FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A preocupaÃÃo com relaÃÃo à qualidade e à quantidade de Ãgua potÃvel tem incentivado o reÃso de Ãgua como uma das alternativas para enfrentar este problema. O reÃso tornou-se, portanto, um importante instrumento de gestÃo ambiental, visando à liberaÃÃo da Ãgua de melhor qualidade para fins mais nobres. O reÃso com aplicaÃÃo na piscicultura constitui fonte alternativa de produÃÃo de proteÃna a baixo custo, alÃm de funcionar como uma forma de reciclagem de nutrientes. Mas, a sustentabilidade desta atividade està diretamente relacionada à qualidade do efluente tratado e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade da Ãgua nos tanques de peixes. Outro fato notÃrio à a crescente preocupaÃÃo com os riscos potenciais inerentes a esta atividade. Diante deste cenÃrio, surgiu a necessidade de realizar um estudo mais profundo dos riscos inerentes ao reÃso de Ãguas residuÃrias, tanto numa abordagem ambiental, como num ponto de vista ecotoxicolÃgico. Para isso, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, de curta duraÃÃo, para avaliaÃÃo da toxicidade dos efluentes tratado e bruto provenientes de uma EstaÃÃo de Tratamento de Esgoto a nÃvel terciÃrio, composto por um sistema de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, tendo como organismos-teste peixes de Ãgua doce da espÃcie Oreochromis niloticus (tilÃpia do Nilo). Os testes objetivaram determinar o Ãndice de toxicidade aguda (LC50). O efluente tratado foi utilizado em duas etapas distintas, com peixes com idade superior a 60 dias e alevinos com tempo de vida inferior a 15 dias. Em ambos, nÃo foi observada mortalidade de nenhum organismo. No caso do esgoto bruto, o ensaio foi realizado com e sem aeraÃÃo, sendo obtido para o esgoto bruto sem aeraÃÃo os Ãndices de LC50-24h de 68,0% e LC50-96h de 35,4%. Jà com a aeraÃÃo mecÃnica aplicada Ãs duas diluiÃÃes de 50 e 100% de esgoto bruto, os LC50âs encontrados foram de 44,5% (24 h), 41,0% (48 h) e 36,7% (96 h). O ensaio foi tambÃm realizado para avaliaÃÃo do nÃvel de toxicidade da amÃnia, tendo em vista que a mesma tem sido considerada por vÃrios pesquisadores um produto tÃxico Ãs algas, ao zooplÃncton e aos peixes. Para estes ensaios foram determinados os LC50âs de 2,01 mg/L NH3-N (2 h), 1,97 mg/L NH3-N (4 h) e 1,66 mg/L NH3-N (atà 96 h). AlÃm disso, foi realizado um ensaio com nitrogÃnio amoniacal variando-se o pH para originar trÃs meios distintos â Ãcido, neutro e bÃsico â devido a influÃncia deste no Ãndice de toxicidade calculado. Os LC50âs encontrados neste caso foram: 8,70 mg/L para o tempo de 2 a 4 horas e 6,45 mg/L para 24, 48 e 96 horas para o meio Ãcido; 8,70 mg/L para 2 horas e 6,45 mg/L para 4, 24, 48 e 96 horas para o meio neutro; e, 1,96 mg/L de 2 horas em diante para o meio bÃsico. Por fim, foi utilizada uma metodologia de anÃlise de riscos buscando-se realizar um estudo dos efeitos potenciais à saÃde humana e ao meio ambiente, e ainda propondo-se medidas para tentar minimizar os possÃveis impactos adversos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandra.pdf: 1382678 bytes, checksum: 9fdac74197bce7873c6927728a23b1d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-17 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / After the proven power of evil mercury (Hg) to human health, studies have focused on identifying the sources and pathways describe biogeochemical circulation in the environment. In Brazil, the use of Hg during the amalgamation of gold was considered the main source of contamination; however, today the contribution due to the deforestation and burning of forests has become relevant. In the Amazon, the dynamics of Hg in rivers (Negro, Madeira, Acre and Tapajós) is well known, but not in the floodplain, environments recognized as Hg methylation places and socioeconomic importance. To extend this knowledge we analyzed Hg levels in the biotic and abiotic components of Grate Lake Manacapuru (AM), the bioconcentration factor, the biomagnification potential to fish community, and bioaccumulation for commercial fish species were calculated. The Hg levels between 75.89 to 283.99 ng.g-1, being significantly higher in the flood and the podzolic soils. 64.3% of Hg levels measured in sediments were within the range of observed values to not contaminated Amazonian rivers (<200 ng.g-1), and 35.7% for highly anthropogenic rivers. The Hg levels water samples ranged from 1.7 to 15.2 ng.l-1. Emergent aquatic macrophytes and its fine particulate matter and periphyton presented high total Hg levels. Macroinvertebrate omnivores/detritivores and piscivorous fish associated with aquatic macrophytes recorded the highest Hg levels (226.4 ng.g-1 and 866.3 ng.g-1 respectively). There biomagnification in fish, the average Hg levels ranged from 45.89 to 527.82 ng.g-1, depending on the trophic category. The biomagnification factors were 0.27 for first order consumers, 0.33 for second order and 0.47 in thirth order. There were significant differences in the bioconcentration and total Hg level between the categories of third trophic level and the others. Plagioscion squamosissimus and Calophysus macropterus presentes Hg levels above those permitted by law (500 ng.g-1), and other six species also present risks to human health. The trophic structure of the community defined by the potential biomagnifications (b=0.15 ng.g-1) were 13 trophic categories, and five trophic levels. There were significant differences in total Hg levels of in relation to the trophic level of omnivores, detritivores, herbivores/frugivores, carnivores/ piscivores and carnivores/insectivores, and overlap in Hg levels of various categories, apparently resulting from the trophic plasticity of organisms and ontogenetic factors. In conclusion, the use of soil facilitates the release of Hg, which is carried by leaching into the aquatic environment where it is retained in the sediment. Sediment resuspension and homogenization of the water, facilitates the distribution and methylation of Hg in the lake, increasing the bioavailability to biota and their transfer into the food chain. The aquatic macrophytes and the periphyton community contribute to methylation, distribution and transfer of Hg in food chains. The processes of bioaccumulation in species are linked primarily to diet, but population factors such as age, growth, and fat levels should contribute to the different bioaccumulation factors observed. / Após de o comprovado poder maléfico do mercúrio (Hg) para a saúde humana, estudos focaram em identificar as fontes e em descrever vias biogeoquímicas de circulação no ambiente. No Brasil, o uso do Hg na amalgamação de ouro foi considerado a principal fonte de contaminação, mas o aporte por desmatamento e queima de florestas é relevante. Na Amazônia, a dinâmica do Hg em rios (Negro, Madeira, Acre e Tapajós) é bem conhecida, mas na várzea não, embora se trate de um ambiente de metilação de Hg e de importância socioeconômica. Para ampliar esse conhecimento analisaram-se teores de Hg em componentes abióticos e bióticos no Lago Grande de Manacapuru (AM), calculou-se fator de bioconcentração, potencial de biomagnificação para a comunidade de peixes relacionando teores de Hg com isótopos estáveis de δN15, e bioacumulação. Teores de Hg em solo variaram de 75,8 a 283,9 ng.g-1 sendo maiores durante a enchente e nos solos podzólicos. 64,3% dos teores de Hg em sedimentos estiveram entre valores citados de rios Amazônicos não contaminados (<200 ng.g-1), e 35,7% em rios altamente antropizados. Teores de Hg na água variaram de 1,7 a 15,2 ng.l-1. Macrófitas aquáticas emergentes e seu material particulado fino e perifiton tiveram altos teores Hg total. Macroinvertebrados onívoros/detritívoros e peixes piscívoros associados às macrófitas aquáticas registraram os maiores teores (226,4 ng.g-1, e 866,3 ng.g-1 respectivamente). Houve biomagnificação em peixes, com teores de Hg total médio variando de 45,8 a 527,8 ng.g-1, em função à categoria trófica. A biomagnificação em consumidores primários foi 0,27, em secundários 0,33 e 0,47 em terciários. Houve diferença significativa na bioconcentração e no teor de Hg entre as categorias tróficas do 3º nível trófico e as demais. Plagioscion squamosissimus e Calophysus macropterus apresentaram teores de Hg acima do permitido (500 ng.g-1), e seis outras espécies apresentam riscos para a saúde humana. A estrutura trófica da comunidade íctica definida pelo potencial de biomagnificação (b=0,15 ng.g-1) foi: 13 categorias tróficas e 5 níveis tróficos. Houve diferença significativa nos teores de Hg de onívoros, detritívoros, herbívoros/frugívoros, carnívoros/piscívoros e carnívoros/ insetívoros, de níveis tróficos diferentes, e sobreposição nos teores de Hg de várias categorias tróficas, aparentemente resultante da plasticidade trófica dos organismos e de fatores ontogênicos. Em conclusão, o uso do solo facilita a liberação do Hg, que é transportado pela lixiviação até o ambiente aquático, onde é retido no sedimento. Ressuspensão dos sedimentos e homogeneização da massa de água facilitam a distribuição e metilação do Hg no lago, aumentando sua biodisponibilidade para a biota e transferência na cadeia trófica. Bancos de macrófitas aquáticas e a comunidade perifítica contribuem com a metilação, distribuição e transferência do Hg nas cadeias alimentares. Bioacumulação nas espécies está atrelada principalmente ao regime alimentar, mas idade, crescimento, e teor de gordura contribuem.

O rio Corumbataí possui importância regional pois suas águas têm potencial para abastecer os municípios de Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro e Piracicaba. O consumo para fins de abastecimento doméstico, recreação, irrigação e proteção da vida aquática exige que os padrões de qualidade de suas águas sejam atendidos. Apesar disso, em alguns pontos apresenta queda da qualidade da água, com teores de fósforo, alumínio, cobre, mercúrio, manganês, turbidez, DBO e coliformes fecais acima dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 20/86. As amostras de água e sedimento coletadas em sete pontos ao longo do rio Corumbataí foram testadas quanto à toxicidade aguda e crônica, utilizando organismos indicadores como o cnidário Hydra attenuatta, os cladóceros Daphnia magna e Daphnia similis, a alga unicelular Selenastrum capricornutum e bulbos de Allium cepa. Testes de toxicidade aguda conduzidos com elutriato utilizando-se Daphnia magna e Daphnia similis, demonstraram indícios de toxicidade em maior número de locais que as amostras de sedimento total. Testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica da água conduzidos com os cladóceros permitiram a identificação de toxicidade nas estações de amostragem Analândia Montante, Analândia Jusante, Corumbataí Jusante, Rio Claro Montante e Piracicaba. Em teste com Allium cepa exposto à água e ao sedimento, não foi observada toxicidade e na maioria das amostras houve promoção do crescimento devido ao incremento de fósforo e nitrogênio pela entrada de esgoto no sistema. Nas amostras de água e sedimento o índice mitótico das células das raízes apresentou redução das divisões celulares no sentido montante-jusante do rio. A análise do sulfeto volatilizável por acidificação (SVA) e de metais simultaneamente extraídos (MSE) dos sedimentos mostrou excesso de metais, que podem estar relacionados com a toxicidade observada nos testes agudos e crônicos realizados. Enquanto o estudo das variáveis físicas e químicas e a análise das formas nitrogenadas (amônia total) foi relacionado com a formação de amônia não-ionizada, biodisponibilidade de metais e redução do oxigênio dissolvido, a análise granulométrica do sedimento mostrou que os locais Rio Claro Montante e Piracicaba, comparados com as demais estações de amostragem, apresentaram maior capacidade de reter contaminantes devido aos maiores teores de argila e de matéria orgânica. Concluímos que os organismos mais indicados para análise da toxicidade da água e sedimento foram Daphnia magna e Daphnia similis, os quais apresentaram boa correspondência com a contaminação por metais. / The River Corumbataí possesses regional significance therefore its water has potential to supply the cities of Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro and Piracicaba, in state of São Paulo, Brazil. The consumption for ends of domestic supplying, recreation, irrigation and protection of aquatic life demands that the standards of quality of its water are attended. Despite of that, the water presents, in some points, lack of quality, with contents of phosporus, aluminum, copper, mercury, manganese, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and coliforms above the limits established by the Resolution CONAMA 20/86. The samples of water and sediment collected in seven points of River Corumbataí were tested for acute and chronic toxicity using test organisms, as the cnidarian Hydra attenuatta, the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Daphnia similis, the unicellular green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, and onions Allium cepa. Acute toxicity tests led with elutriate using Daphnia magna and Daphnia similis showed indication of toxicity in a larger number of localities than the samples of total sediment. Acute and chronic toxicity tests of water led with cladocerans permitted of identifying toxicity in the sample stations of Analândia upstream and downstream, Corumbataí downstream, Rio Claro upstream, and Piracicaba. In tests performed with Allium cepa exposed to water and occurred increase of growth, due to the increment of phosphorus and nitrogen that had appeared by the sewer entrance of the system. In the samples of water and sediment, the mitotic index of the cells of the roots presented reduction of cellular divisions in the direction upstream-downstream of the river. The analysis of acide volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) of the sediments showed excess of metals, that can be related with the toxicity observed in the acute and chronic toxicity tests perfomed. While the study of physical and chemical variables and the analysis of ammonia was related with un-ionized ammonia, bioavailability of metals and reduction of dissolved oxygen, the grain sized profile showed that localities Rio Claro upstream and Piracicaba, compared with the others sample stations, presented greater capacity to retain contaminants, due to larger contents of clay and organic matter. Concluding, we accept as true that the most appropriate organisms for analysis of toxicity of water and sediment are Daphnia magna and Daphnia similis, which presented good correspondence with the contamination by metals.

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont des polluants ubiquistes dont le niveau d’émission est en constante augmentation en raison de l’intensification des activités anthropiques. Ces composés semi-persistants dans l’environnement représentent une menace pour les organismes. La santé et l’équilibre des systèmes naturels sont essentiels au maintien de la vie et au fonctionnement de la société. L’évaluation de l’impact de ces composés est alors devenue un véritable enjeu sociétal, établissant ainsi des mesures européennes législatives (Directive Cadre sur l’Eau) et réglementaires (REACH, enregistrement, évaluation, autorisation et restriction de produits chimiques) pour une meilleure gestion des risques (éco)toxicologiques. Dans ce contexte, de nombreux biotests ont vu le jour afin d’évaluer la dangerosité des substances chimiques (ou de leurs mélanges), la qualité du milieu environnant et de comprendre les mécanismes d’action toxique sur les organismes. L’objectif de cette étude était alors de définir les risques (éco)toxicologiques liés à des expositions par les HAP à travers des tests embryo-larvaires de poisson, utilisant un modèle éprouvé, le poisson zèbre Danio rerio. Afin d’évaluer le transfert, le devenir et les effets toxiques de HAP, deux approches complémentaires (chimique et biologique) ont été utilisées. Les réponses biologiques induites ont été évaluées à différents niveaux d’intégration biologique, des réponses moléculaires (stress oxydatif, dommages à l’ADN, EROD) aux modifications comportementales (Réponse PhotoMotrice), en passant par des altérations morphologiques et physiologiques (rythme cardiaque). Parmi les trois voies de contamination utilisées, l’exposition par contact avec le sédiment ne s’est pas révélée appropriée pour l’évaluation de la toxicité de HAP, contrairement aux expositions par voie aqueuse à partir de fractions hydrosolubles de produits pétroliers, qui sont plus reproductibles, intégratives et révélatrices des effets toxiques à plusieurs échelles. Suite à ces expérimentations, le champ d’observation des effets induits devrait être élargi au-delà des temps normalisés par l’Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économique afin de ne pas sous-estimer le caractère létal du ou des composé(s) exposés. De plus, notre étude multigénérationnelle a mis en évidence des perturbations physiologiques et comportementales chez la première génération de descendance issue de parents contaminés par voie trophique à trois extraits aromatiques d’origine pyrolytique et pétrogénique (lourd et léger). Bien que le transfert de la contamination n’a pas été révélé, les altérations observées (probablement dues à des modifications génétiques et épigénétiques) chez les stades précoces de poisson zèbre, pourraient avoir des conséquences néfastes sur la survie et le recrutement des populations. Les études multigénérationnelles constituent ainsi des approches intégrées pour l’évaluation de la toxicité des composés exposés et permettent de renforcer le caractère prédictif des effets. Ces études écotoxicologiques devraient être largement déployées afin d’évaluer le potentiel qu’une population exposée a pour se maintenir dans le futur. / PAHs are ubiquitous widespread contaminants which emissions are overgrowing with increasing anthropogenic activities. These semi-persistent chemicals are threatening organisms in the environment. Ecosystems health and resilience are essential to life and societal functioning. Impact assessment of these chemicals is a real requirement for society thereby establishing the european legislative (DCE, Water Framework Directive) and regulations (REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) for better (eco)toxicological risk management. In this context, many bioassays have been developed to assess environmental quality, the toxicity of chemicals (including mixture) on organisms and its underlying mechanisms. This study aimed to identify (eco)toxicological risks in the context of fish embryo-larval assay, using a relevant and well-known model : the zebrafish Danio rerio. Two complementary approaches (chemical and biological) were used to assess transfer, fate and toxicity of PAHs. Induced-responses were evaluated at different levels of biological organization, from molecular (oxidative stress, DNA damage, EROD) to physiological (cardiac activity), behavioral (PhotoMotor Response) and morphological levels. Among the three exposure routes tested, the sediment contact exposure was not suitable for PAHs toxicity assessment. In contrast, exposures to water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of petroleum products represented a more reproducible, sensitive and integrative approach for testing multiscale toxic effects. Following these experiments, the observation scope of induced effects should be broadened beyond the standard duration recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in order not to underestimate the acute effect of the tested-compounds. Furthermore, our multigenerational study showed physiological and behavioral disturbances on the first generation of offspring providing from parents exposed to contaminated-food with three aromatic extracts pyrolytic and petrogenic origin (heavy and light). Although the contamination transfer of PAHs has not been revealed, the observed alterations (probably due to a transfer through genetic and epigenetic modifications) in the early stages of zebrafish could have adverse effects on survival and recruitment populations. Multigenerational studies prove to be an integrated approach for the toxicity assessment of chemicals and strengthen the predictive effects. These ecotoxicological studies should be widely undertaken to evaluate the potential for exposed-population to maintain in the future time.

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Comme ils conduisent à des modifications de sensibilité toxicologique et de traits d'histoire de vie au sein des populations naturelles exposées, les phénomènes d'adaptation à la contamination questionnent la pertinence de l'évaluation du risque environnemental lié au rejet de contaminants chimiques et sont devenus un champ de recherche important à développer en écotoxicologie. Centrés sur l'étude des capacités d'adaptation de l'amphipode d'eau douce Gammarus fossarum, les travaux présentés ici ont eu pour objectif d'avancer dans la compréhension des effets d'une exposition à long terme au cadmium à l'échelle populationnelle et en milieu naturel. En recourant à des méthodologies de biomonitoring par encagement, de culture et d'exposition au laboratoire et de suivi démographique in situ, une démarche couplant études a priori et rétrospectives sur populations naturelles, a permis d'identifier un phénomène d'augmentation de la tolérance et de modification de traits d'histoire de vie chez une population exposée historiquement au cadmium. Des approches de génétique quantitative conduites sur trois populations ont dans un deuxième temps mis en évidence (1) une faible héritabilité de la sensibilité au cadmium au sein de populations naïves ; et (2) un rôle majeur des effets parentaux induits par l'exposition comme mécanisme populationnel soutenant l'évolution de la tolérance chez cette espèce. Enfin, la caractérisation de la variabilité de la sensibilité au cadmium au sein du genre Gammarus (dix-sept populations) et la mise en regard de la divergence de la population tolérante vis-à-vis de cette variabilité, ont permis de discuter des implications de ces processus évolutifs induits par des expositions environnementales pour l'évaluation du risque lié aux substances chimiques. Ainsi, il apparaît nécessaire de prendre en compte les réponses adaptatives induites par la contamination des milieux comme source de variabilité et d'incertitude afin de proposer une évaluation du risque pertinente intégrant pleinement l'ensemble des impacts des contaminations environnementales sur les populations naturelles / Because they lead to changes in toxicological sensitivities and life history traits within field populations, evolutionary processes supporting adaptation to contamination challenge the relevance of environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants. Hence their study becomes an important developing field of research in ecotoxicology. Focusing on the study of adaptive capacity of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum, this work aimed to gain insight into the effects of long term exposure to cadmium at the population scale in the field. By means of biomonitoring methodologies (caging), population demographic sampling, culture and exposure in the laboratory we identified a phenomenon of increased tolerance and modification of life history traits in a natural population historically exposed to cadmium. Quantitative genetics experiments conducted on three populations secondly demonstrated (1) a low heritability of sensitivity to cadmium in naïve populations ; and (2) a major role of parental effects induced by exposure as populational mechanism supporting the development of tolerance in this species. Finally, the characterization of the variability of cadmium sensitivity in the genus Gammarus (seventeen populations), and the analysis of the divergence of the tolerant population in comparison to this variability led us to discuss about the implications of these evolutionary processes induced by environmental exposure for risk assessment of chemicals. Thus, from these results it appears necessary to take into account adaptive responses induced by environmental contamination as a source of variability and uncertainty in order to provide a relevant risk assessment fully integrating all the impacts of environmental contamination on natural populations

Among all nanomaterials, which are intentionally manufactured and applied, nanosilver (nAg) is one of the most frequently applied nanomaterials. It is introduced into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to its use as antimicrobial resource in household and medical care products and hence concern raised regarding its impact on activated sludge organisms and their purification efficiency. Within this thesis, the effects of nAg on single species, simple food chains and communities related to activated sludge were investigated. Among all tested species in this thesis, the gammaproteobacteria R. planticola was the most sensitive organism regarding the tested nAg material, NM-300K. The environmental risk assessment (ERA), based on an assumed predicted environmental concentration derived from modeled concentrations of other types of nAg, revealed no risk for the activated sludge. This result should be interpreted with care, considering the tolerantly chosen safety factor for calculation of the predicted no effect concentration and the assumptions which were made concerning environmental concentrations. Differences in acute toxic effects of nAg on the ciliate P. tetraurelia were observed depending on the type of medium and the exposure pathway (via medium or via bacterial food). More detailed investigations are required to analyze the distribution, availability and uptake of nAg into ciliates in the respective tests. In chronic experiments concentration response was very steep in the range between the effect concentration determined in acute toxicity testing (resulting in 100% mortality) and a tenfold lower concentration (no effect observed) for both exposure pathways. Community experiments with activated sludge exposed to realistic and high concentrations of nAg revealed acute effects on the protozoan community at high nAg concentration using multivariate statistics for data analysis. In contrast, the sludge biotic index was not meaningful for data interpretation, as no differences were observed between the samples of different treatments. For chronic testing, more preliminary work is required to develop a protocol for artificial wastewater which serves the needs of activated sludge organisms over longer time periods and which retains a typical composition of the activated sludge community.

Cerastoderma glaucum est un modèle biologique de choix pour des études phylogéographiques et écotoxicologiques.Une étude de sa structure génétique en méditerranée occidentale a été réalisée en utilisant deux types de marqueurs, mitochondrial et nucléaire. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé à travers l’ADN mitochondrial une population très divergente de toutes les autres populations (Ellouza, Sud de la Tunisie).Une étude écotoxicologique sur des populations issues de ce site Ellouza et deux autres sites à proximité dans la région du golfe de Gabès a été réalisée dans le but d’étudier la réponse adaptative des populations de la coque C. glaucum en milieu naturel à différents niveaux de l’organisation biologique allant du niveau individuel jusqu’au niveau cellulaire et moléculaire. En parallèle à cette étude, deux expérimentations en laboratoire ont été réalisées afin de préciser les mécanismes pouvant expliquer le succès ou l’échec du maintien des populations de C. glaucum. La première expérimentation a été réalisée en utilisant des effluents industriels et la deuxième en utilisant un contaminant pur le cadmium. Les niveaux de l’organisationbiologique concernés par cette étude étaient le niveau individuel et le niveau moléculaire. Différents biomarqueurs impliqués dans la réponse à différents types de stress : (MT), (ABCB1), (MnSOD et CuZnSOD), (CAT), (HSP70) et (COI) ont été utilisés en milieu naturel ainsi qu’en conditions contrôlées et les résultats obtenus ont montré l’importance dumétabolisme énergétique dans la réponse au stress quelque soit l’approche utilisée (in situ/ expérimental) à travers la régulation de l’expression du gène COI. / Cerastoderma glaucum is an adequate biological model for phylogeographic and ecotoxicological studies.A study of its genetic structure in the Western Mediterranean sea was conducted using two markers types: mitochondrial and nuclear. The DNA mitochondrial marker results show a divergent population from all the other ones (Ellouza South ofTunisia).An ecotoxicological study of populations sampled from Ellouza site and two other nearby sites in the Gulf of Gabes region was carried out in order to study the adaptive response of natural populations of C. glaucum at different levels of biological organization from the individual level to the cellular and molecular ones. In parallel, two laboratory experiments were performed to clarify the mechanisms that may explain the success or failure of maintaining populations of C. glaucum. In thefirst one, industrial effluents were used and in the second we have used a pure contaminant, the cadmium. These studies experiments concerned individual and molecular levels. Different biomarkers involved in the response to different types of stress: (MT), (ABCB1) (MnSOD and CuZnSOD) (CAT) (HSP70) and (COI) were used in natural and exposed cockles.Results showed the importance of energy metabolism in response to stress whatever the used approach (in situ / Experimental) through the regulation of the expression of the COI gene.

Les produits phytosanitaires contiennent des molécules qui peuvent interférer avec le système endocrinien et induire des effets délétères sur les êtres vivants. Ce sont des perturbateurs endocriniens. Afin d’assurer un niveau de protection satisfaisant pour les mollusques aquatiques, une bonne compréhension des perturbations du système endocrinien est nécessaire. L’organisation pour le développement et la coopération économique s’est exprimée en faveur de la mise en place de protocoles standards d’écotoxicité chez les mollusques, notamment sur la reproduction, dans le cadre des processus d’évaluation du risque écologique et des autorisations de mise sur le marché de nouvelles molécules. Cette thèse vise à proposer des tests standards et des outils d’analyse afin d’évaluer les effets de substances chimiques chez un escargot d’eau douce, Lymnaea stagnalis. Une série de tests de toxicité a été conduite dans laquelle les limnées ont été exposées à des androgènes, des oestrogènes et dessolvants. Les effets observés ont été évalués à l’aide d’approches statistiques standards et d’un modèle de toxicokinétique-toxicodynamique (TKTD). Les limnées ont montré une sensibilité uniquement au tributyltin et triphényltin à des concentrations réalistes d’un point de vue environnemental. Le triéthylène glycol et l’acétone étaient les solvants les moins nocifs. De plus, le modèle TKTD suggère un mécanisme généraliste dans l’action du composé. La manifestation des perturbations endocriniennes chez L. Stagnalis restent évasives et nécessitent d’autres recherches. Enfin, la thèse a montré que / Plant protection products and biocides may contain chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system and consequently induce adverse effects on wildlife. Such chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors (EDs). To ensure a satisfactory protection level for aquatic molluscs a comprehensive understanding of endocrine disruption is needed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development supports the standardisation of toxicity tests guideline on mollusc reproductive toxicity, which is intended for environmental risk assessments purposes. This PhD thesis aimed at improving toxicity test protocols and data analysis tools to evaluate effects of chemicals on the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. A suite of toxicity tests was conducted in which snails were exposed to putative androgens (tributyltin, triphenyltin, methyltestosterone), putative oestrogens (alkylphenols and ethynyloestradiol), and solvents. Resulting effects were evaluated using standard statistical approachesand/or a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) model. Snails were sensitive to tributyltin and triphenyltin, while none of the oestrogenic chemicals and methyltestosterone significantly impacted animals at environmentally relevant concentrations. Triethylene glycol and acetone were the least harmful solvents. Further, the analysis of data from the tributyltin test with the TKTD model suggested a generic mechanism of action of the compound (i.e., not specific for EDs). The demonstration of endocrine disruption in L. stagnalis remained elusive and deserves further research. Finally, the thesis highlight