This Master´s thesis describes the design of composite horizontal tail of VUT 100 aircraft. Load calculation and selection of the critical load cases is performed. Internal structure of stabilizer and right elevator is designed. Construction materials are chosen and the structure of the composite materials is proposed. FEM models of stabilizer and the right elevator are created in MSC Patran system and consequently the strength test of the models for the selected load cases is executed using MSC Nastran software and COMPOST.

The presented Master Thesis is focused on the structural analysis of the proximal femur on which the Proximal Femoral Nail (PFN) and Proximal Femoral Tele-Screw (PFT) systems are applied. These systems are used for a treatment of the intertrochanteric and femoral neck fractures. However, in some cases a loss of stability of the systems may be expected. The presented thesis describes a development of numerical models in which stress distribution of implants and strain distribution of bone tissue are compared. Numerical models were created from real objects. The model of femur geometry was created by using the Computed Tomography (CT). Boundary conditions of the model were estimated from the force equilibrium of the lower limb. All numerical models were processed in the commercial package ANSYS Workbench v15.0. It is shown that the hip screws of the PFN system result in lower equivalent stresses than the screws of the PFT system. Maximal strains of the bone tissue, when using the PFN system, are situated near the fracture, close the hip screw thread. For the PFT system, the maximal strains are only near the area of fracture.

No description available.

L'interaction fluide structure est présente dans beaucoup de problèmes industriels, dans les domaines d'ingénierie mécanique, civile ou biomécanique. Même si les performances informatiques s'améliorent considérablement et que les méthodes en mécanique numérique gagnent en maturité, certaines difficultés ne permettent pas encore de réaliser des simulations numériques précises. Actuellement deux méthodes numériques gagnent en popularité pour la simulation numérique d'interactions fluide structure: la méthode de partitionnement et la méthode monolithique. Des résultats de la littérature montrent que la première est efficace et précise mais qu'elle peut rencontrer des problèmes d'instabilité si les ratios de densité sont élevés ou que les géométries sont complexes. Les méthodes d'immersion sont de plus en plus utilisées par la communauté scientifique. Différentes approches ont été développées, dont la Méthode d'Immersion de Volume. Cette méthode permet de faciliter la mise en place des calculs. Ainsi il n'est pas nécessaire de construire des maillages concordant avec la géométrie des objets, et le couplage entre les fluides et les solides se fait naturellement. C'est sur cette analyse qu'a été développé le logiciel Thost. Il permet de simuler des procédés industriels tels que le chauffage de pièces métalliques dans les fours industriels ou la trempe sans caractériser expérimentalement des coefficients de transfert. Le but d'un tel logiciel est de permettre une meilleure compréhension des procédés et ainsi de les optimiser. Cependant les coûts de calcul restant élevés, le but de la thèse est de les diminuer en s'appuyant sur des méthodes numériques innovantes tels que l'adaptation dynamique de maillage anisotrope, des méthodes éléments finis stabilisées ou l'immersion directe des objets à partir de la Conception Assistée par Ordinateur. / Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) describes a wide variety of industrial problems arising in mechanical engineering, civil engineering and biomechanics. In spite of the available computer performance and the actual maturity of computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics, several key issues still prevent accurate FSI simulations.Two main approaches for the simulation of FSI problems are still gaining attention lately: partitioned and monolithic approaches. Results in the literature show that the partitioned approach is accurate and efficient but some instabilities may occur depending on the ratio of the densities and the complexity of the geometry. Monolithic methods are still of interest due to their capability to treat the interaction of the fluid and the structure using a unified formulation. In fact it makes the build up of a FSI problem easier as the mesh do not have to fit the geometry of the solids and the transfers are treated naturally.The software Thost has been created based on these analyzes. Thost is a 3D aerothermal numerical software. It has been developped for the numerical simulation of industrial processes like the heating in industrial furnaces as well as quenching. Its target is to model numericaly the thermal history of the industrial pieces in their environment without using any transfer coefficient. However the computational costs are still high and therefore the software is not fully efficient from an industrial point of view to simulate, analize and improve complex processes. All the work in this PhD thesis has been done to reduce the computational costs and optimize the accuracy of the simulations in Thost based on innovatives numerical methods such as dynamic anisotropic mesh adaptation, stabilized finite elements methods and immersing the objects directly from their Computer Aided Design files.

Dans le cadre des opérations de perçage, les billettes en acier subissent un réchauffage de la température ambiante à une température d’environ 1250°C. Au cours de ce réchauffage, le gradient de température dans les billettes entraîne la détérioration de la santé axiale de celles-ci et est à l’origine de l’apparition de défauts sur le tube formé. Une méthodologie d’analyse des mécanismes à l’origine de ces défauts a été mise en place. Elle se base sur la caractérisation de la santé axiale par essais rhéologiques permettant d’établir des indicateurs de ductilité et par des examens métallurgiques identifiant les défauts internes.L'étude de la sollicitation thermomécanique induite par le réchauffage du produit est analysée à l’aide de simulations numériques par éléments finis et les zones de sollicitations critiques associées au procédé sont identifiées. La caractérisation des anomalies observées sur les billettes est ensuite faite à partir d’essais de fissuration et de simulations numériques X-FeM. L’implémentation d’un critère de rupture en contrainte dans la simulation du cycle de chauffe a permis de définir les valeurs de gradient thermique limite et les courbes de chauffe optimales. Les analyses montrent que les conditions de chauffe en début de cycle thermique ont une forte influence sur la santé axiale des billettes. Les résultats de ces travaux conduisent à des solutions concrètes pour l’amélioration de la productivité. / As part of the piercing operations, billets undergo a reheating process from room temperature to a temperature of about 1250°C. During this heating, the thermal gradient in the billet leads to a deterioration of the axial health and is responsible of the initiation ofdefects on the formed tube.A methodology for the analysis of the mechanisms at the origin of these defects has been established. It is based on first, the characterization of the axial health with hot rheological tests to establish some indicators of ductility and second, on metallurgical analyses to identify the internal defects.Then finite element simulations have been performed to study the thermo-mechanical loadings induced by heating. Critical solicitation zones of the product during the processes have been identified.Finally a characterization of the observed defects into the billets has been led coupling cracks growth tests and X-FeM numerical simulations. The implementation of the experimental stress failure criterion, in the simulation of the heating cycle allows to obtain good values of thermal gradient boundary curves and leads to optimal heating curves.The analysis shows that the conditions at the beginning of the reheating process have a strong influence on the axial health of the billets. The results of these studies lead to friendly industrial solutions for improving productivity.

Este trabalho insere-se no âmbito das formulações não convencionais em elementos finitos. Particularmente, introduzem-se alguns aspectos do método dos elementos finitos generalizados (MEFG) e do clássico refino-p na consagrada formulação híbrida-Trefftz de tensão para a elasticidade bidimensional. A formulação apresentada aproxima diretamente dois campos independentes: o de tensões no domínio dos elementos e o de deslocamentos nas fronteiras dos elementos. Baseado na estrutura de enriquecimento centrada em nuvens, proposta pelo MEFG, podem ser selecionadas oportunamente regiões, formadas por um conjunto de elementos e fronteiras de elementos, onde o espaço da aproximação é adequadamente enriquecido mediante o refino-p. Neste contexto campos auto-equilibrados de tensões, derivados da solução da equação de Navier, são utilizados para compor a aproximação no domínio dos elementos, enquanto nas fronteiras dos elementos o campo de deslocamentos é construído a partir de bases específicas de aproximação; seja a base inicial, formada por funções de forma lineares, ou bases enriquecidas com polinômios hierárquicos, não hierárquicos e funções trigonométricas. Aborda-se também, ainda que preliminarmente, um estudo de painéis com múltiplas fissuras pelo método da partição em formulação híbrida-Trefftz com enriquecimento seletivo. As análises numéricas realizadas revelaram, em geral, uma formulação de ótimo desempenho, caracterizada por uma notável capacidade de aproximação dos campos de tensões e deslocamentos, elevada robustez numérica e reduzido dispêndio computacional. / This work is inserted in the context of unconventional formulations in the finite elements method. Particularly, some aspects of the generalized finite elements method (GFEM) and the classic p-refinement are introduced in the well known hybrid-Trefftz stress formulation for the two dimensional elasticity. The presented formulation approximates two independent fields: the one of stresses in the elements domain and the one of displacements in the boundaries of the elements. Based on the enrichment structure centered in clouds, proposed by the GFEM, some regions, formed by a group of elements and boundaries of elements where the approximation space is adequately enriched by the p-refinement, can be opportunely selected. In this context, self-equilibrated stress fields, derived from the solution of the Navier equation, are used to compose the approximation in the elements domain, whereas the displacements field in the borders of the elements is built from specific approximation bases, that is, the initial base formed by linear shape functions, or, bases enriched with hierarchical polynomials, nonhierarchical ones and trigonometric functions. Also, although preliminarily, a study of the multiple-cracked panels is done using the Splitting Method with a hybrid-Trefftz formulation and a selective enrichment. The numeric analyses done revealed, in general, a high performance formulation characterized by a great capacity of approximation the stress fields and displacements, high numeric robustness and reduced computer expenditure.

As deformações derivadas da retração e da fluência estão entre os principais fatores que afetam a integridade e facilidade de manutenção das estruturas de concreto a longo prazo. Outro fator que corrobora para a deterioração do concreto é a Reação Álcali-Agregado (RAA), que devido à sua característica expansiva é considerada uma manifestação patológica de difícil tratamento, sendo necessário medidas mitigadoras para evitar sua ocorrência. A retração, a fluência e a RAA são deformações expressivas em estruturas com grandes volumes de concreto, em que as deformações devido à retração e à fluência potencializam o efeito da RAA, criando um ciclo de degradação do concreto de difícil controle. Deste modo, este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise numérica que possibilite a previsão do comportamento da retração e da fluência quando associadas à RAA. O código computacional é baseado no Método de Elementos Finitos Posicional considerando o elemento de chapa com elementos triangulares de ordem cúbica e utilizando a lei constitutiva de Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff. Para a modelagem da RAA utiliza-se o estudo desenvolvido por Carrazedo & Lacerda (2008). A fluência e a retração são modeladas implementando-se os modelos FIB, JSCE e B4. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram a eficiência da modelagem e da análise numérica para a previsão do comportamento das deformações do concreto sujeito à RAA, considerando os efeitos de retração e fluência. / Shrinkage and creep strains are among the main factors that affect the integrity and serviceability of concrete structures in long term. Another corroborating factor for the concrete deterioration is the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR), which due to its expansive characteristic is considered a pathological manifestation of difficult treatment, and mitigating measures are necessary to avoid its occurrence. Shrinkage, creep and AAR are expressive strains in structures with large volumes of concrete, in which strains due shrinkage and creep enhance the effect of AAR, creating a concrete degradation cycle that is difficult to control. Thus, this work has the aim of numerical analysis that allows the prediction of the shrinkage and creep behavior when associated with AAR. The computational code is based on the Positional Finite Elements Method considering the element of plate with triangular elements of cubic order and using the constitutive law of Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff. For the modeling of AAR is used the study developed by Carrazedo & Lacerda (2008). The creep and shrinkage are modeled by implementing the FIB, JSCE and B4 models. The results of this work demonstrate the efficiency of modeling and numerical analysis for the prediction of the strains behavior of concrete subject to AAR, considering the effects of shrinkage and creep.

Os tubos flexíveis são amplamente utilizados na produção de petróleo offshore, para transporte de petróleo bruto, óleo e gás natural. Pelo fato de operarem em um ambiente muito agressivo e estarem sujeitos a diversos tipos de carregamentos como pressão interna, pressões externas, tração, compressão, flexão e torção, eles possuem uma estrutura bastante complexa composta por diversas camadas concêntricas, com finalidades estruturais diversas, que interagem entre si. Em termos de carregamento, a compressão, em especial, seja ela dinâmica ou estática representa um problema para estes tubos. Embora eles sejam projetados para suportar altas cargas de tração, por meio de armaduras metálicas helicoidais, têm resistência limitada para cargas de compressão. A presença de tais esforços pode causar falhas por instabilidade radial das armaduras de tração. Este modo de falha, conhecido há mais de duas décadas, é denominado birdcaging, devido à forma característica assumida pelas armaduras. Além dessa instabilidade radial, as armaduras podem sofrer uma instabilidade lateral, a qual é igualmente catastrófica para os tubos flexíveis. Este trabalho consiste em uma investigação destes modos de falha com base em modelos numéricos, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Com tais ferramentas, objetiva-se estudar a mecânica dos fenômenos de instabilidade de armadura de tração, juntamente com os efeitos causados pela alteração de parâmetros construtivos e ambientais nestes modos de falha. / Flexible pipes are widely employed in offshore oil production. Their functions include transporting of crude oil, natural gas, chemicals and water injection. Since they operate in aggressive environments and are subjected to loads such as internal and external pressure, tension, compression, bending and torsion, these pipes are built with a complex multilayered structure. In terms of loading, compression, specially, dynamic or static, present a problem to these pipes. Their tensile armor layers are particularly designed to withstand high levels of tension, but not for compression. The presence of such loads may cause radial instability failure on the armor layers. This failure mode, known for almost three decades, is called birdcaging, due to the peculiar shape assumed by the armor tendons at the post-buckling. Besides radial instability, the tensile armor layers may also suffer from lateral instability, which is equally catastrophic in the operation of flexible pipes. This work consists on an investigation of these failure modes based on numerical models, using the Finite Element Method. With these tools, the mechanism that governs these instability phenomena can be understood, along with the effects caused by the alteration of design and environmental parameters on the failure modes.

Os nós de pórtico são locais de mudança de direção do eixo da estrutura, logo são regiões descontínuas, ou seja, as hipóteses de Bernoulli de deformações lineares ao longo da seção transversal não são válidas. Sendo assim os métodos convencionais de dimensionamento não se aplicam a esta região. Além disso, são regiões problemáticas também do ponto de vista construtivo, por apresentarem geralmente uma alta taxa de armadura em dimensões reduzidas. Diversas são as variáveis que influenciam o comportamento dos nós de pórtico externos, dentre elas está a força normal aplicada no pilar. Esta variável foi observada por diversos pesquisadores (Parker & Bullman, 1997; Scott et al., 1999; Hwang & Lee, 1999; Bakir & Boduroglu, 2002; Hegger et al., 2003), porém com grandes divergências de opiniões sobre sua influência na ligação. Desta forma, este trabalho visa analisar a influência da força normal no comportamento de nós de pórtico externos de concreto armado. Neste sentido é apresentada uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica abordando trabalhos experimentais e modelos teóricos propostos para o dimensionamento dos nós (bielas e tirantes). Inserindo-se no contexto é analisada a influência da força normal nos nós de pórtico externos por meio da análise experimental de quatro ligações sujeitas a diferentes níveis de força normal, da comparação com os modelos teóricos apresentados e da simulação numérica do nó de pórtico com o aplicativo ABAQUS, utilizando como ferramenta básica o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) / The joints are points where the structures’ axes swerving, therefore they are discontinuous regions, it means, Bernoulli’s hypotheses of linear deformations over the section are not valid. Consequently the conventional methods of design are not applied to this region. Moreover, the joints are also problematic regions to build, for generally presenting one high reinforcement ratio in reduced geometricals dimensions. The normal force applied in the column is one among several variables that influence exterior joints behavior. This variable was observed by many researchers (Parker & Bullman, 1997; Scott et al., 1999; Hwang & Lee, 1999; Bakir & Boduroglu, 2002; Hegger et al., 2003), however with divergences of opinions on its influence in the connection. So, this work aims to analyze the influence of the normal force in reinforcement concrete exterior joint behavior. In this way an extensive literature review is presented approaching experimental works and proposed theoretical models for the joint design (strut an ties). Inserting the research on the context, the influence of the normal force in exterior joints was done through experimental analysis of four connections with different levels of normal force, comparisons with the theoretical models presented and numerical simulation of the joint using finite elements method (FEM) packages at the software ABAQUS

O presente trabalho trata da aplicação do Método de Resíduos Ponderados, mais especificamente do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, na obtenção de soluções aproximadas de problemas de estruturas em casca, em especial os reservatórios cilíndricos submetidos a carregamento hidrostático em regime de comportamento linear. Os meios empregados para a obtenção das soluções aproximadas referem-se à adoção de bases aproximativas lineares, polinomiais, além da possibilidade de enriquecimento da aproximação mediante a adição de funções com características similares à própria solução exata. Uma outra alternativa utilizada refere-se à aplicação do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados com divisão do domínio de integração. Tais procedimentos podem ser úteis na análise de estruturas por evitar, de modo significativo, a elevação do esforço computacional, mediante a utilização de uma base aproximativa que corresponda às características requeridas pela solução analítica do problema. / The present dissertation deals with the application of the Weighed Residual Method to analysis of cilindrical shells, more specifically of the Least Squared Method, in the attainment of approach solutions of shells structural problems, in special the cylindrical reservoirs submitted the hydrostatic shipment in regimen of linear behavior. The half employees for obtention of the approach solutions refer to adotion of linear, polynomial approaches bases, beyond the possibility of enrichment of the approach by means of the addition of functions with similar characteristics to the proper accurate solution.One another used alternative mentions the application to Least Squared Method with division of the integration domain. Such procedures can be useful in the analysis of structures for preventing, in significant way, the rise of the computational effort, by means of the use of a aproximativa base that correspond to the characteristics required for the analytical solution of the problem.