedík The diploma thesis deals with problems of drug addiction of women during pregnancy and motherhood. The work is divided into theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses the basic concepts and generally approaching the issue. An important part of this passage is the chapter that describes care system in the Czech Republic on drug-dependent pregnant women and mothers. The practical part is mainly composed of qualitative research, which was conducted in therapeutic community Karlov with drug addicted mothers. The second part of the thesis is to investigate the influence of pregnancy and motherhood on the life of drug addicted women. In conclusion, the diploma thesis presents the results obtained on the basis of the research, which was conducted through semi-structured interviews with clients in healing the therapeutic community Karlov.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por finalidade traçar um estudo acerca da possibilidade das toxicomanias servirem como um ponto de identificação na sociedade contemporânea, através de quatro vetores fundamentais: a relação de cumplicidade erigida com a figura materna, a inoperância da função paterna, a perda das identificações ideais e o sacrifício do corpo nas toxicomanias. A partir da análise do romance familiar do toxicômano, serão suscitadas questões sobre o que pode estar implicado na sustentação de sua posição. Será levantada, ainda, uma discussão a propósito do diagnóstico estrutural nas toxicomanias. / [en] This dissertation examines the ways in which toxicomanias may serve as an identity in contemporary society. The analysis is done based on four basic pillars: the complicity relationship with the mother figure, the failure of the paternal functions, the loss of ideal identifications, and the sacrifices the body is subject to in toxicomanias. In understanding and following the drug addict`s family relations, many questions can be raised as to the environment that led to that condition. On another level, a debate can also be raised as to psychoanalytical diagnosis in toxicomanias - neurosis, psychosis, perversion.

A farmacodependência é considerada uma doença crônica e sujeita à recaídas, na qual o indivíduo perde o controle sob a utilização de determinada droga de abuso. Conforme o usuário persiste com o uso da droga, ocorrem alterações anatômicas, fisiológicas e neuroquímicas no sistema nervoso central (SNC), as quais podem culminar no desenvolvimento de um comportamento compulsivo. A neurobiologia deste processo é complexa e envolve mecanismos de plasticidade em diferentes sistemas neurotransmissores. O principal deles é o sistema mesocorticolímbico dopaminérgico, constituído por neurônios da área ventral do tegmento mesencefálico (VTA) que se projetam para o núcleo accumbens (NAc) e ao córtex pré-frontal (CPF), diretamente relacionado aos processos motivação e recompensa. Contudo, o mesmo não é suficiente para elucidar a complexidade da doença, o que levou ao entendimento da presença de outros sistemas neurotransmissores neste processo. Sabe-se que o sistema colinérgico muscarínico está diretamente envolvido em diferentes doenças neuropsiquiátricas, incluindo a farmacodependência. Além disso, os receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos (mAChRs) estão densamente presentes em regiões límbicas, onde acetilcolina e dopamina interagem por neuromodulação. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as possíveis alterações plásticas no sistema colinérgico muscarínico resultantes de tratamentos com cocaína que mimetizaram o consumo compulsivo humano. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios comportamentais com camundongos Swiss machos adultos em campo aberto, tratados durante um (acute binge paradigm, 30 mg/kg) ou 14 dias (escalating dose binge paradigm, 15 - 30 mg/kg) com cocaína. Os animais receberam 3 injeções intraperitoneais (i.p.) de cocaína com intervalos de 60 minutos, durante os quais a atividade locomotora foi avaliada. Após a análise comportamental, os animais foram eutanasiados por decapitação para a remoção do encéfalo e dissecação do estriado, CPF e hipocampo, regiões cerebrais cruciais para o processo fisiopatológico da farmacodependência. Componentes do sistema dopaminérgico (receptores D1 e D2) e colinérgico muscarínico (M1-M5 mAChRs, ChAT, VAChT e AChE) foram avaliados por Immunoblotting. O sangue dos animais foi coletado para a realização das dosagens de cocaína e benzoeilecgonidina por UPLC-MS/MS. O desempenho locomotor total dos animais tratados com cocaína foi superior ao dos animais controle. O grupo tratado com escalonamento de dose desenvolveu sensibilização comportamental aos efeitos psicoestimulantes da cocaína no segundo dia de tratamento e, a partir dele, a atividade locomotora total manteve a mesma magnitude. Além disso, conforme o aumento da dose, os animais mantiveram um nível de atividade superior ao basal, mesmo após o término do experimento. As análises de Immunoblotting mostraram alterações dopaminérgicas e colinérgicas. No estriado observou-se redução da densidade de D2R após o tratamento de 14 dias e aumento na densidade de M3 mAChR após o tratamento agudo. Já no hipocampo observou-se redução de D1R e aumento de D2R, M1 e M5 mAChR após o tratamento crônico; e um aumento na densidade de M3 mAChR após o tratamento agudo. No CPF, foi evidenciada redução de M3 e de M5 mAChR após o tratamento cônico de 14 dias. Em relação às moléculas colinérgicas, observou-se, após o tratamento crônico, aumento da quantidade de ChAT em todas as estruturas estudadas. Além disso, VAChT mostrou-se aumentado no hipocampo após ambos os tratamentos. As dosagens plasmáticas revelaram a presença de 20,38 ± 3,4 ng/mL de cocaína e 224,6 ± 24,02 ng/mL de benzoilcgonina (BZE) nos animais do grupo agudo e, nos do grupo crônico, 62,26 ± 10,56 ng/mL e 375,1 ± 25,62 ng/mL de cocaína e BZE respectivamente. / Drug addiction is a chronic releapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control in limiting drug intake. As the drug use persists, anatomical, physiological and neurochemical changes occur in the central nervous system (CNS), which may lead to the development of compulsive behaviors. The neurobiology of this process is complex and involves mechanisms of plasticity in different neurotransmitter systems. The main one is the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, composed by neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that projects to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is directly related to motivation and reward processes. However, just dopamine is not enough to elucidate the complexity of the disease, leading to the comprehension of another neurotransmitters system involved. It is known that the cholinergic system is involved in different neuropsychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. Furthermore, cholinergic muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) are densely present in limbic regions, where acetylcholine and dopamine interact by neuromodulation. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of neuroadaptative changes in the cholinergic muscarinic system induced by cocaine in a compulsive-like behavior model in mice. Swiss-Webster adult male mice received 3 daily injections (i.p) of cocaine or saline, with a 60-min interval among them, either acutely (acute binge paradigm) or for 14 consecutive days (escalating dose binge paradigm). The locomotor activity was monitored in the open field during 60 min, in 5 min bins, after each injection. After behavioral analysis animals were euthanized by decapitation and the brain regions of striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, involved in the pathophysiology of addiction were dissected. Dopaminergic receptors (D1R and D2R), cholinergic muscarinic receptors (M1-M5 mAChRs), choline acetylytransferase (ChAT), acetylcholine vesicular transporter and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were quantified by Immunoblotting. Blood samples were collected with heparin and plasma was separated and stored with 2% sodium fluorite at -80ºC for cocaine and benzoilecgonine quantification by UPLC-MS/MS. In the open field, animals treated with cocaine showed an increase in locomotor activity compared to control. Cocaine induced behavioral sensitization, in the escalating dose group on day 2, and after that the locomotor activity had the same magnitude until day 14th. These animals also kept the locomotor activity elevated even after the last injection. Immunobltting shows dopaminergic and cholinergic changes. An increase in M3 was observed in both hippocampus and striatum of animals acutely treated. After 14 days, there was an increase in M1, M5 and D2 and a decrease in D1 in hippocampus. There was also a decrease in D2 in the striatum; and finally, there was a decrease in M5 and M3 in the prefrontal cortex. ChAT densities were higher in all regions after the chronic treatment. Besides that, VAChT were higher in the hippocampus after both acute and chronic treatments. UPLC-MS/MS for cocaine and benzoilecgonine demonstrated the presence of 20,38 ± 3,4 ng/mL of cocaine and 224,6 ± 24,02 ng/mL of BZE in the acute binge group; and, 62,26 ± 10,56 ng/mL and 375,1 ± 25,62 ng/mL of cocaine and BZE, respectively in the escalating dose animals.