Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 19 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo buscou compreender e analisar as demandas psicológicas de três meninos, com idade entre um e dois anos e de seus cuidadores, a partir da sua interação em uma instituição abrigo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de estudos de casos múltiplos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como técnica de coleta de dados, uma inspiração no Método Bick de Observação. Além disso, foi realizada a entrevista Entrevista de Transtorno de Apego com o cuidador principal de cada criança observada. Também consideramos os dados referentes à história de vida dos meninos observados, adquiridos por meio de relatos informais da equipe e de documentos obtidos pela direção da instituição. Somada a isso, foi realizada uma entrevista não estruturada com os cuidadores principais dessas crianças, com o objetivo de acessar as suas demandas psicológicas. Com base na observação dos três casos, concluiu-se que, apesar das diferentes características, as crianças observadas evidenciaram uma busca ativa pelos cuidadores, expressa / The present study aimed to realize and analyze the psychological demands and the characteristics of three boys between one and two years old and their caretakers through their interaction in a shelter institution. It is a qualifying research which studies several cases. For this reason it was used an adaptation of Bick’s Method of Observation to collect data. Besides, it was made an Interview on the Perturbation of Strong Attachment with the main caretaker of each observed child. We also considered the data of the boys’ story of life gathering informal reports from the group and documents given by the direction of the institution. Furthermore, it was made a non-structured interview with the main children’s caretakers, aiming to access their characteristics and psychological demands. Basing on the observation of these three cases, it was concluded, besides the different characteristics, that the observed children sought actively for their caretakers, showing their psychological demand through their annoyance a

The present study aims to redeem social indexical meanings of language choice and language alternation in the light of indexical order, a notion proposed by Silverstein (2003). Many researchers have agreed that language varieties are indexical of certain macro-social relations and that code-switching even within a speech event can also be socially meaningful. Nonetheless, some issues such as how the indexical associations have been formed and how the associations are dynamically transformed into indexical effects have been less extensively discussed. Based on the framework of indexical order, together with some code-switching approaches and concepts, this thesis examines two opening speeches made for two international sports events held in Taiwan. The two speeches were delivered by the mayors of the host cities. Each speech involved more than one language, including cases of both code-switching and crossing (Rampton, 1998). The notion of indexical order has helped unveil the dialectical nature of how the indexical meanings are produced in code-switching or language-choice practices. Besides, the analyses of this study will demonstrate how the framework of indexical order may enrich the code-switching approaches and general code-switching studies.

In this paper we thoroughly cover the issue of blank nodes, which have been defined in RDF as "existential variables". We first introduce the theoretical precedent for existential blank nodes from first order logic and incomplete Information in database theory. We then cover the different (and sometimes incompatible) treatment of blank nodes across the W3C stack of RDF-related standards. We present an empirical survey of the blank nodes present in a large sample of RDF data published on the Web (the BTC-2012 dataset), where we find that 25.7% of unique RDF terms are blank nodes, that 44.9% of documents and 66.2% of domains featured use of at least one blank node, and that aside from one Linked Data domain whose RDF data contains many "blank node cycles", the vast majority of blank nodes form tree structures that are efficient to compute simple entailment over. With respect to the RDF-merge of the full data, we show that 6.1% of blank-nodes are redundant under simple entailment. The vast majority of non-lean cases are isomorphisms resulting from multiple blank nodes with no discriminating information being given within an RDF document or documents being duplicated in multiple Web locations. Although simple entailment is NP-complete and leanness-checking is coNP-complete, in computing this latter result, we demonstrate that in practice, real-world RDF graphs are sufficiently "rich" in ground information for problematic cases to be avoided by non-naive algorithms.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-20T21:03:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EvelynFernandesErickson_DISSERT.pdf: 706523 bytes, checksum: 8adb88738bde33540238e2807b96f5f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-23T00:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EvelynFernandesErickson_DISSERT.pdf: 706523 bytes, checksum: 8adb88738bde33540238e2807b96f5f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T00:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvelynFernandesErickson_DISSERT.pdf: 706523 bytes, checksum: 8adb88738bde33540238e2807b96f5f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / O pluralismo l?gico vem recentemente chamando aten??o, com v?rios autores contestando sua natureza. O pluralismo l?gico ? a posi??o que diz que h? mais de uma l?gica correta ou leg?tima, o que pode ser articulado de diferentes maneiras. A presente disserta??o participa nesse debate explorando o framework do ?-entailment no contexto de variedades do pluralismo presentes na literatura. O ?-entailment ? uma no??o de consequ?ncia l?gica que ? capaz de expressar outras rela??es, como as l?gicas multi-dimensionais. Em particular, esse estudo examina quatro posi??es sobre o pluralismo: o pluralismo ecl?tico de Shapiro, o pluralismo atrav?s de GTT de Beall e Restall, o pluralismo intra-te?rico de Hjortland e os pluralismos atrav?s de teoria das demonsta??es de Restall e Paoli. Ser? mostrado como o ?-entailment se encaixa nessas variedades de pluralismo e tamb?m como fica em falta em certos aspectos. O objetivo da disserta??o ? tanto contribuir para a discuss?o sobre o pluralismo l?gico quanto expandir a discuss?o sobre o ?-entailment e outras no??es de consequ?ncia l?gica desse g?nero. / Logical pluralism has recently been given much attention, with numerous authors contesting its nature. In a broad sense, logical pluralism is the view that there are more than one correct or legitimate logic, which can be articulated in different ways. The present study participates in this debate by exploring the framework of ?-entailment in the context of several of varieties of pluralism. ?-entailment is a logical consequence relation, which may express different consequence relations, such as those of many-dimensional logics. In particular, this study examines four different takes on pluralism: Shapiros?s eclectic pluralism, Beall and Restall?s GTT pluralism, Hjortland?s intra-theoretic pluralism and Restall and Paoli?s pluralism based on proof-theory. It will be shown how ?-entailment fits into these varieties of pluralism, and a discussion is presented on how ?-entailment falls short is some aspects. The aim is to contribute to the discussion on logical pluralism as well as to expand the discussion about ?-entailment and consequence relations of this sort.

A doença mental é de difícil definição, porque abrange um leque alargado de perturbações que afetam o funcionamento e o comportamento emocional, social e intelectual do indivíduo, mais por desadequação ou distorção do que por falta ou deficiência das suas capacidades anteriores à doença. As doenças mentais manifestam-se em determinado momento, ao longo da vida, antes do qual a pessoa não manifestava alterações ou perda de capacidades. Os objetivos deste estudo são: conhecer o trabalho do profissional-referência desenvolvido junto a pacientes crônicos psiquiátricos, em uma instituição hospitalar; conhecer como o paciente crônico psiquiátrico vê a atuação do profissional-referência, no seu preparo para viver fora do hospital. Pesquisa exploratória que focaliza a atividade do profissional-referência nos cuidados prestados a doentes mentais crônicos. Inicialmente, realizou-se um estudo bibliográfico sobre os temas: reabilitação psicossocial e o trabalho do profissional-referência. Os dados foram coletados em uma instituição apenas, o Hospital Santa Tereza de Ribeirão Preto, hospital psiquiátrico público, fundado no ano de 1944. Centrou-se os dados em um setor específico do hospital, denominado Núcleo de Convívio, onde ficam 18 usuários-moradores. Participaram da pesquisa: todos os profissionais-referência da equipe multidisciplinar que prestam cuidados aos doentes mentais crônicos / institucionalizados, no setor Núcleo de Convívio; todos os clientes, moradores do Núcleo de Convívio, que estavam sob os cuidados da equipe multidisciplinar e dos profissionais-referências da equipe descrita, e que aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Percebemos que apesar do projeto terapêutico desses moradores existir (no papel) e ser discutido com toda a equipe de tempo em tempo (atualizado), ele não aparece na fala nem dos profissionais e nem dos moradores durante a coleta de dados. Não aparecem as atividades propostas para o alcance de objetivos e metas estabelecidas no projeto de cada um dos moradores-referências. Acreditamos que seja de fundamental importância conhecer os gostos, os interesses e as particularidades de cada cliente, para o estabelecimento de um projeto próximo às necessidades de cada pessoa, e neste sentido, as verbalizações demonstram que esse trabalho não está sendo feito pelos profissionais-referências. É necessário uma equipe referência, ou seja, todos profissionais da equipe devem conhecer o projeto de cada morador e assumirem a responsabilidade na execução das implementações. / The mental disease has a difficult definition because it has a wide range of disorders that affect the emotional, social and intellectual behaviour and action of the person, due to disadjustment or distortion than lack or deficience of its former capacities before the disease. The mental sicknesses are expressed in a certain moment during the life and before it the person did not expressed alterations or capacity loss. The aims of this study are: to know the work of a reference professional developed with chronic psychiatric patients in a institution, to know how the chronic psychiatric patient see the reference professional during his preparation to live out of the hospital. From the beginning, it was realized a bibliographic study about the following: psychosocial rehabilitation and the work of the professional reference. These data were collected just in one institution called Hospital Santa Tereza, in Ribeirão Preto- its a public psychiatric hospital, founded in 1944. These data were centered in a specific sector of the hospital, called Núcleo de Convívio, where 18 dwelling patients are settled. Participated in this research all the reference professionals of the multidisciplinary staff that take care of the chronic psychiatric patients/ institutionalized there, all the clients, living at Núcleo de Convívio that were under the responsibility of the multidisciplinary staff and the reference professionals described before, that accepted to participate of this research. We realized that despite of the therapeutic project of this dwelling patients exist (theoretically) and be discussed with all the staff periodically (actualized), it is not presented in the report given by the staff and the patients during the data collection. The proposed activities to the reach of the established aims do not appear in each dwelling patient?s project. We believe that it is a primal importance to know the preferences, interests and peculiarities of each client to the establishment of a project closer to his necessities and, thus, the verbalizations show that this work is not being done by the reference professionals. It Is necessary that a reference staff, that is, all the professionals of the staff must know the each dwelling patient?s project to take over the responsibility in the execution of the improvements.

O reconhecimento de implicação textual (RIT) consiste em identificar automaticamente se um trecho de texto em língua natural é verdadeiro baseado no conteúdo de outro. Este problema vem sendo estudado por pesquisadores da área de Processamento de Línguas Naturais (PLN) há alguns anos, e ganhou certo destaque mais recentemente, com a maior disponibilidade de dados anotados e desenvolvimento de métodos baseados em deep learning. Esta pesquisa de doutorado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de recursos e métodos computacionais para o RIT, com especial foco em língua portuguesa. Durante sua realização, foi compilado o corpus ASSIN, o primeiro a fornecer dados para treinamento e avaliação de sistemas de RIT em português, e foi organizado o workshop de mesmo nome, que reuniu pesquisadores interessados no tema. Além disso, foram feitos experimentos computacionais com diferentes tipos de estratégias para o RIT, com dados em inglês e em português. Foi desenvolvido um novo modelo para o RIT, o TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network). O modelo é baseado no conceito de distância de edição entre árvores sintáticas, já explorado em outros trabalhos de RIT. Seu diferencial é combinar a representação de conhecimento linguístico explícito com a flexibilidade e capacidade representativa de redes neurais. Foi também desenvolvido o Infernal, um modelo para RIT que usa técnicas clássicas de aprendizado de máquina com engenharia de atributos. Os resultados experimentais do TEDIN ficaram abaixo de outros modelos da literatura, e uma análise cuidadosa de seu comportamento indica a dificuldade de se modelar as diferenças entre árvores sintáticas. Por outro lado, o Infernal teve resultados positivos no ASSIN, definindo o novo estado-da-arte para o RIT em português. / Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) consists in automatically identifying whether a text passage in natural language is true based on the content of another one. This problem has been studied in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for some years, and gained some prominence recently, with the availability of annotated data in larger quantities and the development of deep learning methods. This doctoral research had the goal of developing resources and methods for RTE, especially for Portuguese. During its execution, the ASSIN corpus was compiled, which is the first to provide data for training and evaluating RTE systems in Portuguese, and the workshop with the same name was organized, gathering researchers interested in this theme. Moreover, computational experiments were carried out with different techniques for RTE, with English and Portuguese data. A new RTE model, TEDIN (Tree Edit Distance Network), was developed. This model is based on the concept of syntactic tree edit distance, already explored in other RTE works. Its differential is to combine explicit linguistic knowledge representation with the flexibility and representative capacity of neural networks. An RTE model based on classical machine learning and feature engineering, Infernal, was also developed. TEDIN had experimental results below other models from the literature, and a careful analysis of its behavior shows the difficulty of modelling differences between syntactic trees. On the other hand, Infernal had positive results on ASSIN, setting the new stateof- the-art for RTE in Portuguese.

This thesis explores a range of approaches to the task of recognising textual entailment (RTE), i.e. determining whether one text snippet entails another, for Arabic, where we are faced with an exceptional level of lexical and structural ambiguity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to carry out this task for Arabic. Tree edit distance (TED) has been widely used as a component of natural language processing (NLP) systems that attempt to achieve the goal above, with the distance between pairs of dependency trees being taken as a measure of the likelihood that one entails the other. Such a technique relies on having accurate linguistic analyses. Obtaining such analyses for Arabic is notoriously difficult. To overcome these problems we have investigated strategies for improving tagging and parsing depending on system combination techniques. These strategies lead to substantially better performance than any of the contributing tools. We describe also a semi-automatic technique for creating a first dataset for RTE for Arabic using an extension of the ‘headline-lead paragraph’ technique because there are, again to the best of our knowledge, no such datasets available. We sketch the difficulties inherent in volunteer annotators-based judgment, and describe a regime to ameliorate some of these. The major contribution of this thesis is the introduction of two ways of improving the standard TED: (i) we present a novel approach, extended TED (ETED), for extending the standard TED algorithm for calculating the distance between two trees by allowing operations to apply to subtrees, rather than just to single nodes. This leads to useful improvements over the performance of the standard TED for determining entailment. The key here is that subtrees tend to correspond to single information units. By treating operations on subtrees as less costly than the corresponding set of individual node operations, ETED concentrates on entire information units, which are a more appropriate granularity than individual words for considering entailment relations; and (ii) we use the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to automatically estimate the cost of edit operations for single nodes and subtrees and to determine thresholds, since assigning an appropriate cost to each edit operation manually can become a tricky task.The current findings are encouraging. These extensions can substantially affect the F-score and accuracy and achieve a better RTE model when compared with a number of string-based algorithms and the standard TED approaches. The relative performance of the standard techniques on our Arabic test set replicates the results reported for these techniques for English test sets. We have also applied ETED with ABC to the English RTE2 test set, where it again outperforms the standard TED.

The standard view in epistemology is that propositional knowledge entails belief. Positive arguments are seldom given for this entailment thesis, however; instead, its truth is typically assumed. Against the entailment thesis, Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel (Noûs, forthcoming) report that a non-trivial percentage of people think that there can be propositional knowledge without belief. In this paper, we add further fuel to the fire, presenting the results of four new studies. Based on our results, we argue that the entailment thesis does not deserve the default status that it is typically granted. We conclude by considering the alternative account of knowledge that Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel propose to explain their results, arguing that it does not explain ours. In its place we offer a different explanation of both sets of findings-the conviction account, according to which belief, but not knowledge, requires mental assent.

The standard view in epistemology is that propositional knowledge entails belief. Positive arguments are seldom given for this entailment thesis, however; instead, its truth is typically assumed. Against the entailment thesis, Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel (Noûs, forthcoming) report that a non-trivial percentage of people think that there can be propositional knowledge without belief. In this paper, we add further fuel to the fire, presenting the results of four new studies. Based on our results, we argue that the entailment thesis does not deserve the default status that it is typically granted. We conclude by considering the alternative account of knowledge that Myers-Schulz and Schwitzgebel propose to explain their results, arguing that it does not explain ours. In its place we offer a different explanation of both sets of findings-the conviction account, according to which belief, but not knowledge, requires mental assent.

In classical propositional logic (CPL) logical reasoning is formalised as logical entailment and can be computed by means of tableau and resolution proof procedures. Unfortunately CPL is not expressive enough and using first order logic (FOL) does not solve the problem either since proof procedures for these logics are not decidable. Modal propositional logics (MPL) on the other hand are both decidable and more expressive than CPL. It therefore seems reasonable to apply tableau and resolution proof systems to MPL in order to compute logical entailment in MPL. Although some of the principles in CPL are present in MPL, there are complexities in MPL that are not present in CPL. Tableau and resolution proof systems which address these issues and others will be surveyed here. In particular the work of Abadi & Manna (1986), Chan (1987), del Cerro & Herzig (1988), Fitting (1983, 1990) and Gore (1995) will be reviewed. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computer Science)