Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-13T20:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelaDiniz.pdf: 3023880 bytes, checksum: b1ca6eabaf77f0f2a4d741dea14a11ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T20:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelaDiniz.pdf: 3023880 bytes, checksum: b1ca6eabaf77f0f2a4d741dea14a11ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The industry of I refinery of petroleum it is a great degrading of the environment, becayse she has potential of affect him in all the levels: air, water, soil and, consequently, the health of the you be alive. With the implantation of this enterprise, certainly the environmental quality of the resources and the health of the population of the municipal districts of the surroundings of the Refinery they will be affected direct and or indirectly. This research had as objective of the close municipal districts to the enterprise. A total 300 interviews was accomplished between the months of August and October of 2010, in the municipal districts of Bacabeira, Santa Rita and Rosário and in the rural places of the municipal district of São Luís: Estiva, Coqueiro and Vila Maranhão. For the collection of the data questionnaries were used semi-structured that were developed randomly with the population of the municipal districts and rural places involved in the research, the obtained data were stored in a database of the Program Excel 2007 so that they could be systematized and tabulated. The results demonstrated that in 62,0% of the interviewees in Santa Rita, 76% in Rosário, 40% in Vila Maranhão, they found the situation of the terrible health. The main diseases observed during the study they were the diseases of waterborne, and 34% of the intervewees in Coqueiro, 28% in Rosário, 52% in Santa Rita and 36% in Vila Maranhão, they already contracted primness. The form used for the "waste disposal" more found in the homes it was the septic sewage, 40% in Bacabeira, 42% in Coqueiro, 48% in Rosário , 50% in Santa Rita and 44% in Vila Maranhão. Most of the population doesn't know where the garbage is discarded, 46% in Bacabeira, 32% in Rosário, 42% in Santa Rita and 42% in Vila Maranhão. Most of the interviewees doesn't make any treatment type in the water, being naturally more exposed to the diseases. In relation to the perception of the interviewees' environment 81,3% they affirm that the environmental education is important, in relation to the climatic changes, 95,3% of the interviewees observed alterations in relation to the thermal sensation. Fifty-four percent of respondents in Bacabeira, 58% Coqueiro 74% in Rosario, in Santa Rita 60% and 70% in Vila Maranhão said that environmental degradation is worsening. The levels of pollutant stayed inside of the stablished patterns in the Resolução CONAMA nº03/90, not altering of this sorts out the quality of the air of the municipal districts. It is fundamental that are elaborated and made possible programs and monitoring politics and increment of the health and of the environmental resources, so that the operation of this enterprise doesn't swallow serious risks to the local resources and the health of the involved population. / A indústria de refino de petróleo é uma grande degradadora do ambiente, pois tem potencial para afetá-lo em todos os níveis: ar, água, solo e, conseqüentemente, a saúde dos seres vivos. Com a implantação deste empreendimento, certamente a qualidade ambiental dos recursos e a saúde da população dos municípios do entorno da Refinaria serão afetados direta e ou indiretamente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade ambiental e diagnosticar a situação da saúde da população dos municípios próximos ao empreendimento. A metodologia usada consistiu em um total de 300 entrevistas realizadas entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2010, nos municípios de Bacabeira, Santa Rita e Rosário e nas localidades rurais do município de São Luís: Estiva, Coqueiro e Vila Maranhão. Para a coleta dos dados foram utilizados questionários semi- estruturados que foram desenvolvidos aleatoriamente com a população dos municípios e localidades rurais envolvidas na pesquisa, os dados obtidos foram armazenados em um banco de dados do Programa Excel 2007 para que pudessem ser sistematizados e tabulados. Os resultados demonstraram que em 62,0% dos entrevistados em Santa Rita, 76% em Rosário, 40% em Estiva e 40% em Vila Maranhão, acharam a situação da saúde péssima. As principais doenças observadas durante o estudo foram as doenças de veiculação hídrica, sendo que 34% dos entrevistados em Coqueiro, 28% em Rosário, 52% em Santa Rita e 36% em Vila Maranhão, já contraíram dengue. A forma usada para o “descarte de dejetos” mais encontrado nos domicílios foi a fossa séptica, 40% em Bacabeira, 42% em Coqueiro, 48% em Rosário, 50% em Santa Rita e 44% em Vila Maranhão. A maior parte da população (46% em Bacabeira, 32% em Rosário, 42% em Santa Rita e 42% em Vila Maranhão) não sabe onde o lixo é descartado. A maioria dos entrevistados não faz qualquer tipo de tratamento na água, estando naturalmente mais expostos às doenças. Em relação à percepção do ambiente, 81,3% dos entrevistados afirmam que a educação ambiental é importante. Em relação às mudanças climáticas, 95,3% dos entrevistados observaram alterações em relação à sensação térmica. Cinqüenta e quatro por cento dos entrevistados em Bacabeira, 58% em Coqueiro, 74% em Rosário, 60% em Santa Rita e 70% em Vila Maranhão afirmaram que a degradação do ambiente está piorando. Os níveis de poluentes permaneceram dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA Nº03/90, não alterando desta maneira a qualidade do ar dos municípios. É fundamental que sejam elaboradas e viabilizadas programas e políticas de monitoramento e incremento da saúde e dos recursos ambientais, para que a operação deste empreendimento não traga sérios riscos aos recursos locais e à saúde da população envolvida.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline_Vanelli.pdf: 1144817 bytes, checksum: 3acef081fe52fca56c446ce79341e765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The succession of crop plants can influence the soil microbial community, with direct effects on plant production. This work aimed to evaluate the microbial diversity of fungi, bactaria and nematode of soil for different species of green manure (Avena strigosa, Urochloa ruziziensis, Pisum sativum and Lupinus albus) of winter and sampling time as well as 60 days after the cultivation of soybeans and corn in succession. To evaluate the population density of these organisms and estimate the carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, an experiment was conducted in two stages. In the first one there was the planting of different species of green manure, and in the second the sowing of two crops: soybean and corn in succession. The experiment in the cultivation of green manure was completely randomized (DBC). For the experiment of summer crops was used a randomized complete block design (DBC) with split plots. The principal plot consisted of green winter fertilizers, and the subplots the corn and soybean. Samples were collected at 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of cultivation of winter crops. In the area with soybean and corn the samples were performed 60 days after sowing the crop. The results showed that Brachiaria had the less production of dry biomass among green manures. The nematode density, mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria and pathogenic fungi; as well as microbial biomass and nitrogen were not affected by the species of green manure. There was a significant effect of sampling time to non-pathogenic nematodes with the highest population in 90 days. The cultivation of soybean and corn did not influence the number of non-pathogenic nematodes, but influenced the number of mycorrhizal fungi. The highest total number of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita were found under corn crop. The estimated values of carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass were not affected by the species of green manures, and also had no effect on crops in succession. There was no statistical difference between fungi and bacteria to any of the variables. There was the constant presence of fungi of the genus Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium / A sucessão de culturas de plantas pode influenciar a comunidade microbiana do solo, com efeitos diretos sobre a produção vegetal. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a diversidade microbiológica do solo para fungos, bactérias e nematoides em função de diferentes espécies de adubos verdes de inverno (Avena strigosa, Urochloa ruziziensis, Pisum sativum e Lupinus albus) e épocas de amostragem, bem como aos 60 dias após o cultivo de soja e milho em sucessão. Para avaliar a densidade populacional desses organismos e estimar o carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foi realizado um experimento em duas etapas. Na primeira realizou-se a semeadura das diferentes espécies de adubos verdes, e na segunda a semeadura de duas culturas: soja e milho em sucessão. O delineamento experimental no cultivo dos adubos verdes foi inteiramente casualizado (DBC). Para o delineamento experimental das culturas de verão foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com parcelas subdivididas. A parcela principal consistiu de adubos verdes de inverno, e as subparcelas as culturas de milho e soja. As coletas foram realizadas aos 0, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias do cultivo das plantas de cobertura de inverno. Na área com soja e milho foram realizadas amostragens aos 60 dias após a semeadura dessas culturas. Os resultados mostraram que a menor produção de biomassa seca dos adubos verdes foi da braquiária. A densidade de nematoides de vida livre, fungos micorrízicos, bactérias e fungos patogênicos; quantidade de carbono da biomassa microbiana, bem como de nitrogênio, não foram afetadas pelas espécies de adubos verdes utilizados. Houve efeito significativo do tempo de amostragem para nematoides de vida livre, com a maior população em 90 dias. O cultivo de soja e milho não influenciou o número de nematoides de vida livre, mas influenciou o número de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O maior número total dos fungos micorrízicos Glomus macrocarpum e Gigaspora margarita foram constatados na cultura do milho. Os valores da biomassa microbiana do carbono e nitrogênio não foram afetados pelas espécies de adubos verdes utilizadas, e também não influenciaram nas culturas em sucessão. Não houve diferença estatística entre fungos e bactérias para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Houve a presença constante dos fungos dos gêneros Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. e Fusarium sp.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helena Rodi Neumann.pdf: 13422269 bytes, checksum: ce11e30e375347489ae3599ab8586e30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study is to evaluate the soundscape of Teodoro Sampaio Street, in the city of São Paulo, and its impact on quality of life of its users. The research involves both discussion about the control of urban noise, as the determination of the positive sounds that qualify and characterize the public space. First we undertake a literature review on urban soundscapes, their impacts on users, and nearby buildings. The proposal is to raise what has been said about the theme in Brazil, and cite some relevant research abroad. Some academic studies have addressed this issue in the country, but few showed some theoretical reflection on urban acoustics. In a second step, we intend to establish a theoretical foundation for understanding the behavior of sound in the external environment of the contemporary city. This is mainly based on the work of two key authors: Murray Schafer, who defined the concept of "Soundscape" in 1979, and Brandon LaBelle, proposing a recent study, 2010 on what it defines as acoustic territories. It follows with a presentation of noise analysis methods in urban areas. First it discusses graphical ways of presenting the urban sounds from technical noise maps, with equal loudness curves of intensity levels; to attractive and informative graphs and diagrams, enabling quick understanding of the acoustic situation of an urban stretch. Also demonstrates ways to quantify the noise sources, and characterize their noise, data that are essential for entry into specific software. This step also involves the presentation of a method for qualitative assessment of users, proposed in the book "Urban Sound Enviroment", the author Jian Kang. The following presents the analysis of urban street taken as a case study. Earlier develops a historical survey of the change of use of the territory, in xii order to characterize their role in the urban context. Furthermore, through the analysis of historical maps, check how this urban stretch was gradually consolidated. Then it goes to an assessment of current conditions, with the precise characterization of the surroundings, resulting in photographic essays and informative maps. The proposal is to collect all relevant data characterizing this location, which are fundamental to the deep understanding of its acoustic setting. The next step is to evaluate the quality of the soundscape. First, they are prepared "maps of sound events" based on acoustic observation of the site taken by the researcher. Then, are performed the objective measurements with sound level meters in situ, resulting in maps of analysis of intensity levels, considering the change of scenery from the week and Saturday. It follows with a qualitative assessment made based on interviews with the population, to verify the perception of urban and sound quality of the urban stretch. In conclusion, the results of all methods applied for acoustics and urban evaluation are related, to the central purpose of proving that the perception of urban quality is affected by sound intensity. / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a paisagem sonora da Rua Teodoro Sampaio, na cidade de São Paulo, e o impacto desta na qualidade de vida dos seus usuários. A pesquisa envolve tanto a discussão sobre o controle de ruídos urbanos, quanto a determinação dos sons positivos que qualificam e caracterizam o espaço público. Primeiramente elabora-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre paisagens sonoras urbanas, seus impactos nos usuários, e nas edificações próximas. A proposta é levantar o que já foi discutido sobre o tema no Brasil, e citar algumas pesquisas relevantes no exterior. Alguns trabalhos acadêmicos já abordaram este tema no pais, mas poucos apresentaram alguma reflexão teórica sobre a acústica urbana. Em um segundo momento pretende-se estabelecer uma fundamentação teórica para compreender o comportamento do som no ambiente externo da cidade contemporânea. Esta baseia-se principalmente no trabalho de dois autores centrais: Murray Schafer, que definiu o conceito de paisagem sonora ou Soundscape em 1979; e o Brandon LaBelle, que propõe um estudo recente, de 2010, sobre o que define como territórios acústicos. Segue-se com a apresentação das metodologias de análise dos ruídos em meio urbano. Primeiro discute-se meios gráficos de apresentar os sons urbanos, desde mapas de ruídos técnicos, com curvas isofônicas de níveis de intensidade; até gráficos e esquemas atrativos e informativos, que permitam a rápida compreensão da situação acústica de um trecho urbano. Também se demonstra formas de quantificar as fontes sonoras, e caracterizar seus ruídos; dados que são fundamentais para entrada em softwares específicos. Esta etapa envolve também a apresentação de um método de avaliação qualitativa dos usuários, proposta no livro Urban Sound Enviroment , do autor Jian Kang. x A seguir apresenta-se a análise urbana da rua tomada como estudo de caso. No início desenvolve-se um levantamento histórico da mudança de uso deste território, com o intuito de caracterizar seu papel no contexto urbano. Além disso, através da análise de mapas históricos da SMDU, verificar como este trecho foi progressivamente consolidado. Em seguida, passa-se para uma avaliação das condições atuais, com a precisa caracterização do entorno, que resulta em ensaios fotográficos e mapas informativos. A proposta é levantar todos os dados relevantes que caracterizam este local, que são fundamentais para a compreensão aprofundada do seu cenário acústico. O próximo passo é avaliar a qualidade da paisagem sonora. Primeiramente, são elaborados Mapas de eventos sonoros com base na observação do pesquisador da acústica do local. Em seguida, são realizadas as medições objetivas, com sonômetros in loco, que resultam em mapas de análise dos níveis de intensidade do local, considerando a mudança de cenário entre a semana e o sábado. Segue-se com a avaliação qualitativa, feita com base em entrevistas com a população, para verificar a percepção da qualidade urbana e sonora do trecho urbano. Como conclusão, os resultados de todos os métodos de avaliação acústica e urbana aplicados são relacionados, com o intuito central de comprovar que a percepção da qualidade urbana é impactada pela intensidade do som.

Syftet har varit att undersöka om de Svenska miljömålen kan vara ett sätt att göra hållbar ut­veckling synlig för elever på byggprogrammet. Det har också varit att ta reda på vilka mervärden som kan skapas genom att hållbar utveckling synliggörs genom att miljömål integreras i under­visningen. Delmålen är verklighetsnära och direkt kopplade till byggbranschen, vilket kan med­föra ett ökat engagemang och vilja till att medverka till förändring. Resultatet visar att yrkeslärare, elever och platschefer på byggföretag inte hade kännedom om miljömålen. Svenska miljömål behöver integreras i karaktärsämnena på byggprogrammet för att politiskt fattade beslut om vad som krävs för att vi ska kunna nå hållbar utveckling förmedlas till de elever som skall ut i yrkeslivet, så att de kan komma ut med en hand­lingskompetens som kan leda till förändring. Nästan samtliga var överrens om att det skulle kunna ge mervärden att ha kunskap om hur de i sin vardag kan arbeta med hållbar utveckling. De tyckte att det var viktigt att arbeta med de frågorna och beskrev det i termen yrkesstolthet samt att det leder till välmående, vilket också stöds av litteraturen. / The aim has been to examine whether the Swedish environmental objectives may be a way to make sustainable development visible for students on the construction program. It has also been to determine the added value that can be created by making sustainable development visible by integrating environmental objectives into the teaching. Interim objectives are realistic and directly linked to the construction sector, which can lead to an increased commitment and desire to con­tribute to change. The result shows that vocational teachers, students, and site managers in construction compa­nies were not aware of the environmental objectives. Swedish environmental objectives need to be integrated into vocational school subjects of the construction programme so that political decisions in order to achieve sustainable development is communicated to the students, so that they can come out in working life with action skills which can lead to changes. Almost all interviewed felt that it could provide added value to have knowledge of how they in their everyday lives can work with sustainable development. They think it is important to work with the issues and that it results in prosperous in daily life, which also is supported by the literature and described it in terms of professional pride.

The west coast of Taiwan is densely populated with frequently activities for industrial and economic developments. The area is also the site with the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (CWD). Because the arising of ecosystem conservation, the government has attempted to promote the west coast as the marine protected areas (MPAs) for the CWD. Nevertheless, it is required to assess changes of environmental condition and marine environmental quality around the area before the establishment of marine protected areas to the site. If ineffective monitoring is implemented, then the establishment of marine protected areas will be no use. This study was initiated to assess the marine environmental condition by collecting and surveying the long term monitoring data that were published under the government reports and documents to assess the temporal and spatial trends of environmental factors. The data consists of rivers, trench, and marine water or sediments. The study areas covered Taichung County to Yunlin County. The methods for assessing the environmental quality included the use of geographic information system (GIS) for the biological distribution, regression analysis for the trend monitoring of chemical contaminants and physical environmental factors between 2001 ¡V 2010 year surveys. The overall environmental quality within the studied sites were further evaluated for the river pollution index (RPI) and the habitat suitability index (HSI). The survey results of 10 years river monitoring from Taichung to Yunlin showed that Hsin-Huu-Wei River belong to serious pollution with RPI 6.67 value. Yuanlin drainage, one of the six drainages of Chang Hua Coast Industrial Park, belongs to serious pollution with RPI 6.08 value. The RPI results of Six trenches around the Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park showed that Tien-Wei trench 2, Lun-Wei trench 1, and Ji-An trench belong to mid level of pollution (RPI 3.7~3.975). In the marine water survey, the results showed that the pH values were found lower at southern-ward monitoring station nearby the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Industry site. The nitrogen-NH3 concentrations were found high in Jhuo-Shuei River and No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a was high in Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park. In the survey of sediment, Hsin-Huu-Wei River arsenic concentration (As) was over the EPA guidelines, but the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were within the level of required limits. In the biological survey, the results showed that abundance and species were not evenly distributed with non-comprehensive trends related to the environmental condition or changes. These indicated that biological monitoring survey displayed less important than physical and chemical monitoring for the assessment of man-made pollution or environmental impact from the industrial activities. Overall the monitor sites of river, drainage and trench were differed without a consistent sampling scheme. The offshore sites were sampled greatly in distance, i.e. the farthermost point at four sea miles that had caused difficulties for the comparison of data results collected in different time. It is very uneasy to evaluate the pollution monitoring results. Thus, it is required to develop a long-term environmental quality monitoring plan for the assessment of water quality and sediment of river and marine water with appropriate / consistency sampling method, monitor time and site scheme. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is required to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine environment.

The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts. The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated. The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI¡Ö6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu¡BNi) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As¡BCu¡BHg¡BZn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment. The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.

Active water management uses real-time information to continually respond and adjust to water management needs and situations. To support active water management, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) needs tools to access and understand data and to apply that understanding to operational decisions. The work described herein addresses two objectives in providing decision-support for the TCEQ: (1) methods for including environmental pulse flow regulations in water rights documents, and (2) improved ease of access to information needed for TCEQ watermaster operations, particularly in times of drought. A Pulse Scaling Method for calculating the trigger flow rate, volume, and duration of flow pulses, using known characteristics at a reference location A, that are appropriate at a target location B (with unknown characteristics) was developed from three key relationships found in the written environmental flow regulations for fifteen locations in the Trinity, San Jacinto, Sabine, and Neches basins. Applying the method and analyzing the results shows that the predictions are statistically consistent with original regulations. A Common Operating Picture is a layered web-map allowing simultaneous access to one or more spatially-related datasets that TCEQ watermaster staff need to consider in decision-making. By its very nature as a dynamic map with associated time series, the Common Operating Picture presents data as information in a way that can support water resource management and decision-making. The project is currently in the pilot stage, with a number of data sources included and an interface available, but with additional work planned and further testing needed before larger-scale implementation. / text

Idag står vi inför flera miljöproblem som exempelvis klimatpåverkan och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Vattenkraften är en förnybar energikälla som kan producera el med låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Sverige har en lång tradition av att utnyttja vattnet som energikälla och har det senaste århundradet byggt ut en majoritet av de svenska vattendragen med vattenkraftverk. Idag står vattenkraften för nästan hälften av Sveriges elproduktion och bidrar till Sveriges låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Samtidigt anses vattenkraften påverka den biologiska mångfalden och vattendragen negativt. Av ungefär 2100 kraftverk står de 200 största för över 90 % av elproduktionen. Det finns alltså ett stort antal småskaliga kraftverk som bidrar med en liten del elproduktion samtidigt som de riskerar att påverka vattendragen negativt. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan. Studien använde en kvalitativ metod baserad på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med följande intressenter inom småskalig vattenkraft: Svensk Energi, Svensk Vattenkraftförening, Energimyndigheten, Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten, Naturskyddsföreningen, Sportfiskarna samt Älvräddarna. Resultaten visade att småskalig vattenkraft är en billig och etablerad energikälla, den kan bidra med kulturella värden, den är lokalt producerad och konsumerad som kan ge en ökad stabilitet till elnätet samt minska distributionsförluster. Nackdelarna visar att småskalig vattenkraft saknar några av de viktigaste funktionerna som storskalig vattenkraft kan bidra med: reglering av elnätet samt möjlighet att lagra vatten som kan användas vid behov. Vidare kan småskalig vattenkraft anses ha en stor negativ påverkan på vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden. Potentialen för småskalig vattenkraft kan också anses vara lägre än för övrig förnybar energi samtidigt som utvecklingen går långsammare. Lagstiftning, tillstånd och elcertifikatsystemet har även identifierats som faktorer som inte hjälper situationen för miljön i vattendragen. Behoven av att producera förnybar el från småskalig vattenkraft kan anses vara lägre än behovet av att värna om vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden för att nå Sveriges miljökvalitetsmål och EU:s vattendirektiv. Det finns utrymme för att minska elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft och ändå nå miljöpolitiska mål om förnybar energi och vattenmiljö. Slutsatsen är att elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft inte är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan och att man bör undersöka möjligheten att ta bort de allra minsta kraftverken med störst miljöpåverkan. Det har också framkommit att det saknas ordentliga styrmedel för att främja biologisk mångfald och vattenmiljöer samt att synen på småskalig vattenkraft som miljövänlig bör ifrågasättas. / Today we face many environmental problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that can produce electricity with low greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden has a long tradition of using water as an energy source and has during the past century built hydropower in a majority of the Swedish rivers. Today, hydropower accounts for nearly half of Sweden's electricity production and contributes to Sweden's low greenhouse gas emissions. But hydropower also affects biodiversity and water bodies negatively. Of the approximately 2100 hydropower plants in Sweden, 200 accounts for over 90% of the electricity production. Thus there are a large number of small-scale hydropower plants that contribute to a small portion of the electricity while they are liable to affect streams negative. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electricity from small-scale hydropower is justifiable in terms of its environmental impact. The study used a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with the following stakeholders: Swedenergy, Swedish Hydropower Association, Swedish Energy Agency, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Swedish Anglers’ Association and River Savers Association Sweden. The results showed that small-scale hydropower is a cheap and established energy source, it can also contribute with cultural values, it is locally produced and consumed that can give greater stability to the electricity grid and reduce distribution losses. The disadvantages show that small-scale hydropower lacks some of the key features that large-scale hydropower can provide: the regulation of the electricity grid and the ability to store water that can be used if necessary. Furthermore, small-scale hydropower is considered to have a major negative impact on streams and biodiversity. The potential for small-scale hydropower could also be considered lower than for other renewable energy while developing more slowly. Legislation, permits and electricity certificate system has also been identified as factors that do not help the environmental situation in streams. The need to produce renewable electricity from small-scale hydropower can be considered lower than the need to protect streams and biodiversity to reach Swedish environmental quality objectives and the Water Framework Directive. There is scope for reducing electricity production from small-scale hydropower and still achieve environmental policy objectives on renewable energy and streams and biodiversity. The conclusion is that electricity production from small-scale hydropower cannot be justified in terms of its environmental impact and that there is a need to examine the possibility of removing the smallest hydropower plants with the greatest environmental impact. It is also stressed that there is a lack of proper incentives to promote biodiversity and aquatic environments and that the view of small-scale hydropower as environmentally friendly should be questioned.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-07T13:28:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA052.pdf: 2085548 bytes, checksum: e3351d2236cc09fa2f7cd11ad032a56f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T13:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA052.pdf: 2085548 bytes, checksum: e3351d2236cc09fa2f7cd11ad032a56f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-01 / FAPESC / The present study aimed to evaluate the hydric quality of the Ponte Grande River hydrographic basin in Lages-SC, through the identification of environmental impacts in the environmental protection areas and the evolution of the ways of land occupation between 1984 and 2013. For the determination of the water quality, samples were collected in 57 points of the basin: river sources, confluences and intermediate points. The evaluated parameters were: temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, turbidity, apparent color, total phenols, total suspended solids, nitrate, nitrite, total ammonia, total phosphorus, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the following heavy metals: copper, silver, cadmium, zinc, lead and total iron. The methodology utilized in the analyzes followed the orientations of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1999). The evaluation of land use was performed using the imagery of the satellites TM-Landsat 5 and 8 from the years of 1984, 1993, 2003 and 2013. Six classes of land use were identified: agriculture, water, urban area, field, native forest and reforested area. For 29 years, an increase of the “urban area” class was noticed, due to the reduction of the “field” class. Until 2003, the predominant class was “field”, with 44.84%. In 2013, the urban occupation reached 36.8% of the total area of the basin. In the PPAs, until 2003, “field” was predominant compared to the other uses, with 46.31% of the area. However, in 2013, “native forest” reached 50.83%, making “field” go to the second place with 23.78%. In 1984, 5.51% of the PPAs were not under the Law number 12651/2012 (Forest Code), without the preservation and maintenance of the forest or native covers. In 1993, this rate increased to 12.96%, and in 2003, it has obtained its highest value: 26.54%. In 2013, for the first time, it has dropped, reaching 25.56%. Regarding the water quality, from the 21 analyzed parameters, 12 showed values which are outside of the limits established by the CONAMA Resolution number 357/2005 for class II fresh waters. They were: DO (0.7 - 6.99 mg/L), pH (5.19 - 8.05), turbidity (1 - 289 turbidity units), color (0.5 - 327 color units), ammonia (0.04 - 8.94 mg/L), P (0 - 0.53 mg/L), phenol (0.005 - 0.037 mg/L), Cu (0.04 - 1.34 mg/L), Ag (0.008 - 0.242), Pb (0.05 - 0.36 mg/L), Cd (0.003 - 0.18 mg/L) and Fe (0.39 - 4.73 mg/L). It occurs due to the amount of domestic and industrial sewer, garbage disposal and the flow of agricultural waste that is being received by the hydrographic net. Total dissolved solids, salinity, total suspended solids, nitrate, nitrite and zinc attended the established standards for the referred class. Then, it can be concluded that the urbanization process is affecting not only the way of land use, but also the quality of the waters of the basin / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ponte Grande em Lages-SC a partir da identificação dos impactos ambientais nas áreas de preservação ambiental, e da evolução nas formas de ocupação do solo entre 1984 a 2013. Para a determinação da qualidade da água, foram coletadas amostras em 57 pontos da bacia: nascentes, confluências e pontos intermediários. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade, turbidez, cor aparente, fenóis totais, sólidos em suspensão, nitrato, nitrito, amônia total, fósforo total, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e os metais pesados: cobre, prata, cádmio, zinco, chumbo e ferro total. A metodologia utilizada nas análises seguiu as orientações do Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1999). A avaliação do uso do solo foi realizada utilizando-se imagens dos satélites TM-Landsat 5 e 8 dos anos de 1984, 1993, 2003 e 2013. Identificou-se seis classes de uso do solo: agricultura, água, área urbana, campo, mata nativa e reflorestamento. Ao longo dos 29 anos, constatou-se uma ascensão da classe área urbana, em detrimento da queda na classe campo. Até o ano de 2003 a classe predominante era o campo com 44,84%. Em 2013, a ocupação urbana atingiu 36,8% da área total da bacia. Nas APP’s até o ano de 2003 o campo foi predominante sobre os outros usos, com 46,31%; porém, em 2013, a mata nativa detinha 50,83%, deslocando a classe campo para o segundo lugar, com 23,78%. Em 1984, 5,51% das APP’s estavam em desacordo com a Lei nº 12.651/2012 (Código Florestal), sem a preservação e manutenção da cobertura florestal ou mata nativa. Em 1993 essa taxa subiu para 12,96%, e em 2003 obteve seu maior índice com 26,54%. Em 2013, pela primeira vez reduziu para 25,26%. Com relação à qualidade da água, dos 21 parâmetros analisados, 12 apresentaram valores fora dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 para águas doces de classe II. Foram eles: OD (0,7 - 6,99 mg/L), pH (5,19 - 8,05), turbidez (1 - 289 NTU), cor (0,5 - 327 uC), amônia (0,04 - 8,94 mg/L), P (0 - 0,53 mg/L), fenol (0,005 - 0,037 mg/L), Cu (0,04 - 1,34 mg/L), Ag (0,008 - 0,242), Pb (0,05 - 0,36 mg/L), Cd (0,003 - 0,18 mg/L) e Fe (0,39 - 4,73 mg/L). Isso ocorre devido ao despejo de esgotos domésticos e industriais, deposição de lixo e escoamento de resíduos agrícolas que a rede hidrográfica vem recebendo. As variáveis: sólidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade, sólidos em suspensão, nitrato, nitrito e zinco atenderam aos padrões estabelecidos para a referida classe. Conclui-se então, que o processo de urbanização está impactando não somente a forma de ocupação do solo, mas também a qualidade das águas da bacia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP