This dissertation begins to reconsider the theoretical and practical implications of notions of the cinematic in shaping the built realities and conceptual understandings of what architecture can be and can do. Through a combination of primary source archive research, interviews with a range of actors, original building analysis, and critical engagement with the secondary literatures, I examine a range of architectural case studies through a distilled notion of the cinematic, in order to begin to think architecture differently. The dissertation is structured in three main parts. Firstly, using primary archive research and secondary literatures, I reconsider the foundations of cinema through the successive image and moving-image work of Eadweard Muybridge, Étienne-Jules Marey, and Thomas Edison; from this analysis I construct a core set of qualities of the cinematic. Secondly, I critically review the existing architecture-cinema relationship as it relates to the discipline of architecture, using a combination of primary and secondary literatures, and architectural projects; I identify gaps and contradictions in the existing understandings of the architectural implications of explicitly cinematic approaches; I then introduce two contemporary architectural practices that engage with ideas of the cinematic - Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Bernard Tschumi Architect. Thirdly, I use the distilled notion of the cinematic constructed above to think and re-evaluate a series of case study projects of these two architectural practices; I analyse these projects in detail to reveal a different mode of understanding both these specific architectures, and the critical positions of these architectural practices more generally. Finally, I begin to explore the broader implications of these conclusions for thinking architecture and its possibilities anew.

The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol usually utilizes route caching to reduce the routing overhead and route discovery latency. For caches to be effective, the protocol needs to adapt to the frequent topology changes. In this paper, we propose two mechanisms to improve cache correctness and route stability. The first is the RERR-Enhance mechanism in which a broken link message will be sent to all nodes that had cached the broken link. The second mechanism is the hierarchical link cache structure accompanied with a link stability measurement. The cache in each node falls into two tiers: the primary cache and the secondary cache. The node selects a route from the primary cache first, based on link stability, to provide stable transmission. The proposed mechanism reduces at least 13% of the broken link messages; it also reduces routing overhead and end-to-end delay, compared to DSR with path caches and with Link-MaxLife, an adaptive timeout mechanism for link caches.

Ad-hoc on-demand networks have received a significant interest in the literature. Many routing schemes for such networks focus on finding the optimal path. In this work, however, we consider the routing problem from the viewpoint of sustaining QoS (quality of service) requirement. Some algorithms such as MP-DSR already have considered this problem in terms of the end-to-end reliability requirement. While the MP-DSR algorithm is capable of resolving the issue to a certain extent, it only considers disjoint paths between a pair of source and destination nodes. In reality due to mobility of nodes there may not exist such disjoint paths. In this work the proposed approach is independent of the nature of the paths, and yet it achieves the required reliability to satisfy QoS requirement.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2013. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-06-08T16:31:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_YuriJorgeSampaioCarvalho.pdf: 2518181 bytes, checksum: 5f52f6b0ae48a575dd295220dd882bdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-30T14:45:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_YuriJorgeSampaioCarvalho.pdf: 2518181 bytes, checksum: 5f52f6b0ae48a575dd295220dd882bdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-30T14:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_YuriJorgeSampaioCarvalho.pdf: 2518181 bytes, checksum: 5f52f6b0ae48a575dd295220dd882bdd (MD5) / Este trabalho visa a propor uma métrica multidimensional que tem como propósito causar um melhor desempenho no roteamento de redes ad hoc móveis, na presença de nós egoístas e nós em modo sleep, e com mobilidade. A melhora de desempenho diz respeito, principalmente, ao incremento da taxa de entrega de pacotes com sucesso. Para alcançar um melhor desempenho, foram observados e analisados os resultados prévios alcançados por outras métricas, o que resultou na descoberta de padrões e comportamentos, de modo a embasar à elaboração de uma nova métrica capaz de suprir as lacunas e imprecisões daquelas métricas existentes anteriormente. A validação do trabalho foi feita por método de simulação, tendo o protocolo DSR sido modificado para implantar a métrica proposta e operar considerando tal métrica. Como resultado das simulações, constatou-se que métrica proposta por este trabalho teve, em alguns pontos, uma taxa de entrega de pacotes com sucesso 30% superior àquela encontrada para a métrica original do próprio protocolo DSR (DynamicSourceRouting) e cerca de 15% superior àquela encontrada para uma métrica proposta em trabalho precedente (Serique; Sousa, 2011). / This work aims to propose a multidimensional metric that aims to improve routing performance in mobile ad hoc networks in the presence of selfish nodes, nodes in sleep mode. In order to reach a better performance in the delivery rate of packets successfully, we observed the results achieved by other metrics in simulations, which resulted in the discovery of patterns and behaviors that led to the development of a metric that supplied the gaps and inaccuracies of those metrics. This work´s validation was performed using a simulation method, with the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol which was modified so as to implement and to operate with our proposed metric. The simulations results show that the metric proposed in this work presents, at some points, a successfully delivery rate of packets 30% higher than the original metric of the DSR protocol and about 15% higher than that of the metric proposed in a previous work by (Serique; Sousa, 2011).

Countries around the world set ambitious targets to substantially reduce their greenhouse gasses emissions, including those which come from electricity sector. This requires a transition to a low carbon electricity generation and supply system, which in part, can be met by increasing distributed generation (DG) connection and implementing demand side response (DSR) programme on distribution network. Therefore, the role of distribution network operators (DNOs) in facilitating the connection of new DG and the implementation of DSR programme is vital. In order to encourage DNOs to be more active in the low carbon transition, the energy regulator needs to set up financial incentives for DNOs. Current DG incentive mechanism, which is applied in the UK, aims to incentivise DNOs based on the amount of DG capacity connected to the network. Consequently, in a generation-dominated area, the incentives might not be sufficient to cover the reinforcement required for connecting DGs, which in turn, the output energy from DGs will be excessively curtailed. Therefore, this research proposes a new approach, called energy-based DG incentive mechanism. This mechanism will incentivise DNOs based on the utilization of available DG energy on the network and its relation with the requirement of network reinforcement. In terms of DSR incentives, different mechanisms have been applied in some countries, including Australia and USA. Some of the mechanisms incentivise DNOs based on the investment cost or forgone revenue related to DSR initiatives, as implemented in demand management incentive and rate of return mechanisms. Other mechanisms aim to incentivise DNOs based on the energy savings or avoided costs of supply associated with DSR participation, as implemented in shared savings and avoided cost mechanisms. Those mechanisms operate independently without any correlation between them. Therefore, this research develops a new approach to assess the relation between DSR investment cost and DSR participation, called energy-based DSR incentive mechanism. This mechanism will incentivise DNOs based on the utilization of available DSR energy on the network and its relation with the required investment. Comparing with current incentive mechanisms, both energy-based DG incentive and energy-based DSR incentive can reflect the effectiveness of DNOs to deal with the required investments in association with DG connection and DSR implementation on their network.

The research study determines OPNET simulation to evaluate the MANET routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR performance for HTTP and FTP base application traffic. Results from the simulation result helps to measure the performance matrix i.e. packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, throughput and end to end delay. Scalar values are extracted from simulation to plot desired performance graphs to analyze. The research results and conclusion produces enough information for the selection of best routing protocol for MANET in terms of HTTP and FTP application types.

Abstract The concept of sustainable development in the dynamic operation concerns for the ecosystem¡¦s health, social justice and ideals of responsibility to future generations. From this point of view, the striking levels of economic growth achieved over the past few decades has been accompanied by environmental degradation, which exceeds the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems in this island. Based on the characteristics of indicators on the Commission on Sustainable Development of United Nations, this research constructs quantitative approaches to evaluate whether the historical data in Taiwan meets the relationship in DSR (Driving-force-State-Response) indicator framework of sustainable development or not. This research also formulates the social-economic-environmental multi-objective programming system to the normative value of sustainable development for planning an optimal strategy path of sustainable development in Taiwan. Moreover, this research also forms a complex system called PREE system, which population (P), resources (R), environment (E) and economy (E) could develop with sustenance, order and coordination, to make policy planning for an overall, comprehensive and systematic mechanism of sustainable development. This research aims at building the indicator system of sustainable development in Taiwan, performing regression analysis for DSR system, finding key indicators of each individual dimension of sustainable development, developing the multi-objective integrated model solved by goal programming for sustainable development, and realizing the scenario analyses with assigned priority change of objective function. The results indicate the historical data in Taiwan meets the relationship in DSR indicator framework of sustainable development. The findings illustrate that the scenario for green income accompanied by the highest priority of environmental quality is optimal under the condition of moderate-driven rate of population growth, if green income per capita is considered to be the core set. On the other hand, the findings also indicate the declining rate of population growth, the depletion of water resource and energy, and the degradation of environment. Some suggestions related to public policies for spreading the international concept of sustainable development and for the balance of socio-environment and natural resource. This research explores that such a process generates as a means for nation to understand what specific actions to take in order to simulate the allocating results of national policy affecting the social, economic and environmental system and to measure progress towards sustainable development.

Mobile ad hoc network is an architecture which do not exist any infrastructure or centralized administration. There are many routing protocols have been proposed so far, such as AODV, DSR and CGSR. These protocols were classified as reactive in which routes are established only when required. Due to the movement of mobile nodes, network topology changes frequently, and the routing path could be broken easily. This phenomenon will cause higher routing overhead and delivery latency. In conventional routing protocols, the source-destination pair only establishes a single path for data transmission. These routing scheme, however, suffer from the drawback of node movement. When route broken, the source node must reconstruct another new path. This paper presents an adaptive routing protocol named Adaptive Route Selection Scheme of Multiple Paths for Mobile Ad Hoc Network (ARSMA). The aim of the work is to improve the delivery ratio. In the route request phase, source nodes will discovery two routes to the destination node, one for primary path, and the other for the backup path. During the discovery procedure, each node will estimate the link expire time through the movement speed and direction of the precursor node. When a link breakage is about to occur, source node will try to switch the transmission to the backup route.The simulation result shows that ARSMA is able to achieve a remarkable improvement in delivery ratio and end-to-end dealy.

No description available.

Traditionally medium access control protocols for ad hoc networks have been designed for nodes using omni directional antennas. Through the use of directional antennas, it is possible to obtain higher efficiency. In this thesis we investigate the impact of these antennas on aggregate throughput and end-to-end delay. The use of omni-directional antennas not only results in lower power efficiency, but also decreases network efficiency due to interference caused by the transmission of packets in undesired directions. This thesis explores the effect of using smart antennas and proposes a signaling mechanism for forming the extended links using the network layer. For the performance assessment of the wireless networks using directional antennas, baseline models of phased array antenna and channel have been developed using the discrete event simulator OPNET ModelerTM 8.0. Simulation scenarios have been created for single hop as well as multihop networks. From the results of the simulation we observe that although the nodes forming the extended link experience decrease in end-to-end delay, the data successfully transmitted using extended link is correlated to the spatial distribution of nodes. / Master of Science