京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第18385号 / エネ博第297号 / 新制||エネ||61(附属図書館) / 31243 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 水内 亨, 教授 前川 孝, 教授 佐野 史道 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Non-conventional cloud computing models such as volunteer and mobile clouds have been increasingly popular in cloud computing research. Volunteer cloud computing is a more economical, greener alternative to the current model based on data centers in which tens of thousands of dedicated servers facilitate cloud services. Volunteer clouds offer numerous benefits: no upfront investment to procure the many servers needed for traditional data center hosting; no maintenance costs, such as electricity for cooling and running servers; and physical closeness to edge computing resources, such as individually owned PCs. Despite these benefits, such systems introduce their own technical challenges due to the dynamics and heterogeneity of volunteer computers that are shared not only among cloud users but also between cloud and local users. The key issues in cloud computing such as security, privacy, reliability, and availability thus need to be addressed more critically in volunteer cloud computing.Emerging paradigms are plagued by security issues, such as in volunteer cloud computing, where trust among entities is nonexistent. Thus, this study presents a zero-trust model that does not assign trust to any volunteer node (VN) and always verifies using a server-client topology for all communications, whether internal or external (between VNs and the system). To ensure the model chooses only the most trusted VNs in the system, two sets of monitoring mechanisms are used. The first uses a series of reputation-based trust management mechanisms to filter VNs at various critical points in their life-cycle. This set of mechanisms helps the volunteer cloud management system detect malicious activities, violations, and failures among VNs through innovative monitoring policies that affect the trust scores of less trusted VNs and reward the most trusted VNs during their life-cycle in the system. The second set of mechanisms uses adaptive behavior evaluation contexts in VN identity management. This is done by calculating the challenge score and risk rate of each node to calculate and predict a trust score. Furthermore, the study resulted in a volunteer computing as a service (VCaaS) cloud system using undedicated hosts as resources. Both cuCloud and the open-source CloudSim platform are used to evaluate the proposed model.The results shows that zero-trust identity management for volunteer clouds can execute a range of applications securely, reliably, and efficiently. With the help of the proposed model, volunteer clouds can be a potential enabler for various edge computing applications. Edge computing could use volunteer cloud computing along with the proposed trust system and penalty module (ZTIMM and ZTIMM-P) to manage the identity of all VNs that are part of the volunteer edge computing architecture.

Der TRPV3 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 3)-Kanal ist ein nicht-selektiver, Kalzium-permeabler Kationenkanal, der hauptsächlich in epidermalen Keratinozyten exprimiert wird (Peier et al., 2002). Eine genaue Regulierung der Kalzium-Dynamik in der Epidermis der Haut spielt bei der Bildung der Hautbarriere eine entscheidende Rolle, wodurch viele Aspekte der Epidermisfunktion, einschließlich der Proliferation, Differenzierung und Migration der Keratinozyten, kontrolliert werden (Bikle & Mauro, 2014; S. E. Lee & Lee, 2018). Bei näherer Betrachtung des Einflusses des TRPV3-Kanals auf die Hauthomöostase deuten aktuelle Studien darauf hin, dass der TRPV3-vermittelte Einstrom von Kalziumionen in Keratinozyten die Freisetzung von pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren induziert (Cheng et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2006). Daher kann jedes Ungleichgewicht in der TRPV3-Aktivität drastische Auswirkungen auf die gesunde Funktion der Haut haben, wobei eine Kanalüberaktivität mit Hyperkeratose und Entzündungen der Haut in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. Diese Störungen der Haut sind unter anderem für Hauterkrankungen wie der atopischen Dermatitis und dem schwerwiegenden Olmsted-Syndrom, das durch gain-of-function-Mutationen des TRPV3-Kanals verursacht wird, charakteristisch (Lin et al., 2012; Yamamoto-Kasai et al., 2013). Darüber hinaus kann eine Kanalunterfunktion mit einer beeinträchtigten Hautregeneration und Wundheilung korreliert werden (Aijima et al., 2015; Miyamoto et al., 2011). Diesbezüglich wurde gezeigt, dass der TRPV3-Kanal mit dem Rezeptor für den epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor (EGF-Rezeptor) einen Signalkomplex bildet, um die Bildung der Hautbarriere zu regulieren, wobei die Aktivität von TRPV3 wahrscheinlich durch die Aktivierung des EGF-Rezeptors verstärkt wird (Cheng et al., 2010). Der TRPV3-Kanal wird ebenso durch verschiedene natürliche Verbindungen, wie Carvacrol und Thymol, oder durch synthetische Substanzen, wie 2-Aminoethoxy-diphenylborat (2-APB) aktiviert, wobei 2-APB häufig zur Untersuchung der Funktion von TRPV3 in vitro angewendet wird, da es sich hierbei um einen kostengünstigen und relativ potenten TRPV3-Aktivator handelt. 2-APB wirkt jedoch auch auf eine Vielzahl anderer TRP-Kanäle, sodass es schwierig ist, die Effekte, die durch 2-APB in nativen Geweben ausgelöst werden, auf eine Aktivierung des TRPV3-Kanals zurückzuführen (Hinman, Chuang, Bautista, & Julius, 2006; Hu et al., 2004; M. Li, Jiang, & Yue, 2006; Togashi, Inada, & Tominaga, 2008; Vogt-Eisele et al., 2007; Chokshi, Fruasaha, & Kozak, 2012; Lievremont, Bird, & Putney, 2005). Bei der früheren Durchführung eines Wirkstoffscreenings einer ChemBioNet Substanzbibliothek wurde der TRPV3-selektive Inhibitor 26E01 identifiziert (Bischof et al., 2020). Um weitere potente und spezifische TRPV3-Modulatoren zu identifizieren, wurde eine hausinterne Substanzbibliothek bestehend aus 50 chemischen Verbindungen, die im Labor von Thomas Magauer synthetisiert wurden, und die SelleckChem-Substanzbibliothek L1700 bestehend aus 4718 Verbindungen gescreent. In dieser Arbeit ist die Identifizierung, Validierung und erste Anwendung des neuen, potenten, TRPV3-selektiven Aktivators KS0365 beschrieben. Durch die Anwendung dieses neuartigen TRPV3-Aktivators konnte im Rahmen dieser Studie gezeigt werden, dass TRPV3-Aktivatoren den Reepithalisierungsprozess nach einer Verletzung der Haut fördern könnten. Diese Schlussfolgerung ist auf die in dieser Studie festgestellte Beobachtung zurückzuführen, dass infolge der Aktivierung des TRPV3-Kanals mit KS0365 in den Leading-Edges von Keratinozyten und in migrierenden Keratinozyten, die im Rahmen von Migrationsassays am Rande der erzeugten Lücke lokalisiert waren, die stärksten Anstiege der intrazellulären Kalziumionenkonzentration ausgelöst wurden und KS0365 wahrscheinlich aufgrund dieser Effekte eine Beschleunigung der Keratinozytenmigration bewirkte.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 2. Einleitung 5 2.1 Die Funktion von Kalzium in der Haut 5 2.2 Ionenkanäle in Keratinozyten 8 2.3 Der TRPV3-Kanal 10 3. Zielstellung und Methodenwahl 17 4. Materialien und Methoden 21 4.1 Kultivierung immortalisierter Zelllinien 21 4.2 Isolierung primärer Keratinozyten 22 4.3 Erzeugung einer stabilen m308kTRPV3-YFP-Zelllinie 23 4.4 Interne Totalreflexionsfluoreszenz (TIRF)-Mikroskopie 24 4.5 Small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-vermittelter Knockdown 24 4.7 Wirkstoffscreening 26 4.8 Hit-Validierung durch Erstellung von Konzentrations-Wirkungsbeziehungen 27 4.9 Selektivitätstestung 27 5.0 Analyse von synergistischen Wirkungen von TRPV3-Aktivatoren 27 5.1 Ratiometrisches Kalzium-Imaging 28 5.2 Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen 29 5.3 Bestimmung der metabolischen Zellaktivität 29 5.4 Zellmigrations-Assays 30 5.5 Kalzium- Imaging mittels interner Totalreflexionsfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie 30 5.6 Daten-Analyse 31 6. Ergebnisse 33 6.1 Wirkstoffscreening und Bestimmung von Konzentrations-Wirkungsbezie- hungen 33 6.2 Selektivitätstestung des neuen TRPV3-Aktivators KS0365 38 6.3 Validierung des siRNA-vermittelten TPRV3-Knockdowns 42 6.4 Kalzium-Imaging in primären Keratinozyten 44 6.5 Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen 45 6.6. Analyse von synergistischen Wirkungen von TRPV3-Aktivatoren 49 6.7 Evaluierung der Langzeit-Tolerabilität von TRPV3-Modulatoren 50 6.8 Zellmigrations-Assays 53 6.9 Kalzium-Imaging in migrierenden Keratinozyten 58 7.0 Analyse von Kalzium-Signalen in der Leading-Edge von Keratinozyten mittels TIRF-Mikroskopie 60 8. Diskussion und Ausblick 63 9. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 75 10. Referenzen 79 11. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 95 12. Lebenslauf 96 13. Publikationen 96 14. Wissenschaftliche Poster und Vorträge 96 15. Danksagung 97

This thesis studied unpaved highway shoulders, and in particular shoulders of lower volume asphalt pavements being overlaid. The primary objective was to better understand how different shoulder aggregates perform on lower volume routes with asphalt surfaces and relatively narrow shoulders. A literature review and an evaluation of a full-scale test section containing five aggregate categories in nine test sections over a thirty-four-month period were the primary efforts performed to evaluate unpaved highway shoulders. The study concluded shoulder width measurements were not especially informative, and that California Bearing Ratio measurements were only modestly informative. Crushed concrete outperformed all other aggregates, though the remaining aggregate categories (gravel, limestone, steel slag, and reclaimed asphalt pavement) also had a reasonable case for being moved forward toward possible specification updates. The primary recommendation of this thesis is to use the data contained herein to further shoulder aggregate specifications for the Mississippi Department of Transportation.

In recent years, edge computing has become an increasingly popular computing paradigm to enable real-time data processing and mobile intelligence. Edge computing allows computing at the edge of the network, where data is generated and distributed at the nearby edge servers to reduce the data access latency and improve data processing efficiency. In addition, with the advance of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), not only millions of data are generated from daily smart devices, such as smart light bulbs, smart cameras, and various sensors, but also a large number of parameters of complex machine learning models have to be trained and exchanged by these AIoT devices. Classical cloud-based platforms have difficulty communicating and processing these data/models effectively with sufficient privacy and security protection. Due to the heterogeneity of edge elements including edge servers, mobile users, data resources, and computing tasks, the key challenge is how to effectively manage resources (e.g. data, services) and schedule tasks (e.g. ML/FL tasks) in the edge clouds to meet the QoS of mobile users or maximize the platform's utility. To that end, this dissertation studies joint resource management and task scheduling for mobile edge computing. The key contributions of the dissertation are two-fold. Firstly, we study the data placement problem in edge computing and propose a popularity-based method as well as several load-balancing strategies to effectively place data in the edge network. We further investigate a joint resource placement and task dispatching problem and formulate it as an optimization problem. We propose a two-stage optimization method and a reinforcement learning (RL) method to maximize the total utilities of all tasks. Secondly, we focus on a specific computing task, i.e., federated learning (FL), and study the joint participant selection and learning scheduling problem for multi-model federated edge learning. We formulate a joint optimization problem and propose several multi-stage optimization algorithms to solve the problem. To further improve the FL performance, we leverage the power of the quantum computing (QC) technique and propose a hybrid quantum-classical Benders' decomposition (HQCBD) algorithm as well as a multiple-cuts version to accelerate the convergence speed of the HQCBD algorithm. We show that the proposed algorithms can achieve the consistent optimal value compared with the classical Benders' decomposition running in the classical CPU computer, but with fewer convergence iterations. / Computer and Information Science

Cyclura ricordii is an endemic iguana from Hispaniola and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN. The main threats are predation by introduced mammals, habitat destruction and hunting. The present study focused on two nesting areas in Pedernales in the Dominican Republic. The hypothesis tested is that natal philopatry influences dispersal and nest site selection. Monitoring and sampling took place during 2012-2013. Polymorphic markers were used to evaluate whether natal philopatry limits dispersal at multiple spatial scales. Ripley’s K, revealed that nests were significantly clustered. Hierarchical AMOVA revealed that nest site aggregations did not explain a significant portion of genetic variation. However, Mantel’s tests revealed significant positive correlations between genetic and geographic distance. These results indicate that natal philopatry limits dispersal at a course spatial scale, but does not influence nest site selection at a fine spatial scale.

As a new form of volumetric media, a Light Field (LF) can provide users with a true 6 Degrees-Of-Freedom (DOF) immersive experience, because LF captures the scene with photo-realism, including aperture-limited changes in viewpoint. Nevertheless, the larger size and higher dimension of LF data bring greater challenges to processing and transmission. The main focus of this study is the application of the applied Artificial Intelligence (AI) method to the transmission and processing of LF data, thereby alleviating the performance bottleneck in existing methods. Uncompressed LF data are too large for network transmission, which is why LF compression has become an important research topic. A new LF compression algorithm based on Graph Neural Network (GNN) is proposed in this work. It can use the graph network model to fit the similarity between the LF viewpoints, so that only the data of a few essential anchor viewpoints need to be transmitted after compression, and a complete LF matrix can be reconstructed according to the graph model at the decoding end. This method also solves the problem of weak generalization of the LF reconstruction algorithm when dealing with high-frequency components through the design of two-layer compression structure. Compared with existing compression methods, a higher compression ratio and better quality can be achieved using this algorithm. Furthermore, to improve the adaptability of the real-time requirements of different LF applications and robustness requirements in unreliable network environments, an adaptive LF video transmission scheme based on Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is proposed. It can divide the LF matrix into LF descriptions at different levels of downsampling ratios, and optimize the scheduling of the descriptions transmission queue, which can ensure that it can adaptively adjust the design of basic GNN unit so that the proposed method can adapt more flexibly to the real-time changes of user viewpoint requests, so as to save unnecessary viewpoint transmission overhead to the greatest extent, and minimize the adverse impact of network packet loss and network status fluctuations on LF transmission services. For LF processing, depth estimation has been a very hot topic in recent years. To achieve a good balance between the performance of both narrow- or wide-baseline LF data, a novel optical-flow-based LF depth estimation scheme, which uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the patch matrix after optical flow offset, is proposed. After the optical-flow-assisted offset, the disparity between patches is processed to a unified numerical range, which can effectively solve the overfitting problem of the LF depth estimation network caused by the uneven distribution of the baseline range of LF samples. Experimental results show that the proposed uniform-patch-based estimation mechanism has good generalization on LF data of different baselines and is compatible with various existing narrow-baseline LF depth estimation algorithms. Finally, since LF processing places high requirements on both the computing and caching capabilities of the infrastructure, a framework that combines Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) technology with LF applications is proposed in this thesis. In this study, the problem is transformed by the Lyapunov optimization, and an optimized search algorithm based on the Markov approximation method is designed, which can adaptively schedule and adjust the task offloading strategy and resource allocation scheme, so as to provide users with the best service experience in the LF viewpoint interpolation task. Numerical results demonstrate that this edge-based framework can achieve a dynamic balance between energy and caching consumption while meeting the low latency requirements of LF applications.

With the rapid development of mobile communication, sensors, and biomedical in recent years, the demand for accurate data information, highquality audio and image has become much more significant, which requires a high-precision Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to process weak analog signals. As one of the core modules of ADC, the comparator’s precision, speed, stability, and noise play a key role in the performance of the whole circuit. Over the years, those performance has been improved a lot by both designing new architectures and using advanced fabrication technology. However, the conventional comparators occupy 50%-60% of the total energy consumption of EPC, even with advanced technology and lower supply voltage. In this thesis, a new type of energy-efficient comparator, called Edge-Pursuit Comparator (EPC), is proposed, which satisfies the need for low comparison energy. The design of EPC is based on a ring oscillator, when the EPC enters the evaluation mode, two signal edges with different propagation delays will chase in it until one overlaps the other, and finally generate a stable voltage level in each output node. The circuit is built and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso using cmos22fdsoi technology. The simulation results reveal that the energy consumed per comparison is dependent on the input differential voltage, and it can be as low as 7 fJ when vin = 50 mV, which is around ten times smaller compared with conventional comparators. In addition, as the power consumption is considerable when the two input voltages are very close, a promising improvement is applied to EPC, namely connecting every node with a variable capacitor, which is called Edge-Pursuit Comparator enhanced with Capacitor (EPCC). Cadence simulation results prove that EPCC can largely lower the energy consumption under a small vin while keeping input-referred noise the same. Therefore, a combination of EPC and EPCC is expected to have prospective applications in the energy-efficient area. / Med den snabba utvecklingen av mobil kommunikation, sensorer och biomedicin under de senaste åren har efterfrågan på korrekt datainformation, högkvalitativt ljud och bild blivit mycket mer betydande, vilket kräver en högprecision Analog till Digital Converter (ADC) för att bearbeta svaga analoga signaler. Som en av ADC:s kärnmoduler spelar komparatorns precision, hastighet, stabilitet och brus en nyckelroll i prestanda för hela kretsen. Under årens lopp har dessa prestanda förbättrats mycket genom att både designa nya arkitekturer och använda avancerad tillverkningsteknik. De konventionella komparatorerna upptar dock 50%-60% av den totala energiförbrukningen för EPC, även med avancerad teknik och lägre matningsspänning. I detta examensarbete föreslås en ny typ av energieffektiv komparator, kallad Edge-Pursuit Comparator (EPC), som tillgodoser behovet av låg jämförelseenergi. Designen av EPC är baserad på en ringoscillator, när EPC:n går in i utvärderingsläget kommer två signalkanter med olika utbredningsfördröjningar att jaga i den tills den ena överlappar den andra, och slutligen generera en stabil spänningsnivå i varje utgångsnod. Kretsen är byggd och simulerad i Cadence Virtuoso med hjälp av cmos22fdsoiteknik. Simuleringsresultaten visar att energiförbrukningen per jämförelse är beroende av ingångsdifferensspänningen och den kan vara så låg som 7 fJ när vin = 50 mV, vilket är cirka tio gånger mindre jämfört med konventionella komparatorer. Dessutom, eftersom strömförbrukningen är avsevärd när de två inspänningarna är mycket nära, tillämpas en lovande förbättring på EPC, nämligen att ansluta varje nod med en variabel kondensator, som kallas Edge-Pursuit Comparator förbättrad med kondensator (EPCC). Kadenssimuleringsresultat bevisar att EPCC till stor del kan sänka energiförbrukningen under en liten vin samtidigt som ingångsreferat buller hålls detsamma. Därför förväntas en kombination av EPC och EPCC ha potentiella tillämpningar inom det energieffektiva området.