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Creating Worlds: Fan Modifications of Civilization 4Schmidt, Marcus January 2019 (has links)
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between author, text and user-generated modifications in the context of the computer game Civilization 4. These relationships are studied in part by analyzing how the game mechanics have been modified, and in part through analyzing the communication taking place between players of Civilization 4 in the CivFanatics online forums. The study concludes that fans as creators are increasingly leaning on each other and their self-produced accumulated body of knowledge in the generation of new and further changes to the narrative universe, and that the original creators of the game have all but faded from view. This suggests that fan creativity is not situated against or directed at particular authors (original or otherwise), but a community effort quite independent from original intent.
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Mer än bara ett sportintresse : en studie på supportengagemang / More than just an interest in sport : a study regarding fan engagementEriksson, Mathilda, Forsberg, Sandra, Skogström, Emmy January 2019 (has links)
Konsumtion av sport är mer än bara laget/idrottaren i sig. Supporterengagemang är en del i sportkonsumtionen, bland annat genom människor som deltar i tävlingar och matcher för att stötta sitt lag/idrottare. Engagemanget kan vara gynnsamt för både sportorganisationen och den individuella supportern och kan bidra med både positiva och negativa effekter. Studiens syfte var att undersöka motivationsfaktorer hos supportrarna, för att se vad som ger upphovtill deras engagemang. Efter analys av tidigare studier inom området, skapade vi en egenmodell med ett antal utvalda motivationsfaktorer. För att mäta faktorerna användes en webbenkät som instrument. Enkätundersökningen skickades ut via ett snöbollsurval tillsupportrar för diverse sportorganisationer i Sverige. Resultatet blev en respons på 287enkätsvar, och för att analysera detta tillämpades en regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att Självidentitet var den största motivationsfaktorn till att supportrar väljer att engagera sig i ett lag/idrottare. Även skillnader mellan fysiskt engagemang och engagemang på sociala medier mättes, där Social gemenskap var en större motivationsfaktor på sociala medier än för det fysiska engagemanget. Vidare mätte vi eventuella skillnader i engagemanget mellan kvinnor och män, då man i tidigare forskning sett brist på data inom området. Resultatet för studien visade att engagemanget inte skiljer sig något nämnvärt åt mellan kvinnor och män, och att samma motivationsfaktorer är underliggande för båda parters engagemang. Den enda möjliga slutsats för könsskillnader som kunde mätas, var att mängenerellt anser sig vara mer engagerade än vad kvinnor anser sig vara. / Sport consumption is more than just the team/athlete itself. Fan engagement is a part of the consumption, for example through people that are attending competitions and games to support their team/athlete. Fan engagement comes with both positive and negative effects, as well as bringing different kinds of profits to both the sport organisation and the individual fan. The aim of the study was to examine motivational factors for sport fans to see which factors contribute most to their engagement. After analysing previous studies on the subject, we created our own model using a few selected motivational factors. To measure the motivators, we created an online self-questionnaire survey. Through a snowballing sample we collected answers from fans of multiple sport organisations in Sweden. As a result we received 287responses that later was analysed through a regression analysis. The results showed that Self identity was the key motivator to why sport fans decides to engage with a team/athlete. The differences between physical engagement and social media engagement was measured as well. The results showed that Social community was proven to be a higher motivator on social media engagement rather than in physical engagement. Furthermore, the differences in engagement between men and women were measured, since studies on this subject was lacking in previous research. The results showed little difference between the two and that they are driven by the same motivators. The only possible conclusion regarding differences between the genders was that men, in general, consider themself more engaged in sports than women do.
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Trapped supercritical flows: Numerical simulations with idealized topographySöderberg, Stefan January 1999 (has links)
Numerical simulations of supercritical coastal flows have been performed. The meso-γ-scale model which has been used in this study is non-linear, hydrostatic and has a higher-order turbulence closure. Previous studies of supercritical coastal flows with this model have given rise to some questions and hypotheses, e. g. is the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino sufficient to excite an expansion fan? Is the local terrain of Cape Mendocino responsible for the collapse of the marine atmospheric layer (MABL) in Shelter Cove? This study was designed to answer these questions. The terrain used in the simulations was generated by a simple analytical function and fitted to the real terrain north of Cape Mendocino in a sense that it would reflect it as good as possible, neglecting ”small” changes in the orientation of the coast and height of the terrain. This made it possible to test hypotheses related to the coastline shape one by one. Simulations that were performed are: Piecewise linear coasts with constant terrain height where the change in coastline orientation, the height of the inversion and strength of the background wind speed was varied; Piecewise linear coasts where the height of the terrain was varying along the coast; Curved coastlines with different curvatures; Piecewise linear coasts with simplified capes perpendicular to the coast where the height of the cape was varied. It was found that the angle with which the coast turns away from the flow regulates the amount of acceleration in the following expansion fan. A decreasing height of the terrain along the coast lead to an increased acceleration of the flow, the largest acceleration was found when the slope of the terrain was confined to the change in coastline orientation. It was concluded that this is comparable to an increased change in coastline orientation. The simulations with curved coastlines confirmed the hypothesis that the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino is sufficient to excite an expansion fan. In fact, a curved coastline leads to a stronger acceleration of the flow than a piecewise linear coastline. One of the most striking features in this study was that the acceleration of the flow started far upstream of the change in coastline orientation, even though the flows were supercritical. This phenomenon was mainly found in the cases with the highest wind speeds. It is suggested that the upstream acceleration of the flow is due to either high amplitude gravity waves propagating within the MABL or internal gravity waves propagating above the inversion. When a cape was inserted perpendicular to the main coastline, this showed that even with a cape as low as approximately half the depth of the MABL, the flow was significantly blocked. Indications of wave-breaking on the lee side of the cape was also found, which confirmed the hypothesis that the local terrain of Cape Mendocino is responsible for the collapse of the MABL in Shelter Cove.
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Acoustique des chaudières hybrides : optimisation et contrôle par une approche qualité sonore / Acoustics of Hybrid Boilers : Optimization and Control Using a Sound Quality ApproachAu, Carine 15 December 2016 (has links)
Les constructeurs se préoccupent de plus en plus du bruit généré par leurs produits, que ce soit dans le domaine de l’automobile, de l’aéronautique ou récemment de l’électroménager, à cause des réglementations beaucoup plus strictes en termes de niveau sonore. Mais au-delà du bruit, la demande des utilisateurs ou de la population, concerne encore davantage la qualité sonore.Dans l’équipement électroménager, la chaudière hybride innovante développée par e.l.m. leblanc est un produit très intéressant sur le plan énergétique, puisqu’à la chaudière à gaz à condensation est associée une pompe à chaleur dans un encombrement réduit. Cette dernière a un coefficient de performance de 3,7 (3,7 kW/h fourni pour une consommation d’1kW/h électrique), elle permet ainsi une grande économie sur la facture de l’utilisateur.Cependant, son niveau sonore élevé empêche son installation dans des pièces de vie, comme la cuisine, limitant ainsi la conquête d’un plus vaste marché. Il faudrait que son bruit soit environ 40 fois moins fort pour répondre au niveau réglementaire. La conception d’une nouvelle génération de chaudière hybride a été l’occasion de lancer cette étude visant non seulement à réduire le niveau sonore, mais également à sculpter le son, afin de le rendre moins gênant.Une nouvelle approche, appelée Acoustique Prévisionnelle des SYstèmes Dynamiques (APSYD), a été utilisée et a servi de fil conducteur à notre étude. Elle permet de prendre en compte les critères acoustiques, vibratoires et également ceux de la qualité sonore, très en amont dans la conception d’un produit, ce qui évite de coûteuses modifications, ou même le rejet du produit fini, s’il est jugé trop bruyant.Dans ce travail de thèse, des mesures acoustiques et vibratoires sur les chaudières hybrides existantes ont été réalisées et analysées pour identifier les modifications optimales susceptibles de diminuer le bruit. Des solutions ont été proposées et leurs effets ont été évalués par des mesures. Le niveau sonore réglementaire a été atteint avec les dispositions que nous avons proposées.Pour intégrer la composante qualité sonore dans la conception, des tests d’écoute ont été réalisés pour identifier la cible sonore de la nouvelle chaudière hybride. Des analyses statistiques (ACP, AFC, ANOVA) ont permis de faire ressortir les paramètres qui interviennent, parfois de manière très fine, sur le ressenti sonore. Nous avons également testé l’effet de l’insertion d’une sonorité musicale et nous avons trouvé une corrélation entre l’agrément du bruit de l’appareil et ce paramètre.Ce constat a orienté la thèse vers le développement d’une méthode originale permettant de définir les paramètres physiques d’un ventilateur pour qu’il génère une sonorité musicale donnée. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une nouvelle démarche semi-expérimentale permettant de prédire le spectre de raies d’une roue, et employé un algorithme d’optimisation, afin de rechercher les paramètres géométriques optimaux de la roue. Elle a été validée sur deux bancs d’expérimentation. Cette nouvelle méthode permet de sculpter le son tonal d’un ventilateur, d’une turbomachine, ou plus largement d’une machine tournante. / Manufacturers increasingly care about noise made by their products, whether it is in car, in aeronautics, or recently in home appliances industry, because of much more restricting regulations regarding noise level. But beyond noise, users and population’s demand concerns more about sound quality.Among domestic equipment, the innovate hybrid boiler developed by e.l.m. leblanc is an interesting product energetically speaking as the condensing gas boiler is combined with a heat pump in a limited space. The performance coefficient of the heat pump is 3.7 (3.7 kW/h provided for an electric consumption of 1 kW/h), resulting in large savings on users’ bills.However, its high noise level prevents its installation in living spaces, such as kitchen, restricting the conquest of a larger market. His noise should be 40 times lower to meet regulatory level. The design of a new generation of hybrid boiler has been the opportunity to start this study aiming not only to reduce noise level, but also to carve sound in order to make it less annoying.A new approach, called Projected Acoustics of Dynamic Systems (PADS), has been used and has acted as a thread for our study. It takes into account acoustic, vibrating criteria and also those from sound quality well upstream from product design stage, thus avoiding expensive modifications or even rejection of the finished product if the latter is considered noisy.Acoustic and vibration measurements have been carried out on existing hybrid boilers and they have been analyzed in order to identify optimal modifications that may reduce noise. Solutions have been suggested and their effects have been evaluated by measurements. The regulatory noise level is reached with suggested measures.To integrate sound quality component into design, listening tests have been carried out to identify the sound target of the new hybrid boiler. Statistical analysis (PCA, FCA, Variance Analysis) brought out parameters impacting on noise perception, sometimes very subtly. We have tested the effect of the integration of musical tone and a correlation between noise pleasantness and this parameter was observed.This observation has concentrated this thesis on the development of an original method that can define the physical parameters of a fan so it makes a given musical tone. To do so, we have suggested a new semi-experimental approach that can predict line spectrum of a fan and we have used an optimization algorithm in order to find the optimum geometrical parameters. This new method has been validated with two test benches. It can be used to curve tonal noise of a fan, a turbomachine, or more generally a rotating machine.
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“I crashed my car into a cement pole and cried all the way home but my eye makeup was still perfect” : A qualitative study of members’ sense of belonging within Sephora’s commodified community: Beauty InsiderAnkarberg, Emma January 2019 (has links)
This study seeks to understand ways in which members’ experience a sense of belonging within Sephora’s own commodified community: Beauty Insider. Three research questions are presented, the final one being of highest importance: in which way do members of Beauty Insider experience a sense of belonging? To be able to understand the members, previous research is presented where Muniz & O’Guinn’s (2001) study on Brand Communities is essential, as well as the study conducted by Dholakia et al. (2004) on participation within communities. To better understand what activities members engage in within communities, a theoretical framework based on fan cultures, consumer culture and participatory culture is presented to gain a better understanding of the aspects of a community. This study will approach the research questions mainly using focus group interviews, as well as a necessary description of the discourse content of the platform to better understand the context of the study. The study concludes by presenting a result and an analysis that is, mostly, in line with previous research as well as discovering new aspects of members attitudes towards Beauty Insider and which meaning members experience as a result of participating in different activities within the community.
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O cinema americano das primeiras décadas do século XX e a construção de estereótipos femininos: algumas análises / The American cinema of the early decades of the 20th century and the construction of female stereotypes: some analysisAnacleto, Laura Mello de Mattos 27 June 2016 (has links)
O presente estudo tem por objetivo observar as mudanças estéticas havidas no decorrer do século XIX, mediante a comparação da sociedade moralista oitocentista e alguns estereótipos do gênero feminino produzidos e impulsionados pelo cinema clássico hollywoodiano do início do século XX com intercessão da moda e da cosmética. Propõe um confronto entre a construção estética e o contexto social, sob a perspectiva da moda, da cosmética, e do cinema e a possível relação quanto à difusão da simplificação e posterior democratização dos trajes até o início da década de 1960. O cinema avaliado, nesse sentido, como primeiro veículo de alto poder de persuasão, coloca-se como um provedor de tendências das aparências e de fomento de comportamentos que poderiam ser adotados pela massa. A pesquisa parte de uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, por meio de referências bibliográficas e análise do vestuário e de maquiagem presente nas filmografias e nas revistas de fãs, no espaço de tempo selecionado. Ao identificar as alterações estéticas promovidas pelo incentivo midiático desde seus primórdios, disponibilizam-se respostas sobre a importância dos meios de comunicação nas construções dos visuais femininos modernos / This research aims to observe the aesthetics changes occurred throughout the 19th century, through the comparison of 19th century moralist society and some stereotypes of the female gender produced and driven by the classic Hollywood cinema of the early 20th century with the intercession of fashion and cosmetics. It proposes a confrontation of aesthetic construction and the social context, from the perspective of fashion, cosmetics, and the cinema and its possible relationship with regard to the dissemination of simplification and greater democratization of the costumes until early 1960. The cinema evaluated in this sense, as the first high persuasion power vehicle, as a provider of trends of appearances and promoting behaviors that could be adopted by the mass. The research departs from a qualitative approach on the subject, exploring, through the analysis of clothing and makeup related to the filmography and the fans magazines in the timeframe selected. Identifying the aesthetics changes promoted by the media since its inception, offering answers to the importance of the media in the construct of the modern female visuals
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Lisa See's Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, the Lao Tong relationship from a feminist perspectivePang, Tian Yang January 2018 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English
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Effects of distortion on modern turbofan tonal noise / Effets de la distorsion sur le bruit tonal d’un turboréacteur moderneDaroukh, Majd 06 July 2017 (has links)
Et une quantification de la distorsion due à l’effet potentiel des OGVs et de celle due à l’asymétrie de l’entrée d’air sont proposées. Les effets de la distorsion sur l’aérodynamique sont mis en évidence avec notamment une modification importante des sillages des pales de la soufflante, des chocs et de la charge instationnaire exercée sur les différentes pales et aubes. Des prévisions Les objectifs en termes de réduction de la consommation et du bruit émis par les moteurs d’avions ont progressivement mené aux architectures à très grand taux de dilution (UHBR). Leur géométrie est caractérisée par une entrée d’air courte et par une réduction de l’espace entre la soufflante et les aubes du redresseur du flux secondaire (OGVs), entraînant alors une augmentation de l’inhomogénéité azimutale de l’écoulement au niveau de la soufflante. Cette inhomogénéité, appelée distorsion, pourrait impacter le bruit tonal généré par le module de la soufflante. Ce bruit est généralement supposé être dominé par le mécanisme d’interaction des sillages des pales de la soufflante avec les OGVs. En régime transsonique, le bruit de choc et le bruit de charge stationnaire deviennent également prépondérants. L’augmentation de la distorsion pourrait être à l’origine de nouvelles sources de bruit en interagissant avec les pales de la soufflante et l’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer leur contribution. Les effets de la distorsion sur les mécanismes de bruit déjà existants sont également analysés. Cette étude est réalisée à l’aide de simulations numériques des équations instationnaires de Navier-Stokes moyennées (URANS). Un module complet de fan est considéré sur 360 degrés et se compose d’un conduit d’entrée d’air, de la soufflante et des redresseurs des flux primaire et secondaire (IGVs/OGVs). Le redresseur du flux secondaire est typique des moteurs actuels avec un pylône intégré et deux entrées d’air différentes sont étudiées de manière à isoler les effets de la distorsion d’entrée d’air. La première est axisymétrique et ne produit donc pas de distorsion alors que la deuxième ne l’est pas et produit un niveau de distorsion typique de ceux attendus dans les moteurs UHBR. Une description acoustiques basées sur les approches directe et hybride sont réalisées et soulignent la contribution importante des sources localisées sur les pales de la soufflante sur le bruit amont. Le bruit aval reste dominé par les sources sur les OGVs mais est tout de même impacté par la distorsion d’entrée d’air via la modification des sillages. / Fuel consumption and noise reduction trigger the evolution of aircraft engines towards Ultra High Bypass Ratio (UHBR) architectures. Their short air inlet design and the reduction of their interstage length lead to an increased circumferential inhomogeneity of the flow close to the fan. This inhomogeneity, called distortion, may have an impact on the tonal noise radiated from the fan module. Usually, such a noise source is supposed to be dominated by the interaction of fan-blade wakes with Outlet Guide Vanes (OGVs). At transonic tip speeds, the noise generated by the shocks and the steady loading on the blades also appears to be significant. The increased distortion may be responsible for new acoustic sources while interacting with the fan blades and the present work aims at evaluating their contribution. The effects of distortion on the other noise mechanisms are also investigated. The work is based on full-annulus simulations of the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations. A whole fan module including the inlet duct, the fan and the Inlet and Outlet Guide Vanes (IGVs/OGVs) is studied. The OGV row is typical of current engine architecture with an integrated pylon and two different air inlet ducts are compared in order to isolate the effects of inlet distortion. The first one is axisymmetric and does not produce any distortion while the other one is asymmetric and produces a level of distortion typical of the ones expected in UHBR engines. A description and a quantification of the distortion that is caused by both the potential effect of the OGVs and the inlet asymmetry are proposed. The effects of the distortion on aerodynamics are highlighted with significant modifications of the fanblade wakes, the shocks and the unsteady loading on the blades and on the vanes. Both direct and hybrid acoustic predictions are provided and highlight the contribution of the fan-blade sources to the upstream noise. The downstream noise is still dominated by the OGV sources but it is shown to be significantly impacted by the inlet distortion via the modification of the impinging wakes.
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Comportamento das curvas resultantes da interação das leituras visuais e digitais na triagem de auto-anticorpos (FAN) pela imunofluorescência indiretaFrancescantonio, Paulo Luiz Carvalho 12 May 2005 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2005-05-12 / The indirect immunofluorescence test is widely used in the clinical pathology laboratory.
Among the tests in this group we have FAN, which means research of antibodies against
components of the nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm and mitotic spindle. This test, used in the
selection of auto antibodies, imposes some difficulties for its application such as: it requires
two highly specialized technicians to read of the slides, what prevents automation of the
process; low standardization; lack of documentation; decay of the fluorescence while
reading of the slide; lack of standardization of the optic system; great variability of substrata
and the dependence on the experience of the observer. These factors limit the use of the test
to a small group of laboratories worldwide. This work aims at minimizing those difficulties
by creating the basic knowledge on the behavior of the resultant curves of the interactions
between visual and digital readings. The images visual read are digitally captured and the
intensity of its fluorescent green is evaluated. We analyze the curves produced for five
patterns of FAN: homogeneous nuclear pattern, speckled centromeric nuclear pattern,
mixed fine speckled nuclear standard and mitotic spindle NuMa 1, mitotic spindle pattern
NuMa 2 and nucleolar homogeneous pattern. The behavior of the resultant curves of the
interaction of digital and visual readings shows that the digital readings within a single title
in the same patterns can be differentiated in 96,7% of the cases. In a second within patterns
analysis, homologous dilutions, with several titles in the same pattern were distinguished in
99,2% of cases. The inter patterns analysis, which assesses whether the calibration curve
obtained using homogeneous nucleolar pattern can be used for the others patterns, we
obtained 98,8% of concordance.
The creation of a new technology through knowledge of the behaviors of the resultant
curves of the visual and digital readings of FAN testes can cause what we call
“technological unemployment”, this phenomenon can be aggravated if society is in a
decreasing economic cycle. In Brazil there is a group of public policies theat guide the
application of a fund to support worker qualification minimizing the impact caused by the
introduction of a new technology. / O teste de imunofluorescência indireta é amplamente utilizado no laboratório de patologia
clinica. Entre os ensaios efetuados, temos o FAN, que significa pesquisa de anticorpos
contra componentes do núcleo, nucléolo, citoplasma e aparelho mitótico. Este ensaio,
utilizado na triagem de auto anticorpos, apresenta algumas dificuldades para sua realização
tais como: dois técnicos altamente especializados para a leitura das lâminas, o que
impossibilita automação; baixo nível de padronização; pouca documentação queda da
fluorescência durante a leitura da lâmina; falta de padronização do sistema óptico, a grande
variabilidade dos substratos e a dependência da experiência do observador. Isto limita o uso
do ensaio a um grupo menor de laboratórios em todo mundo. Este trabalho visa minimizar
essas dificuldades criando o conhecimento básico do comportamento das curvas resultantes
das interações de leituras visuais e digitais. As imagens lidas visualmente são capturadas
digitalmente e têm a intensidade de seu verde fluorescente avaliadas. Analisamos as curvas
produzidas por cinco padrões de FAN: padrão nuclear homogêneo, padrão nuclear
pontilhado centromérico, padrão misto nuclear pontilhado fino e aparelho mitótico NuMa 1,
padrão aparelho mitótico tipo fuso mitótico NuMa 2 e padrão nucleolar homogêneo. O
comportamento das curvas resultantes da interação das leituras digitais e visuais mostra que
os valores digitais das diluições dentro de um mesmo título em um mesmo padrão, podem
ser diferenciados em 96,7% dos casos. Na segunda análise intrapadrão, as diluições
homólogas, entre os diversos títulos dentro de um mesmo padrão, têm seus valores digitais
diferenciados em 99,2% dos casos. A análise interpadrões, que avalia se a curva de
calibração produzida utilizando o padrão nuclear homogêneo pode ser utilizada nos demais
padrões, demonstrou um nível de concordância de 98,8% nos ensaios examinados. A criação
de uma nova tecnologia derivada do conhecimento do comportamento das curvas resultantes
das leituras visuais e digitais podem gerar o que denominamos desemprego tecnológico,
essa situação pode ser agravada se a sociedade se encontra em um ciclo econômico
decrescente. No Brasil existe um grupo de políticas publicas que orientam a aplicação do
Fundo de amparo ao trabalhador na qualificação de sua mão de obra minimizando o impacto
causado pela introdução de uma nova tecnologia.
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OS CONSENSOS PARA PESQUISA DE AUTOANTICORPOS EM CÉLULAS HEp-2 (FAN HEp-2): IMPLANTAÇÃO DAS DIRETRIZES NOS LABORATÓRIOS CLÍNICOS BRASILEIROSSilva, Glaucielen Gomes da 08 March 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / The search for autoantibodies in HEp-2 cells represents a relevant tool for diagnostic
assistance in the investigation of autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatic
diseases. This methodology, over the last years, underwent by intense process of
improvement and standardization with the accomplishment of the Brazilian
Consensus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the implantation of
recommendations in the clinical laboratories that perform the methodology, 16 years
after the accomplishment of the I Brazilian Consensus on ANA in HEp-2 cells. A
research was conducted for the laboratories between February and October 2016.
The laboratories were invited to answer questions that dealt with the guidelines of the
Consensus, addressing technical aspects, quality control, reading of the slides,
issuance of reports and educational programs. The study counted on the
participation of 53 laboratories that jointly realize an estimate of 300,000 ANA by
month. It has been identified that several medical specialties request the
examination, and different professionals are responsible for the technical procedure
and reading of the fluorescence slides. Consensus recommendations are being
followed by all laboratories, in absolute by 58.5% of the laboratories. Regarding the
technical procedure, 83.1% of the participants are screening at a 1:80 dilution and
the title depletion, recommended by consensus, is being adopted by all participants.
It was evidenced that 39.6% of the participants use more than one brand of kit and
that 22.6% performs titration of the conjugate to each new kit and different lamp
powers are used in laboratories with a predominance of 100 Watts. Regarding the
reading of the slides, 94.3% stated that they observed the four cell compartments,
92.5% said to classify the chromosome metaphase plate negative or positive and
32.1% of the participants did not affirm to observe the cells in all phases of the cycle.
In the issue of reports, 13.2% of the laboratories admitted to reporting only the name
of the standard followed by the title, not presenting the descriptive report and 24.5%
of the participants do not use education and quality control programs. Most
laboratories were able to identify representative images of sets of patterns. The
results presented here demonstrate consistent advances from the implementation of
the ANA Consensus in Brazil, but also evidence the need for actions to implement
continuing education programs. / A pesquisa de autoanticorpos em células HEp-2 tem auxiliado no diagnóstico na
investigação de doenças autoimunes especialmente as reumáticas. Tal metodologia,
ao longo dos últimos anos, passou por um intenso processo de aperfeiçoamento e
padronização com a realização do Consenso Brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve
como objetivo avaliar, 16 anos após a realização do I Consenso Brasileiro de FAN
em Células HEp-2, a implantação das recomendações nos laboratórios clínicos que
realizam a metodologia. Foi realizada uma pesquisa direcionada aos laboratórios
entre fevereiro e outubro de 2016. Os laboratórios foram convidados a responder
um questionário sobre as diretrizes do Consenso, abordando aspectos técnicos,
controle de qualidade, leitura das lâminas, emissão de laudos e programas
educativos. O estudo contou com a participação de 53 laboratórios que, em
conjunto, realizam uma estimativa de 300.000 FAN/mês. Foi identificada uma
heterogeneidade em especialidades médicas solicitantes do teste e profissionais
responsáveis pelo procedimento técnico e leitura das lâminas de fluorescência. As
recomendações do Consenso estão sendo seguidas em sua totalidade por 58,5%
dos laboratórios. Em relação ao procedimento técnico, 83,1% dos participantes
fazem triagem com diluição 1:80 e o esgotamento de título, recomendado pelo
Consenso, está sendo adotado por todos os participantes. Evidenciou-se que 39,6%
dos participantes utilizam mais de uma marca de kit e que 22,6% realiza a titulação
do conjugado a cada nova kit, e diferentes potências de lâmpadas são utilizadas nos
laboratórios com predomínio das de 100 Watts. Em relação à leitura das lâminas,
94,3% afirmam observar os quatro compartimentos celulares, 92,5% afirmam
classificar a placa metafásica cromossômica em negativa ou positiva e 32,1% dos
participantes não afirmaram observar as células em todas as fases do ciclo celular.
Na emissão de laudos, 13,2% dos laboratórios admitiram relatar somente o nome do
padrão seguido pelo título, não apresentando o laudo descritivo e 24,5% dos
participantes não utilizam programas de educação e controle de qualidade. A
maioria dos laboratórios foi capaz de identificar imagens representativas de grupos
de padrões. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram consistentes avanços a
partir da implantação do Consenso de FAN no Brasil, porém, evidenciam também a
necessidade de ações para implementação dos programas de educação continuada.
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