Une méthode est proposée pour la modélisation d’unassemblage multimatériaux innovant visant des applicationsdans l’allègement structurel des véhicules. Dans cetassemblage une partie composite thermoplastique, est fixée àune plaque acier texturée par la technologie CMT pins.L’interface est particulièrement complexe et non linéaire : unereprésentation fine du comportement local serait extrêmementpénalisante en temps de calcul. Dans cette optique il a étéchoisi d’orienter la méthodologie vers une modélisation la plussimple possible tout en conservant de bons résultats globaux.Pour ce faire, en s’inspirant de l’état de l’art existant sur lesmultimatériaux, une campagne expérimentale a été menée surdes éprouvettes longitudinales à double recouvrement afin decaractériser cette interface. Une fois les mécanismes locauxinvestigués, deux modèles sont proposés. Le premiernumérique basé sur la méthode des éléments finis etl’introduction d’éléments cohésifs nous permet de valider leshypothèses de modélisation tout en quantifiant la répartitiondes efforts entre les picots. Le deuxième se base sur le calcullocal d’un Volume Élémentaire Représentatif pour établiranalytiquement la loi de comportement de l’interface. Cette loiest ensuite introduite sous la forme d’un ressort non linéaire ausein d’un modèle numérique simplifié de l’éprouvette. Pourfinir ces approches sont appliquées au cas d’étude industriel etles résultats sont validés par une deuxième campagneexpérimentale. / A method is proposed to simulate an innovative multimaterialassembly which has applications in structural lightweight forvehicles. In this assembly, a thermoplastic composite part isfixed on a steel plate, textured by the CMT pins technology.This is an especially complex and nonlinear interface: a finerepresentation of local behaviour would be extremely costlyfor calculation. So, it has been chosen to investigate a model assimple as possible which still demonstrates accurate globalresults.An experimental campaign on double lap shear specimen,inspired by existing state of the art on multimaterial has beenset up to characterize this interface. Once local mechanismshave been understood, two models are proposed and compared.The first is numerical and based on finite elements method andcohesive elements. It allows us to validate the modelhypotheses while describing the effort repartition between thepins. The second one is based on a Representative VolumeElement. It establishes analytically the behaviour law of theinterface. This law is then inserted inside a simplifiednumerical model of the specimen by means of a nonlinearspring. To conclude, these approaches are applied to theindustrial case of study and the result have been validated by asecond experimental campaign.

Este trabalho analisou as diferenças entre o processo de conformação de rebites de Alumínio da liga AA 5052 e de aço inoxidável das ligas ABNT 420, ABNT 430 e ABNT 302, os quais são utilizados em grande escala na indústria cuteleira. Levando em conta as particularidades de cada material em estudo, foram analisadas as forças de conformação, tensões, deformações e temperaturas. A partir delas buscou-se chegar a um modelo de processo viável para se obter rebites de Aço inoxidável. Apesar da fabricação do rebite de Alumínio ser menos crítica, no que diz respeito a força necessária para conformação, a qualidade do produto é inferior, quando se compara com o Aço inoxidável. Este confere maior resistência mecânica e resistência à corrosão. Para modelamento do processo desenvolvido com o Alumínio AA5052 e com as ligas de Aço inoxidável utilizadas utilizou-se o software de simulação por elementos finitos SIMUFACT 11.0. Os resultados das simulações com o aço inoxidável com temperaturas a morno demonstraram grande dependência da temperatura para obtenção de tensões e forças suportadas pelo ferramental. Alguns resultados alcançados com o aço inoxidável aquecido, quando se variaram as temperaturas de 25ºC até 500ºC, geraram o grau de tensões e esforços no ferramental menor ou igual à condição onde o Alumínio é conformado a frio. Também, critérios como resistência à corrosão foram determinantes para a aprovação das ligas de aço inoxidável 302 e 430 estudadas. Esse resultado confirmou o que é indicado na bibliografia, onde são recomendadas ligas austeníticas e ferríticas, ao invés de martensíticas, para a fabricação de produtos de aço inoxidável que exigem alta resistência à corrosão, como é o caso dos rebites. / This study analyzed the differences between the rivet manufacturing process made by Aluminum of alloy AA5052 and Stainless Steel of alloys AISI 420, AISI 430 and AISI 302, wich are widely used in the cutlery industry. Taking into account the particularities of both materials, it was analyzed forming forces, stresses, strains and temperatures in order to find a viable process to manufacture stainless steel rivets. Even the manufacturing of Aluminum rivets is less critical, regarding the forming forces, the quality of the product is inferior than the stainless steel, wich provides more mechanical and corrosion resistance. The study of the process of forming Aluminum AA5052 and Stainless Steel rivets was developed using the finite elements software SIMUFACT 11.0. The simulation results of the Stainless Steel with warm temperatures showed big influence of the temperature to obtain lower stresses and forces, wich are supported by the tools. Some results with heated Stainless steel, considering temperatures from 25ºC to 500ºC, resulted in lower stress and tool forces than in the Aluminum with cold temperatures. Also, criteria like corrosion resistance was very important to the approval of the Stainless Steel AISI 302 and AISI 430. Those results confirm the information available in the bibliography, where it is preferential austenitic and ferritic alloys of stainless steel instead of martensitic alloys, when used to manufacture stainless steel rivets, wich require high corrosion resistance.

Este trabalho analisou as diferenças entre o processo de conformação de rebites de Alumínio da liga AA 5052 e de aço inoxidável das ligas ABNT 420, ABNT 430 e ABNT 302, os quais são utilizados em grande escala na indústria cuteleira. Levando em conta as particularidades de cada material em estudo, foram analisadas as forças de conformação, tensões, deformações e temperaturas. A partir delas buscou-se chegar a um modelo de processo viável para se obter rebites de Aço inoxidável. Apesar da fabricação do rebite de Alumínio ser menos crítica, no que diz respeito a força necessária para conformação, a qualidade do produto é inferior, quando se compara com o Aço inoxidável. Este confere maior resistência mecânica e resistência à corrosão. Para modelamento do processo desenvolvido com o Alumínio AA5052 e com as ligas de Aço inoxidável utilizadas utilizou-se o software de simulação por elementos finitos SIMUFACT 11.0. Os resultados das simulações com o aço inoxidável com temperaturas a morno demonstraram grande dependência da temperatura para obtenção de tensões e forças suportadas pelo ferramental. Alguns resultados alcançados com o aço inoxidável aquecido, quando se variaram as temperaturas de 25ºC até 500ºC, geraram o grau de tensões e esforços no ferramental menor ou igual à condição onde o Alumínio é conformado a frio. Também, critérios como resistência à corrosão foram determinantes para a aprovação das ligas de aço inoxidável 302 e 430 estudadas. Esse resultado confirmou o que é indicado na bibliografia, onde são recomendadas ligas austeníticas e ferríticas, ao invés de martensíticas, para a fabricação de produtos de aço inoxidável que exigem alta resistência à corrosão, como é o caso dos rebites. / This study analyzed the differences between the rivet manufacturing process made by Aluminum of alloy AA5052 and Stainless Steel of alloys AISI 420, AISI 430 and AISI 302, wich are widely used in the cutlery industry. Taking into account the particularities of both materials, it was analyzed forming forces, stresses, strains and temperatures in order to find a viable process to manufacture stainless steel rivets. Even the manufacturing of Aluminum rivets is less critical, regarding the forming forces, the quality of the product is inferior than the stainless steel, wich provides more mechanical and corrosion resistance. The study of the process of forming Aluminum AA5052 and Stainless Steel rivets was developed using the finite elements software SIMUFACT 11.0. The simulation results of the Stainless Steel with warm temperatures showed big influence of the temperature to obtain lower stresses and forces, wich are supported by the tools. Some results with heated Stainless steel, considering temperatures from 25ºC to 500ºC, resulted in lower stress and tool forces than in the Aluminum with cold temperatures. Also, criteria like corrosion resistance was very important to the approval of the Stainless Steel AISI 302 and AISI 430. Those results confirm the information available in the bibliography, where it is preferential austenitic and ferritic alloys of stainless steel instead of martensitic alloys, when used to manufacture stainless steel rivets, wich require high corrosion resistance.

Adsorption is a retention mechanism of fluid molecules on solid surfaces and presents a wide range of applications, such as refrigeration, separation processes and fuel storage. This work describes the modelling of gas adsorption on porous media and presents an optimisation approach for the design of adsorption systems based on topology optimisation. A comprehensive formulation for the adsorption and desorption phenomena is presented, detailing the derivation of their weak forms and assembling the matrices for the implementation of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The sensitivities of objective functions to topology optimisation design variables are obtained by the adjoint method, which is presented in detail. The numerical implementation is aided by FEniCS and Dolfin Adjoint packages, resulting in a generic software for the optimisation of adsorption systems. The method is applied for the design of Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) tanks for on-demand consumption. Optimised tank layouts are proposed and compared with standard tanks, presenting improvement of the design objectives. / Adsorção é um mecanismo de retenção de moléculas de um fluido em superfícies sólidas e apresenta um vasto campo de aplicações, como em refrigeração, processos de separação e armazenamento de combustível. Este trabalho descreve o modelo de adsorção de gás em meios porosos e define uma abordagem de otimização de sistemas de adsorção baseada no Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT). Uma formulação abrangente para os fenômenos de adsorção e dessorção é apresentada, detalhando a dedução de seus formas fracas e montagem das matrizes para a implementação do Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). As sensibilidades das funções-objetivo em relação às variáveis de projeto são obtidas pelo método adjunto, que também é apresentado em detalhe. A implementação numérica é auxiliada pelos pacotes FEniCS e Dolfin Adjoint, originando uma ferramenta genérica para a otimização de sistemas de adsorção. Este método é aplicado ao projeto de tanques de Gás Natural Adsorvido (GNA) visando transporte, armazenamento e consumo. Tanques otimizados são propostos e comparados com tanques tradicionais, apresentando melhora dos objetivos de projeto.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la conception robuste de systèmes complexes dans le cadre de l’ingénierie système et de la méthode First Design. Ces travaux s’appliquent plus particulièrement aux prestations en choc frontal de véhicules de la gamme Renault. L’objectif principal de ces travaux est de proposer une méthode de conception robuste basée sur la modélisation numérique des prestations crash du véhicule. Cette stratégie vise à assurer la robustesse du produit dès la phase de conception, afin d’éviter des modifications de conception tardives et coûteuses, conséquences d’apparition de problèmes durant le cycle de validation ou la vie série du véhicule. Les spécificités du crash sont le coût important des simulations, la forte non linéarité du phénomène, ainsi que les bifurcations de comportement. Ces particularités rendent les méthodes classiques de conception robuste peu efficaces ou très couteuses. Afin de répondre à ce problème, nous développons une méthode originale, baptisée détection de défaillances, permettant d’identifier les problèmes de robustesse en crash, afin de les corriger dès le cycle de conception. Cette méthode est basée sur l’utilisation des techniques d’optimisation par les plans d’expériences. La méthode développée vise aussi à intégrer l’expertise des concepteurs crash afin de localiser rapidement les défaillances, ce qui permet de limiter le nombre de simulations nécessaires. La contrepartie d’une méthode de conception robuste reposant sur la simulation numérique est la nécessité d’avoir un bon niveau de confiance dans les résultats du modèle. On propose donc dans ce mémoire des améliorations des modèles éléments finis des véhicules Renault, afin d’améliorer la qualité de la simulation. Ces travaux vont dans le sens d’un remplacement des prototypes physiques par des prototypes numériques dans l’industrie, enjeu majeur permettant la réduction des coûts et des délais de développement. Cet enjeu est particulièrement important dans un secteur automobile très concurrentiel, où la survie d’un constructeur dépend de ses coûts et de sa réactivité face au marché. / This PhD thesis deals with robust design of complex products, within the framework of system engineering methods, such as First Design. This work focuses on frontal crashworthiness of Renault vehicles. The main goal of this PhD is to develop a robust design method based on crashworthiness numerical simulation. This method aims at ensuring the robustness of a vehicle crashworthiness right from the design stage of the product, in order to avoid costly design modifications, necessary when problems are found during the validation cycle or the life cycle of the product. Characteristics of crashworthiness phenomena are a high cost of numerical simulation, highly non-linear and bifurcative behaviour. Due to this behaviour, classic robust design methods would be unefficient or very expensive to use. In order to face this problem, we develop an original robust design method, based on optimization using design of experiments method. The goal of this method is to identify crash failures as soon as possible in the design stage, in order to correct them. This method also aims at integrating knowledge from the crash engineers, in order to find crash failures quickly, using as few simulations as possible. A challenge we meet when using numerical simulation of the crashworthiness is the need to trust the results of the model. This thesis also deals with improvements in the crash models at Renault. This work is well suited for a very competitive industry such as the automotive, where car manufacturers need to replace physical prototypes with numerical ones, in order to reduce design costs and be more reactive.

The present thesis is developed through four principal chapters. The first one provides a brief but rather exhaustive description of the context, with a global overview on the complex process of the embryogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster. We amply focus on the three morphogenetic movements that will be numerically simulated, with particular emphasis on both the mechanical and the biological aspects that constitute the main peculiarity of each event. Also we propose a short review on the related previous works. The second chapter supplies the abstract tools for the analysis of the whole problem and points out the hypotheses that, for sake of simplicity, have been made. The gradient decomposition method is presented together with some interesting interpretations that better clarify the approach and put forward novel issues that have to be considered. By the Principle of the Virtual Power, we are able to write the mechanical equilibrium of the system which consists of the forces internal to the embryo domain and of the boundary conditions, such as the yolk pressure and contact with the vitelline membrane, that are essential for consistent results. A special concern is attributed to the choice of the constitutive law of the mesoderm that, from a biological point of view, may appear too simplistic. Here a Saint- Venant material is used in contrast with the Hyperelastic models found in literature; therefore a comparison between the two is proposed together with the advantages and the limitations of our study. Finally, we provide some simple examples that validate our model and support the exploited method. The third chapter can be divided into two parts. In the first one, by the parametrical description of the embryo geometry, we obtain the analytical formulations of the active deformation gradients for each morphogenetic movement according to the elementary forces introduced. Such expressions will be combined with the passive gradients in order to get the final deformation of the tissues. In the second part we interpret the results for each simulation. In particular, we provide a parametrical analysis for the simulation of the ventral furrow invagination, while for the germ band extension a comparison with experimental data is done. Furthermore we have been able to estimate the effects induced by the local deformations within the tissues; specifically, we have evaluated the magnitude of the pressure forces and the shear stress that may develop at long distance in the embryo when the active forces are applied in restraint regions. To conclude, we propose a collateral study on the influence of the global geometry of the embryo on the final results. Given the consistence of the results for the individual simulations, we have decided to test the concurrent simulation of the events, by two or three of them. In the last chapter, we show the results for a first essay for which we use the most intuitive method; it does not require in fact further manipulations of the analytical formulations previously obtained, but we simply couple together the active deformation gradients, following the chronological order of the movements. Although the method works well for the simulation of the two furrows, some drawbacks are detected when we introduce the germ band extension. Therefore we propose a new approach, more rigorous and appropriate, which allows to take into account some aspects so far put aside, but still significant for a realistic and complete reproduction of the different phases of the Drosophila gastrulation. / Ce travail de recherche a eu comme objectif principal la conception d'un modèle numérique aux éléments finis donnant une représentation réaliste des mouvements de l'embryon de la Drosophila Melanogaster. Les simulations de trois mouvements durant la phase de gastrulation de l'embryon ont été realisées soit individuelles soit simultanées, ce qui jusqu'à présent, n'a jamais été proposé, constituant ainsi une contribution originale de cette étude. La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres. Le premier fournit une brève mais assez complète description du contexte dans lequel ce travail se situe. Le processus complexe de l'embryogénèse chez la Drosophila Melanogaster est presenté en se focalisant sur les trois mouvements morphogénetiques qui seront ensuite simulés numériquement: l'invagination du sillon ventral, la formation du sillon céphalique et l'extension de la bande germinale. Chaque événement est décrit du point de vue biologique et mécanique, ce qui permet donc de mettre en avant les aspects les plus intéressants des différents mouvements. Une revue des plus récents travaux est aussi proposée. Dans le deuxième chapitre on présente les outils analytiques pour l'analyse du problème dans son intégrité. Etant donnée la complexité du système biologique, plusieurs hypothèses ont été introduites pour simplifier l'approche numérique utilisée. Seul le mésoderme est modélisé comme un milieu continu dans un espace tridimensionel par un ellipsoïde épais régulier de 500 µm de longueur. La méthode de la décomposition du gradient de déformation, dont quelques interprétations alternatives sont présentées, permet de coupler les déformations passives et actives subies par chaque point matériel du milieu. L'équilibre mécanique est écrit à partir du Principe des Puissances Virtuelles: les forces internes du système sont donc prises en compte avec les conditions aux limites. Dans notre cas particulier celles-ci sont fondamentales pour obtenir des configurations finales réalistes et comprennent le contact entre le mésoderme et la membrane vitelline externe et le pression exercée par le yolk sur la surface interne du mésoderme. Les propriétés mécaniques des tissus embryonnaires ne sont pas faciles à déterminer expérimentalement. Une approximation a été faite pour ce qui concerne la loi de comportement du mésoderme qui a été modélisé comme un matériau de Saint-Venant linéaire, élastique et isotrope. Notre choix étant en contraste avec le modèle hyperélastique qu'on retrouve souvent en littérature, une comparaison entre les deux matériaux est proposée tout en considérant les avantages et les limitations de notre démarche. La méthode de la décomposition du gradient de déformation a été auparavant testée sur des cas géométriquement très simples dont la solution analytique peut être facilement calculée et validée par les résultats obtenus à partir des simulations numériques. Le troisième chapitre peut être divisé en deux parties distinctes. Dans la première, grâce à la description paramétrique de l'ellipsoïde qui représente l'embryon, on calcule les expressions analytiques des positions intermédiaires où on voit apparaître les déformations actives responsables de chaque mouvement morphogénétique. Les gradients de déformation active sont donc couplés avec les gradients passifs pour obtenir la déformation finale. La deuxième partie du chapitre concerne l'analyse des résultats pour les simulations individuelles des événements. Pour la simulation de l'invagination du sillon ventral une étude paramétrique a été conduite pour évaluer l'influence de certains paramètres sur la configuration finale. Pour la simulation de l'extension de la bande germinale les résultats ont été comparés avec les données expérimentales. En particulier on s'est intéressé à l'analyse des contraintes mécaniques (les pressions et les contraintes de cisaillement) induites au niveau du pôle antérieur où un chemin de mécanotransduction aurait lieu et conduirait à l'expression du twist, un gène normalement exprimé seulement dans la partie ventrale de l'embryon. Pour conclure, d'autres géométries que celle de l'ellipsoïde ont été utilisées pour les simulations de l'invagination du sillon ventral et de l'extension de la bande germinale. Ces nouvelles représentations de l'embryon permettent de prendre en compte deux aspects intéressants: d'un côté l'arrondissement des deux pôles, de l'autre l'aplatissement de la partie dorsal par rapport à la partie ventrale. Le dernier chapitre du manuscrit introduit la simulation simultanée des trois mouvements qui a été mise en place pour deux raisons principales. Tout d'abord le fait que les événements analysés se produisent l'un après l'autre lors du développement de l'embryon. Deuxièmement, les résultats obtenus pour les simulations individuelles sont très encourageants et ont permis aussi de confirmer plusieurs hypothèses avancées par les biologistes; d'où l'intérêt de coupler les mouvements pour permettre une vision encore plus réaliste de cette phase importante de la gastrulation chez l'embryon de la Drosophila Melanogaster. Deux méthodes différentes ont été testées. La première, la plus intuitive et simple, permet de combiner les gradients de déformation active de chaque mouvement et ne requiert pas de manipulations supplémentaires des équations précédemment trouvées, tout en prenant en compte le déphasage réel entre les événements. Cette approche ne pose pas de problèmes quand seulement les deux sillons sont couplés, alors que l'introduction de l'extension de la bande germinale donne lieu à quelque limitations. Une nouvelle démarche est donc proposée, plus rigoureuse et précise, qui nous a permis de considérer certains aspects importants pas encore développés d'un point de vue théorique.

Les travaux présentés dans ce document s’inscrivent dans un projet (dBET : diminution des Bruits Electriques de Trains) qui vise une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes vibratoires (indirectement le bruit) d’origine électromagnétique des dispositifs électrotechniques (transformateurs, inductances, moteurs électriques) des trains. Ce projet met en collaboration plusieurs laboratoires (le laboratoire Roberval et électromécanique de l’université de technologie de Compiègne...) et industriels parmi lesquels Alstom Transport, ESI Group… Notre contribution, dans ce projet, consiste en la proposition d’un modèle pertinent permettant de prédire la déformation magnétostrictive, considérée comme l’une des causes des bruits d’origine électromagnétique des dispositifs électrotechniques. Un processus d’identification des paramètres du modèle, à partir de données expérimentales, est présenté ainsi que l’application du modèle à un dispositif expérimental grâce à l’utilisation des éléments finis. Les résultats du modèle seront confrontés aux mesures faites à l’échelle d’une tôle ferromagnétique et d’un dispositif expérimental constitué d’un ensemble de tôles. / The work presented in this document is part of a project (dBET : diminution des Bruits Electriques de Trains) which aims a better understanding of electromagnetic-origin vibration phenomena (indirectly noise) from electrical devices (transformers, inductors, motors) in trains. This project results from the collaboration of several laboratories and companies including Alstom, ESI Group.... Our contribution in this project consists in building a relevant model to predict the magnetostrictive strain, considered as one of the causes of electromagnetic-origin noise of electrical devices. A process of identification of the model parameters from experimental data is presented. The model is used to compute the magnetostrictive strain of a test bench thanks to finite elements method. Model results will be compared with measurements about ferromagnetic single sheet and the test bench which is a stack of ferromagnetic sheets.

This diploma thesis deals with design of a frame of a lift, whose roading capacity is 400 kg (5 people) and it olso deals with calculation of maximum distance between armatures of quides. Nominal speed is 1 m.s -1. This diploma thesis also includes final element analysis of the frame. The frame structure is analysed by software I – DEAS.

The continuous growth in road transportation demand requires the development towards sustainable strategies. The concept of Smart Roads is arising as a convergence of technologies that will lead the mobility by road into a more efficient and interactive system between infrastructure, environment and vehicles. Within this context, e-mobility appears as one of the key components. The implementation of e-mobility based on Electric Vehicles (EVs) has been restricted by numerous shortcomings such as their driving range, the battery size, the dependence on charging stations and the time required for its charging. However, the electrification of the road infrastructure, which will enable a dynamic charging of the EVs while driving, is becoming a potential solution to overcome these deficiencies. This study aims to contribute for the future introduction of electrified roads (eRoads) into the current network, by focusing on the effects and consequences of embedding Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems in the road infrastructure. A structural design of an eRoad is conducted through a Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) by analysing the behaviour of a pavement structure based on Swedish conditions subjected to traffic loading. Valuable conclusions can be displayed from this analysis and thus, a summary concerning considerations and effects over the design, construction and maintenance of eRoads can be built. Nevertheless, this analysis must be complemented and coordinated from a lifetime perspective to reach the social, environmental and economic requirements related to the development of road infrastructure nowadays. Hence, a guideline from a life cycle approach is stated over the integration of eRoads in order to enable the assessment of the infrastructure during its different phases. To be sustainable, the development of road infrastructure must reach not just structural and appropriate performance requirements, but also preserve the environmental and economic impact. This thesis pretends to combine all these aspects as a state of the art, providing a basis that stands out the most relevant issues related to the feasible implementation of eRoads in the mid-long term.

This master’s thesis deals with the strength analysisby frame lift cage with lift capacity of 675 kg used the Finite Element Method (FEM). Furtheris performed the calculation of the guideanchoring instituted for this steel structure and the strength analysis of the used guides according to norm ČSN EN 81-1. The thesis also includes the drawing of the frame lift cage.