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The study of the flow of a fan blade was conducted to improve tonal fan noise reduction by optimizing an existing flow control configuration. The current configuration consisted of a trailing edge Slot with a flow control area of 0.045 in² per inch span with an exit angle of -3.3° with respect to the blade exit angle. Two other flow control configurations containing discrete jets were investigated. For the first configuration, the trailing edge jets (TEJ), the fan blade was modified with discrete jets spaced 0.3 inches apart with a flow control area of 0.01 in² per inch span positioned on the trailing edge aimed at -3.3° with respect to the blade exit angle. Similarly, discrete jets were also placed on the suction surface at 95.5% chord aimed at 15° with respect to the local blade surface. This configuration is referred to as the suction surface jet (SSJ). The discrete jets for both configurations were designed to be choked while injecting a mass flow rate of 1.00% of the fan through-flow. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to model new configurations and study subsequent changes in total pressure deficit using a blade design inlet Mach number of 0.73, Reynolds number based on chord length of 1.67 à 106, and design incidence angle of 0°. Experimental testing was later conducted in a 2D cascade tunnel. The TEJ and SSJ were tested at design blowing of 1.00% and at off-design conditions of 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.25% fan through-flow. Results between the different flow control configurations were compared using a blowing coefficient. CFD showed the TEJ and SSJ offered aerodynamic improvement over the Slot configuration. Testing showed the SSJ outperformed the TEJ, as validated in CFD, producing wider and shallower wakes. SSJ area-averaged pressure losses were 25% less than TEJ at design. Noise predictions based on CFD findings showed that both TEJ and SSJ provided additional tonal sound power level attenuation over the Slot configuration at similar blowing coefficients, with the SSJ providing the most attenuation. Noise prediction based on experimental results concurred that the SSJ provided more total attenuation than the TEJ. Experimental results showed that the SSJ performed better aerodynamically and, based on analytical prediction, provided 2 dB more total attenuation than the TEJ. / Master of Science

Der Fußball lebt von den Zuschauern und mehr noch den Fans. Immer wieder jedoch zeigen sich jedoch auch die Schattenseiten des Sports: Aggression, Ausschreitungen, Diskriminierung, Extremismus, Risikogruppen, Stigmatisierung und Gewaltbereitschaft. Trotz geringer absoluter Zahlen von Vorfällen, stellt eine Teilmenge der Fanszene alle Beteiligten vor große Herausforderungen. Wir beleuchten Konzepte der Fanarbeit aus struktureller und methodischer Perspektive. Welche Strukturen und Rahmenbedingungen existieren bereits und wie ist das Netzwerk der Akteure beschaffen, die diese Arbeit leisten? Welche elaborierten Ansätze und Konzepte aus der Wissenschaft können künftig außerdem angewendet werden? Ein Fazit lautet, dass das Netzwerk der beteiligten Personen im Bereich Fanarbeit außerordentlich komplex ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund geben wir für diese überaus wichtige Arbeit einige Empfehlungen für einen gelungenen Transfer aus der Wissenschaft in die Praxis.

To achieve high thermal efficiency in modern gas turbines, the turbine-inlet temperature has to be increased. In response to such requisites and to prevent thermal failure of the components exposed to hot gas streams, the use of different cooling techniques, including film cooling, is essential. Finding an optimum film cooling design has become a challenge as it is influenced by a large number of flow and geometrical parameters. This study is dedicated to some important aspects of film cooling of a turbine guide vane and consists of three parts. The first part is associated with an experimental investigation of the suction and pressure side cooling by means of a transient IR-Thermography technique under engine representative conditions. It is shown that the overall film cooling performance of the suction side can be improved by adding showerhead cooling if fan-shaped holes are used, while cylindrical holes may not necessarily benefit from a showerhead. According to the findings, investigation of an optimum cooling design for the suction side is not only a function of hole shape, blowing ratio, state of approaching flow, etc., but is also highly dependent on the presence/absence of showerhead cooling as well as the number of cooling rows. In this regard, it is also discussed that the combined effect of the adiabatic film effectiveness (AFE) and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) should be considered in such study. As for the pressure side cooling, it is found that either the showerhead or a single row of cylindrical cooling holes can enhance the HTC substantially, whereas a combination of the two or using fan-shaped holes indicates considerably lower HTC. An important conclusion is that adding more than one cooling row will not augment the HTC and will even decrease it under certain circumstances. In the second part, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigations have shown that film cooling holes subjected to higher flow acceleration will maintain a higher level of AFE. Although this was found to be valid for both suction and pressure side, due to an overall lower acceleration for the pressure side, a lower AFE was achieved. Moreover, the CFD results indicate that fan-shaped holes with low area ratio (dictated by design constraints for medium-size gas turbines), suffer from cooling jet separation and hence reduction in AFE for blowing ratios above unity. Verification of these conclusions by experiments suggests that CFD can be used more extensively, e.g. for parametric studies. The last part deals with method development for deriving correlations based on experimental data to support engineers in the design stage. The proposed method and the ultimate correlation model could successfully correlate the laterally averaged AFE to the downstream distance, the blowing ratio and the local pressure coefficient representing the effect of approaching flow. The applicability of the method has been examined and the high level of predictability of the final model demonstrates its suitability to be used for design purposes in the future. / Turbo Power Program

There has been a significant amount of growth in soccer game attendance and media coverage since the Premier Soccer League (PSL) in South Africa was established in 1996. However, match attendance started to decline from the 2013 season. PSL teams need to do something to get the fans back into the stadiums. A stable fan base is of vital importance for a team’s competitive advantage since the growing commercialisation of sport. The South African PSL is no exception and teams need to comprehend the importance of loyal fans. Team identification is linked to higher game attendance and more fans that are loyal and, therefore, it is relevant to the PSL teams. Higher game attendance will increase the teams’ revenues through ticket sales. Highly identified fans are loyal fans and increase the likelihood of better sponsorship deals for a team. Higher levels of team identification with a team could be obtained through a unique brand personality. Brand personality is necessary for sport team managers in order to understand fans’ perception regarding a team brand. As such, managers will be able to better position the teams’ brand and reach the target market accordingly. In South Africa, members of the Generation Y cohort made up 38 percent of the country’s population in 2014 (Statistics South Africa, 2014:9), which in terms of its size, make this cohort a highly relevant market segment. Generation Y, specifically African Generation Y, represents an important current and future market segment for PSL teams. This study focuses on the student segment of the Generation Y cohort. Given that a tertiary qualification generally is associated with a higher future earning capacity and a greater role model status within a society, university students are likely to be of particular interest to marketers. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of African Generation Y students’ perceived brand personality of South African PSL teams on their PSL team identification. The study used an adapted version of a team identification scale (Swanson et al., 2003) and sport brand personality scale (Braunstein & Ross, 2010) to measure the perceptions. The sampling frame for the study comprised the 26 public registered higher education institutions (HEIs) situated in South Africa. The study used one traditional university and one university of technology located in the Gauteng province. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 full time African Generation Y students was taken from the two HEIs. Of the questionnaires completed, 438 were usable. The statistical analysis of the collected data included exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and independent sample t-tests. The findings suggested that Generation Y students exhibit a positive level of team identification towards their favourite team. Generation Y students perceived their favourite PSL team more hard working, confident, respected, skilled and successful. The results also suggest that the level of team identification with the PSL teams could be predicted by two dimensions (successfulness and ruggedness) of brand personality. Generation Y male and female students only differ regarding the perception of two of the brand personality dimensions (successfulness and sophistication). The findings of this study contribute to the limited literature available concerning the level of team identification and brand personality perceptions of sport teams in the South African context. The study shed light specifically on the level of team identification and brand personality perceptions of Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs. These were the top two teams identified by the respondents. These findings will assist these PSL teams to understand the brand personality perceptions of the team amongst African Generation Y fans better. The study also indicates some relationship between brand personality and team identification. The results suggest teams can use their brand personality to influence team identification amongst fans positively. These results can be used to assess and alter their current marketing strategies.

There has been a significant amount of growth in soccer game attendance and media coverage since the Premier Soccer League (PSL) in South Africa was established in 1996. However, match attendance started to decline from the 2013 season. PSL teams need to do something to get the fans back into the stadiums. A stable fan base is of vital importance for a team’s competitive advantage since the growing commercialisation of sport. The South African PSL is no exception and teams need to comprehend the importance of loyal fans. Team identification is linked to higher game attendance and more fans that are loyal and, therefore, it is relevant to the PSL teams. Higher game attendance will increase the teams’ revenues through ticket sales. Highly identified fans are loyal fans and increase the likelihood of better sponsorship deals for a team. Higher levels of team identification with a team could be obtained through a unique brand personality. Brand personality is necessary for sport team managers in order to understand fans’ perception regarding a team brand. As such, managers will be able to better position the teams’ brand and reach the target market accordingly. In South Africa, members of the Generation Y cohort made up 38 percent of the country’s population in 2014 (Statistics South Africa, 2014:9), which in terms of its size, make this cohort a highly relevant market segment. Generation Y, specifically African Generation Y, represents an important current and future market segment for PSL teams. This study focuses on the student segment of the Generation Y cohort. Given that a tertiary qualification generally is associated with a higher future earning capacity and a greater role model status within a society, university students are likely to be of particular interest to marketers. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of African Generation Y students’ perceived brand personality of South African PSL teams on their PSL team identification. The study used an adapted version of a team identification scale (Swanson et al., 2003) and sport brand personality scale (Braunstein & Ross, 2010) to measure the perceptions. The sampling frame for the study comprised the 26 public registered higher education institutions (HEIs) situated in South Africa. The study used one traditional university and one university of technology located in the Gauteng province. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 full time African Generation Y students was taken from the two HEIs. Of the questionnaires completed, 438 were usable. The statistical analysis of the collected data included exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and independent sample t-tests. The findings suggested that Generation Y students exhibit a positive level of team identification towards their favourite team. Generation Y students perceived their favourite PSL team more hard working, confident, respected, skilled and successful. The results also suggest that the level of team identification with the PSL teams could be predicted by two dimensions (successfulness and ruggedness) of brand personality. Generation Y male and female students only differ regarding the perception of two of the brand personality dimensions (successfulness and sophistication). The findings of this study contribute to the limited literature available concerning the level of team identification and brand personality perceptions of sport teams in the South African context. The study shed light specifically on the level of team identification and brand personality perceptions of Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs. These were the top two teams identified by the respondents. These findings will assist these PSL teams to understand the brand personality perceptions of the team amongst African Generation Y fans better. The study also indicates some relationship between brand personality and team identification. The results suggest teams can use their brand personality to influence team identification amongst fans positively. These results can be used to assess and alter their current marketing strategies.

迷文化從1990年至今一直是文化研究的寵兒，新科技與跨國文化的加入豐富了迷文化的實踐樣貌，也帶出了新的研究方向。本研究探討喜愛K-POP的迷妹如何利用Facebook的打卡功能，展示自己的迷身分，透過研究深入了解打卡當下的脈絡與實踐心態，進一步探討迷的各式資本是如何在打卡動態上呈現。 本研究使用資料觀察分析法與深度訪談法。針對7位受訪者，利用打卡資料抓取程式濾出Facebook打卡訊息，事先審視其打卡資料，確保資料的完整度與真實性，再透過深度訪談，更加了解迷的打卡實踐心態與過程，期以兩種研究方法交互參照，擁有更豐富的研究資料。 研究發現，迷打卡出現的場合非常多元，除了迷活動相關的地點，生活打卡也可看出迷實踐的蹤跡。迷打卡種類繁多，展現的資本也非常複雜，除了一眼就能看出的資本呈現，更多時候是必須搭配打卡的情境與脈絡才能知悉。除此之外，這些不斷增生、轉換、積累的資本，透過迷在打卡的展演，進而成為迷獲取象徵資本的籌碼與管道。迷展現資本，同時也會暴露自己的階級，但在網路場域，除了讓資本呈現不同的特色風貌，階級的呈現能夠被隱匿，低度資本也有翻轉的可能。 / Studies of fan cultures have been discussed since 1990. However, influenced by new technology and cultural differences, fans have a variety of media use that leads to culture consumption. This study tries to find out the media use behavior through K-POP fans’ check in practice. In order to be informational and accurate, the study contains two methods. First, seven participants share their experiences of Facebook check-in behaviors, and then data crawling is used to get all check-in data. My findings indicate that fans use check-ins on Facebook to perform fans' behavior in fan-activities and in the daily life. The capitals displaying on check-ins are multifarious. Some of them are easy to see but some hidden capitals will be found by understanding the context behind check-ins. In addition, fans emerge, transform, accumulate and display different capitals on facebook check-ins and those displaying capitals are the factors to obtain symbolic capitals as well. Fans show capitals they have on Facebook, which will expose their social classes in the mean time. However, on the internet, fans can hide the clues of classes consciously, and show more capitals than they have.