Os nós de pórtico são locais de mudança de direção do eixo da estrutura, logo são regiões descontínuas, ou seja, as hipóteses de Bernoulli de deformações lineares ao longo da seção transversal não são válidas. Sendo assim os métodos convencionais de dimensionamento não se aplicam a esta região. Além disso, são regiões problemáticas também do ponto de vista construtivo, por apresentarem geralmente uma alta taxa de armadura em dimensões reduzidas. Diversas são as variáveis que influenciam o comportamento dos nós de pórtico externos, dentre elas está a força normal aplicada no pilar. Esta variável foi observada por diversos pesquisadores (Parker & Bullman, 1997; Scott et al., 1999; Hwang & Lee, 1999; Bakir & Boduroglu, 2002; Hegger et al., 2003), porém com grandes divergências de opiniões sobre sua influência na ligação. Desta forma, este trabalho visa analisar a influência da força normal no comportamento de nós de pórtico externos de concreto armado. Neste sentido é apresentada uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica abordando trabalhos experimentais e modelos teóricos propostos para o dimensionamento dos nós (bielas e tirantes). Inserindo-se no contexto é analisada a influência da força normal nos nós de pórtico externos por meio da análise experimental de quatro ligações sujeitas a diferentes níveis de força normal, da comparação com os modelos teóricos apresentados e da simulação numérica do nó de pórtico com o aplicativo ABAQUS, utilizando como ferramenta básica o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) / The joints are points where the structures’ axes swerving, therefore they are discontinuous regions, it means, Bernoulli’s hypotheses of linear deformations over the section are not valid. Consequently the conventional methods of design are not applied to this region. Moreover, the joints are also problematic regions to build, for generally presenting one high reinforcement ratio in reduced geometricals dimensions. The normal force applied in the column is one among several variables that influence exterior joints behavior. This variable was observed by many researchers (Parker & Bullman, 1997; Scott et al., 1999; Hwang & Lee, 1999; Bakir & Boduroglu, 2002; Hegger et al., 2003), however with divergences of opinions on its influence in the connection. So, this work aims to analyze the influence of the normal force in reinforcement concrete exterior joint behavior. In this way an extensive literature review is presented approaching experimental works and proposed theoretical models for the joint design (strut an ties). Inserting the research on the context, the influence of the normal force in exterior joints was done through experimental analysis of four connections with different levels of normal force, comparisons with the theoretical models presented and numerical simulation of the joint using finite elements method (FEM) packages at the software ABAQUS

The present PhD study, in its first part, uses artificial neural networks (ANNs), an optimization technique called simulated annealing, and statistics to simulate the significant wave height (Hs) and mean zero-up-crossing period ( ) of 3-hourly sea-states of a location in the North East Pacific using a proposed distribution called hepta-parameter spline distribution for the conditional distribution of Hs or given some inputs. Two different seven- network sets of ANNs for the simulation and prediction of Hs and were trained using 20-year observed Hs’s and ’s. The preceding Hs’s and ’s were the most important inputs given to the networks, but the starting day of the simulated period was also necessary. However, the code replaced the day with the corresponding time and the season. The networks were trained by a simulated annealing algorithm and the outputs of the two sets of networks were used for calculating the parameters of the probability density function (pdf) of the proposed hepta-parameter distribution. After the calculation of the seven parameters of the pdf from the network outputs, the Hs and of the future sea-state is predicted by generating random numbers from the corresponding pdf. In another part of the thesis, vertical piles have been studied with the goal of identifying the range of sea-states suitable for the safe pile driving operation. Pile configuration including the non-linear foundation and the gap between the pile and the pile sleeve shims were modeled using the finite elements analysis facilities within ABAQUS. Dynamic analyses of the system for a sea-state characterized by Hs and and modeled as a combination of several wave components were performed. A table of safe and unsafe sea-states was generated by repeating the analysis for various sea-states. If the prediction for a particular sea-state is repeated N times of which n times prove to be safe, then it could be said that the predicted sea-state is safe with the probability of 100(n/N)%. The last part of the thesis deals with the Hs return values. The return value is a widely used measure of wave extremes having an important role in determining the design wave used in the design of maritime structures. In this part, Hs return value was calculated demonstrating another application of the above simulation of future 3-hourly Hs’s. The maxima method for calculating return values was applied in such a way that avoids the conventional need for unrealistic assumptions. The significant wave height return value has also been calculated using the convolution concept from a model presented by Anderson et al. (2001).

La rectification est un procédé couramment utilisé dans l’industrie pour la finition des surfaces. L’optimisation du procédé consiste à trouver un compromis entre la qualité des pièces, minimiser les temps d'usinage et augmenter l’efficacité énergétique grâce au choix judicieux des paramètres de rectification. Par ailleurs le taux de production des pièces rectifiées est souvent limité par des contraintes sur la topographie de la surface et des problèmes liés à l’apparition de brûlures de rectification ou de micro-fissures à la surface des pièces. Ces défauts d’aspect engendrent généralement, lorsqu’ils concernent une surface fonctionnelle, une réduction de la durée de vie du composant ainsi rectifié.’effet des conditions de rectification et des propriétés des matériaux sur la nature des contraintes résiduelles a été analysé par modélisation numérique. Le modèle élément finis permet la prédiction non seulement des contraintes résiduelles, mais aussi des phases en présence et des déformations associées. L'objectif de cette étude est de construire un modèle numérique fiable en se basant sur la méthode des éléments finis pour analyser les contraintes résiduelles induites par la rectification et d'explorer, par conséquent, les mécanismes en termes de conditions de rectification. La variation des contraintes résiduelles et des déformations aux points d'intégration a été analysée. Les effets du coefficient de frottement (µ), du nombre de Peclet (Pe), de la conductance de paroi (H) et du flux de chaleur (Q) sur la microstructure et l’état de contraintes résiduelles ont été analysés. Enfin, sur la base des nouveaux résultats de ce travail de recherche, une méthodologie plus complète est proposée pour la suite. / Grinding is a commonly used finishing process to produce components of desired shape, size and dimensional accuracy. The ultimate goal is to have the maximum workpiece quality, minimum machining time and high economic efficiency by making a selective adaptation of the possible process strategy and chosen parameter selection. The focus of this study arose from a limitation that challenges the grinding industry. The production rate of the ground parts is generally constrained by surface topography and subsurface damage appearing as residual tensile stress, localized burns, and phase transformation induced micro and macro-cracking. This motivates the need for a reliable numerical modelling to simulate the grinding process. The numerical model sought should be able to predict not only the required grinding residual stresses but also the deformation history. The objective of this thesis is to build up a reliable finite element model for grinding-induced residual stress analysis and thus to explore thoroughly the mechanisms in terms of grinding conditions. The variations of the residual stresses and strains at integration points have been examined, and the effects of the friction coefficient (µ), Peclet number (Pe), non dimensional heat transfer coefficient (H) and different magnitudes of input heat flux (Q) on both the microstructure and the residual stress state are analyzed. Finally, based on the new findings in this research, a more comprehensive methodology is suggested for further study.

Disposer d’un modèle numérique de doigt permettant de simuler le contact de façon réaliste serait un atout pour les domaines d’applications de la réalité virtuelle et de l’aide à la conception adaptée de matériel. De plus, savoir simuler un contact « biofidèle » entre les doigts et un objet permettrait de répondre à des questions de recherche fondamentale concernant la préhension (évaluation de la qualité d’une prise, choix de stratégies de préhension…).Les modèles existants dans la littérature sont variés en termes de propriétés matériaux et de géométrie mais aucun modèle ne s’impose pour prédire de façon satisfaisante le comportement mécanique de la pulpe des doigts. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer des lignes directrices pour le développement d’un modèle éléments finis de l’extrémité du doigt orienté vers la simulation de la manipulation fine.Dans un premier temps, la loi de comportement la plus simple possible mais rendant bien compte du comportement hyperélastique des tissus est identifiée. Ensuite, l’étude de modèles géométriques simplifiés permet de proposer un jeu de marqueurs géométriques permettant de construire un modèle idéalisé. Enfin, une campagne expérimentale innovante de chargements mécaniques sur le doigt sous IRM (8 sujets) permet d’enrichir la base de données des essais existants et de valider les hypothèses de modélisation faites en termes de loi de comportement et de géométrie / A fingertip model enabling realistic contact simulations would be an attractive feature in the virtual reality field and could help the design process of new products. Furthermore, such a tool would allow investigating fundamental research questions associated with prehension (assessment of the efficiency of a grasp, choice of a grasping strategy,…).Existent fingertip models exhibit various material properties and geometries but none of them stand out in the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the fingertip.The main topic of this PhD work is to propose general guidelines for the development of fingertip models dedicated to fine manipulation tasks. First a hyperslastic behavior law is identified, being both as simple as possible and enough complex to reproduce the non-linear behavior of the soft tissue. Then, a geometrical study permits to determine a set of geometric markers enabling the development of an idealized geometrical model. Finally, an MRI innovative experimental campaign of fingertip loading tests is performed (on 8 subjects) to expand the existent experimental database and validate the modeling assumptions made concerning the behavior law and the geometrical approach

Main purpose of the thesis is to carry out a design and a check up of an auxiliary chassis for swap bodies with king pin. The thesis contains pictures of auxiliary chassis made by different producers, followed by my own design. The design contains my own concept of the chassis with purchased parts included. The design of a frame of the auxiliary chassis has been taken in for stress analysis during a number of test loads. Last part of the thesis contains results of stress analysis. Drawings of selected parts are also included. The thesis has been made in cooperation with ZDT Nové Veseli s.r.o.

Le comportement nonlinéaire des sols observé lors des mouvements sismiques forts est maintenant bien admis et le déploiement des puits accélérométriques a permis des analyses détaillées de la propagation des ondes ainsi qu’une évaluation quantitative des paramètres physiques tels que la vitesse de cisaillement et de compression des ondes et les facteurs d’amortissements en fonction de la déformation. En dépit du nombre grandissant d’études sur ce phénomène, sa connaissance est encore récente et les recherches sur les données de puits accélérométriques restent une étape importante vers la compréhension du comportement complexe in-situ des sédiments soumis à des mouvements sismiques forts.L’objectif de ces travaux est triple. Premièrement, un code d’inversion par algorithme génétique est développé afin d’inverser des données de puits accélérométriques via la théorie des matrices de propagation de Thomson-Haskell. Cette technique nous permet dans un premier temps de valider la structure en une dimension (1D) (e.g., vitesse des ondes de cisaillement, facteurs d’ amortissements) d’un puits accélérométrique dans le domaine linéaire et dans un second temps de mettre en évidence de manière quantitative le comportement nonlinéaire des sédiments lors du séisme de Fukuoka, 2005, Japon. Deuxièmement, les résultats de l’inversion sont utilisés pour tester des lois de comportement simples et avancées en utilisant la Méthode des éléments Finis. Les résultats montrent clairement que l’hypothèse bi-linéaire de la loi de comportement simple produit des séries temporelles non réalistes en vitesse et en accélération. L’utilisation d’une loi de comportement avancée mène à de meilleurs résultats, cependant, le nombre de paramètres ajustables pour obtenir des résultats consistants avec l’observation est un obstable inévitable. Troisièmement, afin d’étendre l’étude des effets de site à des dimensions supérieures, des codes 2D et 3D de la Méthode en éléments Spectraux sont développés et validés en comparant leurs résultats dans le domaine linéaire avec ceux obtenus théoriquement ou via d’autres méthodes numériques. / Nonlinear behavior of soft soils observed during strong ground motions isnow well established and the deployment of vertical arrays (i.e., boreholestations) has contributed to detailed wave propagation analyses and the assessmentfor quantitative physical parameters such as shear-wave velocity,pressure-wave velocity and damping factors with respect to shear strain levels.Despite the growing number of studies on this phenomena, its knowledgeis still recent and research on borehole station data remains an importantstep toward the understanding of the complex in-situ behavior of soft sedimentssubjected to strong ground motions.The purpose of this work is threefold. First, an inversion code by geneticalgorithm is developed in order to inverse borehole stations data viathe Thomson-Haskell propagator matrix method. This technique allows usto validate the one-dimensional (1D) structure (e.g., shear-wave velocity,damping factors) of a borehole in the linear elastic domain and to showquantitative evidence of the nonlinear behavior of the soft sediments duringthe 2005 Fukuoka Prefecture western offshore earthquake, Japan. Second,the results of the inversion are used in order to test simple and advancedconstitutive laws using the Finite Elements Method. The results clearlyshow that the bi-linear assumption of the simple constitutive law producesunrealistic velocity and acceleration time histories. The use of the advancedconstitutive law leads to better results, however, the number of parametersto be tuned in order to obtain results consistent with the observation is anunavoidable obstacle. Third, in order to extend the study of site effects tohigher dimensions, 2D and 3D codes of the very efficient Spectral ElementsMethod are developed and validated by comparing their results in the lineardomain with those obtained theoretically or with other numerical methods.

L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la modélisation du couplage hydromécanique, existant entre la déformation de la préforme fibreuse et l’écoulement de la résine, et par la suite à la simulation des procédés d’infusion. La méthode de résolution numérique déployée dans ce cadre est de type éléments finis avec volumes de contrôles (CVFEM) formulée en 2D½. Une nouvelle approche de modélisation de procédé d’infusion est proposée. Dans cette méthode, nous avons introduit des éléments 1D qui traduisent l’écoulement transverse. Cette approche permet de surmonter la difficulté numérique relative à l’usage des éléments finis volumiques pour un calcul 3D, notamment pour simuler la mise en œuvre des pièces industrielles de grandes dimensions. Le modèle fait appel à des lois de comportements caractérisées expérimentalement et qui permettent de tenir compte de l’évolution de la perméabilité et la compressibilité du milieu fibreux au cours de l’infusion. Diverses confrontations entre le modèle numérique proposé, des méthodes analytiques et expérimentales ont été menées. Une application du modèle dans la simulation de l’infusion d’un démonstrateur industriel de géométrie complexe est également réalisée. Les résultats obtenus sont très encourageants et révèlent l’efficacité de l’outil développé dans la simulation du procédé d’infusion / The aim of this work is to model the hydromechanical coupling that exists between the preform compressibility and the resin flow in order to simulate the infusion processes. The numerical method used in this study is based on the Control Volume Finite Elements Method (CVFEM) in 2D½. A new modelling approach of the infusion process is proposed. In this method, we introduced 1D elements to include through-the-thickness flow. This approach allows to reduce the computational time in comparison with full 3D modelling, especially in the simulation of industrial part infusion with large dimensions. The developed model is alimented by behavior laws that we characterized experimentally. These laws allow to take into account the evolution of the permeability and the compressibility of the fibrous medium during the infusion. We validated our model by comparing its results with analytical and experimental data. Additionally, an application of this simulation approach has been carried out to simulate the infusion of an industrial demonstrator with complex geometry. These comparisons show a good agreement between numerical and experimental results and reveal the efficiency of the developed tool in the infusion process simulation.

Orientador: Renato Pavanello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_LeonardoMachado_M.pdf: 4297559 bytes, checksum: 9607067525a5f1e234ed72d8bcef64ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A explotação de petróleo em ambientes off-shore possui inúmeras dificuldades, dentre as quais lâminas d'águas cada vez mais profundas. Neste contexto, as linhas submarinas são componentes de grande importância nesta atividade, pois estabelecem a comunicação entre as unidades de produção e os equipamentos submarinos. Este trabalho estuda a interação solo-estrutura de risers rígidos em catenária utilizando a formulação co-rotacional através de abordagens estática e dinâmica. A abordagem estática trata do equílibrio estático de estruturas não-lineares, no qual utiliza-se a estratégia de controle por carregamento;enquanto a abordagem dinâmica utiliza a discretização temporal de Newmark para resolução do equílibrio dinâmico de estruturas não-lineares. Este estudo mostra a implementação de modelos com um e dois parâmetros baseados das hipóteses de Winkler, Filonenko-Borodich e Pasternak no contexto interação da estrutura do riser com o leito marinho / Abstract: The petroleum explotation on off-shore enviorments has differents dificulties, for example deeper water deths. In this context, the marine pipes are components of extreme importance, since they are the comunication between the production units and the subsea equipaments. This work studies the soil-structure interaction of steel cathenary risers using corotational formulation within static and dynamic approaches of structural calculation. The static approach focus on the non-linear static equilibrium of structures using the load control strategy. On the other side, the dynamic approach uses the Newmark time discretization to solve the non-linear dynamic equilibrium equation. This study shows the implementation of foundation with one and two parameter based on hipotheses of Winkler, Filonenko-Borodich and Pasternak in the riser structure and soil interaction context / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

[pt] Rochas carbonáticas possuem atributos únicos que as distinguem das siliciclasticas e necessitam de diferentes métodos de estudo para caracterizar sua textura. Rochas carbonáticas são resultado de interações entre processos deposicionais químicos e biológicos. Os processos diagenéticos que formam e alteram estas rochas contribuem para o acúmulo de heterogeneidades. Devido ao alto teor de heterogeneidade, as propriedades medidas (e.g. porosidade e permeabilidade) variam com a escala de investigação e estudos com o compromisso a significância dos detalhes e representação espacial. Ampliar uma escala menor para maior, exige procedimentos que preservem a essência dos processos físicos de um nível mais detalhada para um mais grosseiro. Métodos simplificados para dimensionar propriedades não aditivas em outras escalas, tal como permeabilidade, geralmente não honram a heterogeneidade presente em sistemas complexos. Com isso a dinâmica dos fluidos em rochas complexas exige abordagens e métodos mais sofisticados. Este estudo é focado em desenvolver uma metodologia de avaliação da permeabilidade como parâmetro de escala para meios porosos heterogêneos. A permeabilidade é retro calculada ao emular o experimento de Darcy e resolver o fluxo no meio poroso utilizando uma formulação de elementos finitos para equação de Brinkman. O estudo iniciou com foco em sistemas paramétricos de células periódicas e posteriormente a duas microtomogra fia de rochas carbonáticas, do qual uma foi selecionada para um estudo de representatividade espacial. As células periódicas foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos da formação de canais e espaços vazios, em analogia a fraturas e vugos, assim como os efeitos da permeabilidade da matriz porosa. As amostras carbonáticas consistem de casos nos quais é possível observar a presença de uma combinação dos fenômenos estudadas. Por fim um estudo de representatividade foi conduzido segmentando uma amostra de micro-tomografia em suficientes sub-amostras que capazes de reproduzir a heterogeneidade espacial da amostra original. / [en] Carbonate rocks have unique attributes that distinguish them from siliciclastics and that require diferent methods of study to characterize their texture. Carbonates rocks are formed as a result of close interactions between biological and chemical depositional processes. The underlying diagenetic processes that form and alter these rocks contribute to a build-up of heterogeneities. Because of the high heterogeneity content measured properties (e.g. porosity and permeability) change with the scale of investigation and studies have struggle with a trade-off between significance of details and space representativeness. Extending a smaller scale to a larger requires scaling up procedures that preserves the essence of physical processes at one level to be summarized at the coarser level. Simplistic methods for scaling-up non-additive properties such as permeability generally do not honour the original heterogeneity present in complex systems. Therefore the dynamics of fluid flow in complex rocks demand more sophisticate methods and approaches. This study was focused in developing a methodology to evaluate the permeability as a scaling-up parameter for heterogeneous porous media. The permeability is back-calculated by emulating Darcy s experiment and solving the pore-scale ow using a Finite element formulation of Brinkman flow equation. The study was initially focused on parametric systems of periodic cells and later extended to two micro-tomography carbonate samples in which one has been selected for a spatial representativeness study. The parametric cells were used to evaluate the shape effects of channels and void spaces in an analogy to geological fractures and vugs as well as the permeability of the porous matrix. The micro-tomography carbonate samples consisted of a real case scenario in which, to a certain degree, could be observed a combination of the previously studied periodic cells. Finally a representativeness study was conducted segmenting the micro-tomography sample into suficiently sub-samples that would be capable of reproducing the spatial heterogeneity of the sample.

This thesis deals with the stress-strain analysis of thick-walled pipe parts. The dimension series (characterized by the D/d ratio) of three components are solved, then a direct tube, a torus with constant wall thickness (arcus) and a torus with variable wall thickness (bend). At first, the internal pressure amount, when a fully plastic state for these components is created, is solved. The amount of the limit pressure is determined analytically, numerically and by appropriate normative relations. The results and stress diagrams of individual solutions are mutually compared. Furthermore, these components are solved in the creep and are exposed to the maximum allowable normative internal pressure for 200,000 hours according to the standard – the operating time of components. The place of the maximum equivalent creep strain and the place of the maximum equivalent stress is examined. In these places the principal stresses are depicted depending on the D/d ratio. The results and stress diagrams of individual dimension series are mutually compared. From the available literary sources the condition of the limit state reach is chosen, according to which the evaluation of the limit state reach for individual components is carried out.