Long-haul optical fiber communication system is an important technology to support the latest broadband communication in the world, and there is strong competition in optical long-haul transmission to achieve high channel bit rates and large transmission capacity. Therefore, it is important to study a technology to improve the performance of such system. As we have already known, return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK) is an attractive solution to improve the long distance transmission system performance compared to the conventional on-off keying (OOK) in a 10-Gb/s system, because it has a high nonlinear tolerance. The dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) is attractive for its ability to improve the system performance. Therefore, it is possible to improve the transmission performance by a combination of the RZ-DPSK and the DFF, and one important technology of the current long-haul optical fiber communication system is the dispersion map. And it is widely deployed for already installed undersea optical fiber communication system in the world. A previous study reported that the blockless type dispersion map showed a superior performance than the block type dispersion map, and some efforts to improve the transmission performance of the block type map were conducted. Fundamental idea to improve the transmission performance of the block type map is to reduce the zero crossing points, and one idea is to shift the map toward the positive or the negative cumulative dispersion to reduce the zero crossing points within the map, but it was not so successful. The other idea is to tilt the dispersion map and it was more successful but not good enough. In this master thesis, I continued the study to improve the long-haul RZ-DPSK system performance using the block type dispersion map. One new idea of the dispersion map shifting, the split shifting, was tried, and another new idea of the dispersion map tilting, the split tilting, was examined. The performance with different repeater output power and different compensation scheme within the dispersion map was simulated by a numerical simulator .The goal is, following previous research, to clarify improved dispersion map design of the long-haul RZ-DPSK based transmission and find the effective method to improve the transmission performance. In addition, I also investigate tolerance of the effective area of the transmission fiber theoretically for the long-haul RZ-DPSK system based on the DFF.

SRAM is a significant component in high speed computer design, which serves mainly as high speed storage elements like register files in microprocessors, or the interface like multiple-level caches between high speed processing elements and low speed peripherals. One method to design the SRAM is to use commercial memory compiler. Such compiler can generate different density/speed SRAM designs with single/dual/multiple ports to fulfill design purpose. There are discrepancy of the SRAM timing parameters between extracted layout netlist SPICE simulation vs. equation-based Liberty file (.lib) by a commercial memory compiler. This compiler takes spec values as its input and uses them as the starting points to generate the timing tables/matrices in the .lib. Originally large spec values are given to guarantee design correctness. While such spec values are usually too pessimistic when comparing with the results from extracted layout SPICE simulation, which serves as the “golden” rule. Besides, there is no margin information built-in such .lib generated by this compiler. A new methodology is proposed to get accurate spec values for the input of this compiler to generate more realistic matrices in .lib, which will benefit during the integration of the SRAM IP and timing analysis.

No description available.

This thesis work primarily focuses on the applicability of sub-threshold source coupled logic (STSCL) for building digital circuits and systems that run at very low voltage and promise to provide desirable performance with excellent energy savings. Sectors like bio-engineering and smart sensors require the energy consumption to be effectively very low for long battery life. Alongside meeting the ultra-low power specification, the system must also be reliable, robust, and perform well under harsh conditions. In this thesis work, logic gates are designed and analyzed, using STSCL. These gates are further used for implementation of digital subsystems in small-sized smart dust sensors which would operate at very low supply voltages and consume extremely low power. For understanding the performance of STSCL with respect to ultra-low power and energy; a seven-stage ring oscillator, a 4-by-4 array multiplier, a fifth-order FIR filter and finally a fifty-fifth-order FIR filter were designed. The subcircuits and systems have been simulated for different supply voltages, scaling down to 0.2 V, at different temperature values (-20oC and 70oC) in both 45 nm and 65 nm process technologies. The chosen architectures for the FIR filters and array multiplier were conventional and essentially taken from traditional CMOS-based designs. The simulated results are studied, analyzed and compared with same CMOS-based digital circuits. The results show on the advantage of STSCL-based digital systems over CMOS. Simulation results provide an energy consumption of 1.1388 nJ for a fifty-fifth-order FIR filter, at low temperatures (-20oC), using STSCL logic, which is comparatively less than for the corresponding CMOS logic implementation.

Mixed-signal processing systems especially data converters can be reliably tested at high frequencies using on-chip testing schemes based on memory. In this thesis, an on-chip testing strategy based on shift registers/memory (2 k bits) has been proposed for digital-to-analog converters (DACs) operating at 5 GHz. The proposed design uses word length of 8 bits in order to test DAC at high speed of 5 GHz. The proposed testing strategy has been designed in standard 65 nm CMOS technology with additional requirement of 1-V supply. This design has been implemented using Cadence IC design environment. The additional advantage of the proposed testing strategy is that it requires lower number of I/O pins and avoids the large number of high speed I/O pads. It therefore also solves the problem of the bandwidth limitation that is associated with I/O transmission paths. The design of the on-chip tester based on memory contains no analog block and is implemented entirely in digital domain. In the proposed design, low frequency of 1 MHz has been used outside the chip to load the data into the memory during the write mode. During the read mode, the frequency of 625 MHz is used to read the data from the memory. A multiplexing system is used to reuse the stored data during read mode to test the intended functionality and performance. In order to convert the parallel data into serial data at high frequency at the memory output, serializer has been used. By using the frequencies of 1.25 GHz and 2.5 GHz, the serializer speeds up the data from the lower frequency of 625 MHz to the highest frequency of 5 GHz in order to test DAC at 5 GHz.

No description available.

This thesis deals with optical distance measurement and 3D scene measurement using focusing techniques with focus on confocal microscopy, depth from focus and depth from defocus. Theoretical part of the thesis is about different approaches to depth map generation and also about micro image defocusing technique for measuring refractive index of transparent materials. Then the camera calibration for focused techniques is described. In the next part of the thesis is described experimentally verification of depth from focus and depth from defocus techniques. For the first technique are shown results of depth map generation and for the second technique is shown comparison between measured distance values and real distance values. Finally, the discussed techniques are compared and evaluated.

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.

[ES] En esta Tesis Doctoral se presenta la obtención de productos de alto valor añadido a partir del 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), una molécula plataforma derivada de la biomasa, mediante procesos catalíticos en cascada. La oxidación aeróbica selectiva del HMF a 2,5-diformilfurano se ha logrado utilizando un catalizador de Ru/C dopado con potasio. Se ha optimizado tanto el tamaño de las nanopartículas de metal Ru como la naturaleza y cantidad del dopante alcalino. Los resultados mostraron que dopar el catalizador de Ru/C con una cantidad controlada de potasio incrementa la actividad catalítica 2.5 veces en comparación con la muestra no dopada. Los estudios espectroscópicos indicaron que estas diferencias en la actividad se pueden atribuir a la presencia de especies de Ru enriquecidas en electrones en la muestra dopada, lo que facilita la disociación de O2 y al mismo tiempo previene la oxidación del metal. El catalizador de Ru/C dopado con K resultó ser muy estable frente a la lixiviación y el sinterizado del metal, permitiendo su reutilización en varios ciclos de reacción consecutivos. Además, el catalizador se pudo aplicar con éxito en la oxidación de selectiva de diferentes alcoholes primarios a aldehídos. Se ha llevado a cabo con éxito una reacción en cascada para la obtención de furandiaminas secundarias a partir del HMF mediante el acoplamiento de la reacción de oxidación del HMF a DFF, seguida de la aminación reductiva del DFF con una amina primaria, utilizando 3%Ru/C-K450 como único catalizador. Los estudios comparativos entre el catalizador dopado con potasio y no dopado revelaron que el catalizador dopado presenta una mayor actividad, la cual se atribuye a una menor interacción entre las especies activas de H* y Ru, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos de TPD-H2. Las furandiaminas obtenidas a partir de aminas primarias grasas (octilamina y dodecilamina) en la reacción en cascada se han empleado para la obtención de moléculas basadas en sales de bis-amonio cuaternario y se ha determinado su concentración micelar crítica (CMC), indicando que poseen alto potencial para ser utilizadas como surfactantes gemini. Por otra parte, el HMF ha sido exitosamente valorizado en 3-hidroximetilciclopentilamina mediante un proceso en cascada en fase acuosa, acoplando la reacción de transposición hidrogenativa del HMF a 3-hidroximetilciclopentanona (HCPN) con una posterior aminación reductiva con amoníaco utilizando catalizadores basados en metales no nobles. Se prepararon y caracterizaron nanopartículas mono- (Ni@C, Co@C) y bimetálicas (NiCo@C) con diferentes proporciones de Ni/Co, parcialmente cubiertas por una fina capa de carbón. Los resultados mostraron que un catalizador de NiCo (relación molar Ni/Co=1, Ni1Co1@C) presentó un excelente rendimiento en la transposición hidrogenativa del HMF a HCPN. La alta selectividad del catalizador se atribuyó a la formación de estructuras aleadas NiCo, que limitaron reacciones competitivas. La posterior aminación reductiva de HCPN con amoníaco en fase acuosa se realizó obteniendo la 3-hidroximetilciclopentilamina objetivo. Además, el catalizador mostró alta estabilidad, manteniendo su actividad y selectividad en ciclos repetidos de reacción. Por último, utilizando el catalizador Ni1Co1@C, se ha llevado a cabo la hidrogenación selectiva del 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) a 2,5-bis-(hidroximetil)tetrahidro-furano (BHMTHF) en un reactor de lecho fijo, utilizando agua como disolvente. Se ha establecido la secuencia de reacción, en la cual el grupo carbonilo del HMF se reduce primero a alcohol, dando lugar a 2,5-bis-(hidroximetil)furano (BHMF), seguido de una hidrogenación de los dobles enlaces del anillo furánico. La formación de subproductos se debe principalmente a la apertura del anillo furánico y a los procesos de transposición del anillo del BHMF, promovidos por el agua. El catalizador demostró una alta estabilidad,manteniendo su rendimiento durante 65 horas bajo condiciones optimizadas. / [CA] Aquesta Tesi Doctoral presenta l'obtenció de productes d'alt valor afegit a partir del 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), una molècula plataforma derivada de la biomassa, mitjançant processos catalítics en cascada. S'ha aconseguit l'oxidació selectiva aeròbica del HMF a 2,5-diformilfurà utilitzant un catalitzador de Ru/C dopat amb potassi. Tant la mida de les nanopartícules de metall de Ru com la naturalesa i la quantitat del dopant alcalí han estat optimitzades. Els resultats van mostrar que dopar el catalitzador de Ru/C amb una quantitat controlada de potassi incrementa l'activitat catalítica en 2.5 vegades en comparació amb la mostra no dopada. Els estudis espectroscòpics van indicar que aquestes diferències en l'activitat es poden atribuir a la presència d'espècies de Ru enriquides en electrons en la mostra dopada, la qual cosa facilita la dissociació de l'O2 al mateix temps que evita l'oxidació del metall. El catalitzador de Ru/C dopat amb potassi va demostrar una gran estabilitat contra la lixiviació i el sinteritzat del metall, cosa que va permetre la seva reutilització en diversos cicles de reacció consecutius. A més, el catalitzador es va aplicar amb èxit en l'oxidació selectiva de diferents alcohols primaris a aldehids. S'ha dut a terme amb èxit una reacció en cascada per a l'obtenció de furandiamines secundàries a partir de l'HMF mitjançant l'acoblament de la reacció d'oxidació de l'HMF a DFF, seguit de l'aminació reductiva del DFF amb una amina primària, utilitzant 3%Ru/C-K450 com a únic catalitzador. Els estudis comparatius entre el catalitzador dopat amb potassi i el no dopat van revelar que el catalitzador dopat presenta una activitat més elevada, atribuïda a una menor interacció entre les espècies actives d'H* i Ru, d'acord amb els resultats obtinguts de TPD-H2. Les furandiamines obtingudes a partir d'amines primàries grasses (octilamina i dodecilamina) en la reacció en cascada s'han emprat per a l'obtenció de molècules basades en sals de bis-amoni quaternari i s'ha determinat la seua concentració micel·lar crítica (CMC) (de l'ordre de micromols/L), indicant que tenen un alt potencial per a ser utilitzades com a tensioactius gemini. A més, el 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) ha sigut valoritzat amb èxit en 3-hidroximetilciclopentilamina mitjançant un procés en cascada en fase aquosa, acoblant la reacció de transposició hidrogenativa de l'HMF a 3-hidroximetilciclopentanona (HCPN) amb una posterior aminació reductiva amb amoníac utilitzant catalitzadors basats en metalls no nobles. Es van preparar i caracteritzar nanopartícules mono- (Ni@C, Co@C) i bimetàl·liques (NiCo@C) amb diferents proporcions de Ni/Co, parcialment cobertes per una fina capa de carboni. Els resultats van mostrar que un catalitzador de NiCo (relació molar Ni/Co=1, Ni1Co1@C) va presentar un excel·lent rendiment en la transposició hidrogenativa de l'HMF a HCPN. L'alta selectivitat del catalitzador es va atribuir a la formació d'estructures d'aliatge NiCo, que van limitar reaccions competitives. La posterior aminació reductiva de l'HCPN amb amoníac en fase aquosa es va dur a terme obtenint la 3-hidroximetilciclopentilamina desitjada. A més, el catalitzador va demostrar una alta estabilitat, mantenint la seva activitat i selectivitat en cicles de reacció repetits. Finalment, utilitzant el catalitzador Ni1Co1@C, s'ha dut a terme la hidrogenació selectiva del 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) a 2,5-bis-(hidroximetil)tetrahidrofurà (BHMTHF) en un reactor de llit fix, utilitzant aigua com a dissolvent. S'ha establit la seqüència de reacció, en la qual el grup carbonil de l'HMF es redueix primer a alcohol, donant lloc a 2,5-bis-(hidroximetil)furà (BHMF), seguit d'una hidrogenació dels dobles enllaços del nucli furànic. La formació de subproductes es deu principalment a l'obertura del nucli furànic i als processos de transposició del nucli del BHMF, promoguts per l'aigua. El catalitzador va demostrar una alta estabilitat, mantenint el seu rendiment durant 65 hores. / [EN] This Doctoral Thesis presents the production of high value-added products from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a platform molecule derived from biomass, through cascade catalytic processes. The selective aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) has been achieved using a potassium-doped Ru/C catalyst. Both the size of the Ru metal nanoparticles and the nature and amount of the alkaline dopant were optimized. The results showed that doping the Ru/C catalyst with a controlled amount of potassium increases the catalytic activity by 2.5 times compared to the undoped sample. Spectroscopic studies indicated that these differences in activity can be attributed to the presence of electron-enriched Ru species in the doped sample, which facilitates O2 dissociation while preventing metal oxidation. The potassium-doped Ru/C catalyst proved to be highly stable against metal leaching and sintering, allowing for its reuse in multiple consecutive reaction cycles. Furthermore, the catalyst was successfully applied in the selective oxidation of various primary alcohols to aldehydes. A cascade reaction for the production of secondary furandiamines from HMF was successfully carried out by coupling the oxidation of HMF to DFF, followed by the reductive amination of DFF with a primary amine, using 3%Ru/C-K450 as the sole catalyst. Comparative studies between the potassium-doped and undoped catalysts revealed that the doped catalyst exhibits higher activity, attributed to a reduced interaction between H* and Ru active species, according to the TPD-H2 results. Furandiamines obtained from fatty primary amines (octylamine and dodecylamine) in the cascade reaction were used to produce molecules based on bis-quaternary ammonium salts, and their critical micelle concentration (CMC) (in the micromolar range) was determined, indicating a high potential for use as gemini surfactants. Additionally, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was successfully valorized into 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentylamine through a cascade process in aqueous phase, coupling the hydrogenative rearrangement of HMF to 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentanone (HCPN) with subsequent reductive amination with ammonia using non-noble metal-based catalysts. Mono- (Ni@C, Co@C) and bimetallic (NiCo@C) nanoparticles with different Ni/Co ratios, partially covered by a thin carbon layer, were prepared and characterized. The results showed that a NiCo catalyst (Ni/Co molar ratio = 1, Ni1Co1@C) exhibited excellent performance in the hydrogenative rearrangement of HMF to HCPN. The high selectivity of the catalyst was attributed to the formation of NiCo alloy structures, which limited competing reactions. The subsequent reductive amination of HCPN with ammonia in aqueous phase successfully produced the target molecule 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentylamine. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated high stability, maintaining its activity and selectivity in repeated reaction cycles. Finally, using the Ni1Co1@C catalyst, the selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF) was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor using water as the solvent. The reaction sequence was established, where the carbonyl group of HMF is first reduced to alcohol, yielding 2,5-bis-(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), followed by hydrogenation of the furan ring double bonds. The formation of by-products was primarily due to furan ring opening and BHMF ring rearrangement processes, promoted by water. The catalyst showed high stability, maintaining its performance for 65 hours under optimized conditions. / Hurtado Cebrián, B. (2025). Valorización del 5-hidroximetilfurfural en compuestos de química fina mediante reacciones en cascada utilizando nanopartículas metálicas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/214748