Water is one of the fundamental components of concrete, not only for its role on the hydration of Portland cement, but also because of the physical functions it develops, which are associated with the main phases of concrete life: fresh state, hardened state and the useful life of the structures. The objective of this PhD Thesis is to study in detail the physical role of water in Portland cement mixtures: the aggregate absorption, the wetting and the fluidization of the granular skeletons that compose the cement pastes. The study covers the mathematical modelling of the mentioned physical functions in a way that it is possible to calculate the volume of water necessary to perform such functions, facilitating the mix-design process. The calculated volume is considered to be the total volume of water needed for production. Moreover, the calculation must take into account the conditions and constraints associated with the production and casting, as well as the technical requirements of the material to be designed. The modelling of the water physical functions allowed the development of a calculation method to quantify the approximate volume of water needed for concrete production. The developed method was used to calculate the volume of water of three different special concretes: a lightweight self-compacting concrete reinforced with fibres, an ultra-high performance concrete reinforced with steel fibres and a concrete with recycled aggregates. What is more, the volume of water for two conventional concretes, with compressive strengths of 25 and 30 MPa, was calculated. Since the calculation was based on granular skeletons for real mixtures, produced in laboratory or/and industrially, the results obtained through the use of the developed method were compared to the experimental results of each concrete. At last, the method was used to quantify the volume of paste necessary for the production of a porous concrete. The results show that the mathematical models used to describe the physical phenomena of absorption, wetting and fluidization fit well to the experimental reproduction of these phenomena. Corrections are needed in some situations due to the ideal boundary conditions adopted during modelling, which facilitate calculation. Anyhow, the errors are corrected through the use of adjusting coefficients. Therefore, the calculation method developed has proven itself effective and applicable in the mix-design of different types of conventional and special concretes, showing the potential to be used for the development of new materials. / El agua es uno de los componentes fundamentales del hormigón, no sólo por ser necesaria a la hidratación del cemento Portland, sino que también por las diferentes funciones físicas que desarrolla, las cuales están asociadas a las principales fases de la vida del hormigón: estado fresco, estado endurecido y vida útil de la estructura. El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es realizar un estudio detallado de las funciones físicas del agua en las mezclas de cemento Portland: la absorción de esta por los áridos, el mojado y la fluidificación de los conjuntos granulares que componen las pastas de cemento. Dicho estudio se traduce en la modelización matemática de las funciones físicas presentadas, en el sentido de dar una respuesta numérica que facilite el diseño de mezclas, acotando el volumen de agua necesario al desarrollo de las funciones especificadas, siendo éste el volumen de agua total necesario a la producción. Asimismo, el cálculo del referido volumen debe tener en cuenta los condicionantes de producción, puesta en obra, así como los requerimientos técnicos del material que se va diseñar. A través de la modelización de las funciones físicas del agua consideradas, se ha desarrollado un método de cálculo para acotar el volumen de agua total necesario a la producción de hormigones. Se ha utilizado el método desarrollado para el cálculo del volumen de agua de tres hormigones especiales distintos: hormigón ligero autocompactante con fibras, hormigón de ultra-alta resistencia reforzado con fibras de acero y hormigón con áridos reciclados. Asimismo, se ha calculado el volumen de agua para dos hormigones convencionales, de resistencias à compresión 25 y 30 MPa. Se han contrastado los resultados obtenidos por el uso del método desarrollado con los resultados experimentales de cada hormigón, ya que el cálculo se hizo con base en conjuntos granulares de mezclas reales, producidas en laboratorio y/o industrialmente. Por último, se ha utilizado el modelo desarrollado para la cuantificación del volumen de pasta necesario a la producción de un hormigón poroso. Los resultados demuestran que los modelos matemáticos utilizados para describir los fenómenos físicos de absorción, mojado y fluidificación se adecuan bien a la reproducción experimental de dichos fenómenos, en que correcciones son necesarias en algunas situaciones, debido a la adopción de condiciones de contorno ideales en la modelización, que facilitan los cálculos. De cualquier modo, los errores se corrigen a través de coeficientes de ajuste. Así, el método de cálculo desarrollado para acotar el volumen de agua se ha demostrado eficiente en el diseño de diferentes tipos de hormigones convencionales y especiales, pudiendo ser utilizado en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales.

Many particulate processes are preferably implemented in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) over traditional low-velocity fluidization to take advantage of the many benefits of circulating systems. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most successfully applied processes in CFB technology, with more than 350 FCC units in operation worldwide. Despite its extensive use, an understanding of the complex behaviour of these units is incomplete.<p> A theoretical and experimental evaluation of the fluidization behaviour was conducted in the CFB riser, standpipe, and stripper. Initially, an extension of the existing CFB in the Fluidization Laboratory of Saskatchewan was designed. The experimental program conducted in this study included an examination of the solids flow behaviour in the riser, interstitial gas velocity in the downcomer, and stripping efficiency measurements. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the stripper was modeled using Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) CFD code.<p> The solids flow behaviour in the bottom zone of a high-density riser was investigated by measuring the local upwards and downwards solids flux. Solids circulation rates between 125 and 243 kg/(m2⋅s) were evaluated at a constant riser superficial gas velocity of 5.3 m/s. The effect of the riser superficial gas velocity of the local upflow at the riser centerline was also conducted at a solids circulation rate of 187 kg/(m2⋅s). The results show that there is little variation in the local net solids flux at radial locations between 0.00 ¡Ü r/R ¡Ü 0.87. The results indicate that a sharp regime change from a typical parabolic solids flux profile to this more radially uniform solids flux profile occurs at a gas velocity between 4.8 and 4.9 m/s.<p> To quantify stripping efficiency, the underflow of an injected tracer into the standpipe must be known. Quantification of the underflow into the standpipe requires knowledge of two main variables: the interstitial gas velocity and the tracer gas concentration profiles in the standpipe. Stripping efficiency was determined for stripper solids circulation rates of 44, 60, and 74 kg/(m2⋅s) and gas velocities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m/s. For most conditions studied, the interstitial gas velocity profile was found to be flat for both fluidized and packed bed flow. The stripping efficiency was found to be sensitive to the operating conditions. The highest efficiency is attained at low solids circulation rates and high stripping gas velocities.<p> In the numeric study, stripper hydrodynamics were examined for similar operating conditions as those used in the experimental program. Due to an improved radial distribution of gas and decreasing bubble rise velocity, mass transfer is deemed most intense as bubbles crest above the baffles into the interspace between disc and donut baffles. Stripping efficiency is thought to improve with increasing gas velocity due to an increased bubbling frequency. Stripping efficiency is thought to decrease with increasing solids circulation rates due to a lower emulsion-cloud gas interchange coefficient and a decreased residence time of the emulsion in the stripper.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 308-322.

Thesis (MSc (Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The interpretation – and compilation of predictive equations to represent the general trend – of collected data is aided immensely by its graphical representation. Whilst, by and large, predictive equations are more accurate and convenient for use in applications than graphs, the latter is often preferable since it visually illustrates deviations in the data, thereby giving an indication of reliability and the range of validity of the equation. Combination of these two tools – a graph for demonstration and an equation for use – is desirable to ensure optimal understanding. Often, however, the functional dependencies of the dependent variable are only known for large and small values of the independent variable; solutions for intermediate quantities being obscure for various reasons (e.g. narrow band within which the transition from one regime to the other occurs, inadequate knowledge of the physics in this area, etc.). The limiting solutions may be regarded as asymptotic and the powered addition to a power, s, of such asymptotes, f0 and f¥ , leads to a single correlating equation that is applicable over the entire domain of the dependent variable. This procedure circumvents the introduction of ad hoc curve fitting measures for the different regions and subsequent, unwanted jumps in piecewise fitted correlative equations for the dependent variable(s). Approaches to successfully implement the technique for different combinations of asymptotic conditions are discussed. The aforementioned method of powered addition is applied to experimental data and the semblances and discrepancies with literature and analytical models are discussed; the underlying motivation being the aspiration towards establishing a sound modelling framework for analytical and computational predictive measures. The purported procedure is revealed to be highly useful in the summarising and interpretation of experimental data in an elegant and simplistic manner. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die interpretasie – en samestelling van vergelykings om die algemene tendens voor te stel – van versamelde data word onoorsienbaar bygestaan deur die grafiese voorstelling daarvan. Ten spyte daarvan dat vergelykings meer akkuraat en geskik is vir die gebruik in toepassings as grafieke, is laasgenoemde dikwels verskieslik aangesien dit afwykings in die data visueel illustreer en sodoende ’n aanduiding van die betroubaarheid en omvang van geldigheid van die vergelyking bied. ’n Kombinasie van hierdie twee instrumente – ’n grafiek vir demonstrasie en ’n vergelyking vir aanwending – is wenslik om optimale begrip te verseker. Die funksionele afhanklikheid van die afhanklike veranderlike is egter dikwels slegs bekend vir groot en klein waardes van die onafhanklike veranderlike; die oplossings by intermediêre hoeveelhede onduidelik as gevolg van verskeie redes (waaronder, bv. ’n smal band van waardes waarbinne die oorgang tussen prosesse plaasvind, onvoldoende kennis van die fisika in hierdie area, ens.). Beperkende oplossings / vergelykings kan as asimptote beskou word en magsaddisie tot ’n mag, s, van sodanige asimptote, f0 en f¥, lei tot ’n enkel, saamgestelde oplossing wat toepaslik is oor die algehele domein van die onafhanklike veranderlike. Dié prosedure voorkom die instelling van ad hoc passingstegnieke vir die verskillende gebiede en die gevolglike ongewensde spronge in stuksgewyspassende vergelykings van die afhankilke veranderlike(s). Na aanleiding van die moontlike kombinasies van asimptotiese toestande word verskillende benaderings vir die suksesvolle toepassing van hierdie tegniek bespreek. Die bogemelde metode van magsaddisie word toegepas op eksperimentele data en die ooreenkomste en verskille met literatuur en analitiese modelle bespreek; die onderliggend motivering ’n strewe na die daarstelling van ’n modellerings-raamwerk vir analitiese- en rekenaarvoorspellingsmaatreëls. Die voorgestelde prosedure word aangetoon om, op ’n elegante en eenvoudige wyse, hoogs bruikbaar te wees vir die lesing en interpretasie van eksperimentele data.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-11-01Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:01:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000741253_20150101.pdf: 141727 bytes, checksum: bf2e02cb75454b0d8c9536e890144bde (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-01-05T11:00:41Z: 000741253_20150101.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-01-05T11:01:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000741253.pdf: 2376805 bytes, checksum: d8aaa4bb45713ee7c22ca08294c74e07 (MD5) / O leito fluidizado é uma importante operação unitária de grande interesse na indústria química, geração de energia, extração e refino do petróleo, entre outros. As muitas aplicações do leito fluidizado na indústria e a demanda constante de melhorias na eficiência do processo de fluidização, tem produzido um aumento no número de trabalhos envolvendo simulações numéricas do escoamento gás-sólido em leito fluidizado através de CFD. Na simulação numérica, ainda não existe consenso na seleção de um modelo de arrasto e na definição de um valor adequado para o coeficiente de restituição. Nesta tese investiga-se a influência de diferentes modelos de arrasto e do coeficiente de restituição; sobre a fluidodinâmica do escoamento gás-sólido em leito fluidizado, através de simulações numéricas. Para isto é usado um modelo baseado na abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana considerando um leito fluidizado bidimensional, o qual será resolvido usando o codigo livre MFIX. Para avaliar os modelos de arrasto, os resultados numéricos são validados por meio da determinação dos dados experimentais de Taghipour et al. (2005), o qual apresenta parâmetros de projeto de leito fluidizado, tais como a queda de pressão, expansão do leito, velocidade mínima de fluidização e distribuição das fases. Estudou-se também o efeito do coeficiente de restituição sobre a fluidodinâmica do escoamento, através do desenvolvimento de uma correlação em função da fração de vazio. Os resultados demonstram que o modelo de arrasto têm uma influência muito grande na determinação das variáveis de projeto de leito fluidizado. No estudo, um grupo de modelos representam adequadamente a fluidodinâmica, sendo que o modelo de arrasto de Gidaspow (1994) foi o que mais se aproximou aos resultados experimentais. Foram desenvolvidas simulações ... ( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Fluidized bed is an important unit operation of great interest in petroleum, chemical, metallurgical and energy industries. The large number of applications of fluidized bed in the industry and constant demand for improvements in the efficiency of the fluidization process, has produced an increase in the number of studies involving numerical simulations of gas-solid flow in fluidized bed through CFD. In numerical simulation, there is not yet an agreement on the selection of a drag model and in defining a suitable value for the coefficient of restitution. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of different drag models and restitution coefficient on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in fluidized-bed, through numerical simulations. It is used a model based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach considering a two-dimensional fluidized bed, which will be resolved using the open source MFIX code. To evaluate drag models, numerical results will be validated through the determination of the experimental data of Taghipour et al. (2005), which presents fluidized bed design parameters, such as fluidization curve, bed expansion, minimum fluidization velocity and void fraction profiles. It was also studied the effect of restitution coefficient on the hydrodynamics, through the development of a correlation in function of void fraction. The results demonstrated that drag model have an great influence in fluidized bed design parameters determination. In this study, a group of models were able to represent adequately the hydrodynamics, however Gidaspow (1994) drag model was the most accurate to represent the experimental data. Simulations were carried out considering restitution coefficient as a function of void fraction and using Gidaspow (1994) drag model. The simulation results obtained was able to improve the prediction of void fraction profile

A fluidização é definida como a suspensão de partículas de um solo granular devido à ação de um fluxo ascendente, que cria uma força de arrasto suficiente para suportar o peso próprio das partículas, produzindo uma zona fluidizada. Neste trabalho são discutidos os mecanismos e os conceitos envolvidos na fluidização de solos arenosos com a utilização de jatos de água, que futuramente podem ser associados a novas tecnologias de instalação de ancoragens de plataformas de petróleo offshore. O estudo foi baseado em ensaios realizados em câmaras de calibração retangulares, com paredes em acrílico, preenchidas com areias de granulometria distintas, compactadas com densidade relativa de 50% e 100%. O sistema de jateamento consiste basicamente em uma bomba centrífuga que succiona a água armazenada em um reservatório e a conduz, através de um circuito hidráulico, à extremidade de tubos metálicos verticais, responsáveis pelo jateamento de água. Foram utilizados tubos com diferentes diâmetros e diversas velocidades de saída do jato. Iniciado o jateamento, tem-se a formação de um leito fluidizado, com formato côncavo e interface bem definida com a zona não fluidizada. O jato de água penetra certa profundidade no interior do leito fluidizado até ser defletido, no sentido ascendente, carregando partículas de areia que são depositadas ao redor da zona fluidizada. Após a formação de uma geometria fluidizada máxima, os tubos são reposicionados em uma nova profundidade. A fluidização ao longo da profundidade apresenta comportamento definido, com uma geometria inicialmente estável, que alcança uma condição de instabilidade em determinada profundidade, até sofrer sucessivos fechamentos, formando uma cavidade submersa fluidizada. Esta cavidade diminui de tamanho com o aumento da profundidade e a fluidização do solo deixa de ocorrer para certa profundidade de saída do jato. Os parâmetros principais que comandam a geometria da zona fluidizada aberta são a velocidade de saída e o diâmetro do jato, em conjunto com o tamanho das partículas do solo. Não foi observada influência da densidade relativa de compactação da areia na geometria fluidizada final. As dimensões geométricas são função do número densimétrico de Froude, cujo emprego permite a determinação de equações empíricas que descrevem o comportamento da geometria fluidizada aberta. O conjunto de ensaios de laboratório possibilitou determinar os parâmetros de controle dos mecanismos de fluidização em areias e a influência destes parâmetros no comportamento do solo fluidizado. / Fluidisation occurs when a granular soil is subjected to an upward fluid flow which creates a drag force sufficient to support the weight of the particles, producing a fluidised zone. In the present work a discussion is made on the mechanisms and concepts controlling the fluidised process produced by upflow washing in granular materials, aiming at the installation of offshore platform anchors. The study was carried out in laboratory rectangular calibration chambers filled with sand at relative densities ranging from 50% to 100%. The upflow washing was produced by a centrifuge pump that sucks water from a reservoir and conducts the water through a hydraulic system to the extremity of a vertical metalic tube, producing the water jet flow. Tubes with different diameters and fluid velocities have been used. The mechanism initiates with the formation of an open fluidised zone having a characteristic shape and distinct boundaries. The fluid penetrates up to a given depth and is deflected towards the surface. Once a stabilized zone is produced, the jet is lowered to another depth and the process is repeated. The shape of the fluidised zone changes with increasing jet depth from an open and stable approximately ellipsoidal form to an unstable spouted profile, and then to a submerged fluidised cavity. The shape of the cavity reduces with increasing depth. Parameters controlling the geometry of an open fluidised zone are fluid velocity and inside diameter of jet, together with diameter soil particles. There has been no influence of relative density in the geometry of the fluidised zone. In fact, this geometry is expressed by densimetric Froude number. The present work was usefull in demonstrating the parameters controlling fluidisation by upflow washing.

O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a viabilidade de utilização de jatos de água verticais circulares, únicos e contínuos, provenientes da ponteira de uma estaca torpedo, para auxiliar sua instalação por peso próprio no leito marinho, através da fluidização do solo. Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório, em modelo reduzido, utilizando hastes para simular estacas torpedo (sem aletas) seguindo a lei de semelhança pelo número de Froude. Os ensaios de instalação por peso próprio, com e sem fluidização, ocorreram sem altura de queda, com a estaca modelo em contato com a superfície do leito. Trabalhou-se com três diâmetros de estacas, seis massas, quatros vazões e areia fina saturada compactada em duas densidades relativas iniciais (média e densa). Os ensaios de arrancamento, em leito arenoso fluidizado e não fluidizado, foram realizados imediatamente, 4, 24 e 48 horas após a instalação dos modelos. A metodologia de instalação proposta mostrou-se viável, quando o jateamento é aplicado desde a superfície em solo arenoso. As profundidades instaladas atingidas por fluidização (L/de > 50) foram consideravelmente superiores às profundidades cravadas por apenas peso próprio (L/de < 5). A geometria da zona perturbada durante a instalação por fluidização dos modelos, permaneceu constante e paralela ao fuste, com geometria de aproximadamente 2de em relação ao modelo, independentemente da vazão aplicada e da densidade relativa inicial do solo. A partir das leis de análise dimensional, uma expressão para a profundidade instalada das estacas modelo foi proposta, mostrando que a mesma é função do peso e da geometria do modelo, das propriedades físicas do solo e do fluido, e de sua vazão. Quanto maior a massa do modelo e a vazão aplicada e menor a densidade relativa, maior a profundidade atingida e maior a velocidade inicial de instalação. Constatou-se que a capacidade de carga axial dos modelos depende da densidade relativa, do diâmetro do modelo e do método de instalação (com e sem fluidização). Independentemente da densidade relativa inicial, o solo fluidizado convergiu para a mesma densidade relativa final, próxima as suas condições no estado crítico. As estacas em solo fluidizado apresentaram ganho resistência com o tempo (efeito de setup), com capacidade de carga inferior às estacas cravadas em solo não fluidizado. / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using circular vertical water jets, single and continuous, from the tip of a torpedo pile, to assist its installation by own weight on the seabed, through soil fluidization. Laboratory model tests were carried out, using tubes to simulate torpedo piles (without wings) following the law of similarity defined by the Froude number. The installation tests by the pile own weight, with and without fluidization, occurred without drop height, with the piles in contact with the surface of the bed. Three diameters of model piles and six masses, four flow rates and saturated sand at two initial relative densities (medium and dense) have been used in this set of experiments. Pullout tests in fluidized and nonfluidized soils were performed immediately, 4, 24 and 48 hours after the installation of the models. The proposed installation methodology proved to be feasible when the fluidization is applied from the surface in sandy soils. The installation depths achieved by fluidization (L/de > 50) were significantly higher than the depths reached by pile own weight (L/de < 5). The geometry of the perturbed zone during model installation by fluidization remained constant and parallel to the shaft in a geometry of about 2de of the pile model, regardless of the applied flow rate and the initial relative density of the soil. Following the laws of dimensional analysis, an expression for the embedment of fluidized piles is derived, showing that the penetration depth is a function of pile weight and geometry, fluidized water jet flow rate and velocity, as well as the soil and fluid properties. Increasing the model mass and fluidized flow rate and decreasing the relative density leads to an increase in the depth reached and the initial speed of installation. The axial load capacity of the models depends on the soil relative density, piles diameter and installation method (with and without fluidization). Regardless the initial relative density, the fluidized soil converged to the same final relative density, near its conditions of critical state. Piles installed in fluidized soil presented gain of axial capacity over time (setup effect) with lower resistance than piles driven in nonfluidized soil.

Fluidization of a granular assembly of solid particles is a process where particles are suspended in a fluid by the upward flow of fluid through the bed. This process is important in industry as it has a wide range of applications due to the high mixing and mass transfer rates present as a result of the rapid movement of particles which occurs in the bed. The dynamics of fluidization is heavily dependent on the particle scale physics and the forces acting at a particle level. For particles with sizes and densities less than 100μm and 103 kg/m3, the importance of interparticle forces such as cohesion to the fluidization phenomena observed increases compared to larger particles where phenomena observed are more dependent on hydrodynamic forces. These smaller sized particles are increasingly in high demand in industrial processes due to the increasing surface area per unit volume obtained by decreasing the particle size. Decreasing particle however leads to an increase in the impact of cohesive interparticle forces present between particles thus altering fluidization phenomena. It is thus necessary to get a greater understanding of how these cohesive forces alter fluidization behaviour both at the particle and also at the bulk scale. This work begins with an experimental study of a fluidized bed using high speed imaging. The applicability of particle image velocimetry for a dense bed is examined with verification and validation studies showing that particle image velocimetry is able to accurately capture averaged velocity profiles for particles at the front wall. A digital image analysis algorithm which is capable of accurately extracting particle solid fraction data for a dense bed at non-optimum lighting conditions was also developed. Together both experimental techniques were used to extract averaged particle mass flux data capable of accurately capturing and probing fluidization phenomena for a dense fluidized bed. This simulation studies carried out for this work looks to examine the impact of cohesive forces introduced using a van der waal cohesion model on phenomena observed at different length scales using DEM-CFD simulations. Numerical simulations were run for Geldart A sized particles at different cohesion levels represented by the bond number and at different inlet gas velocities encompassing the different regimes fluidization regimes present. A stress analysis was used to examine the mechanical state of the expanded bed at different cohesion levels with the vertical component of the total stress showing negative tensile stresses observed at the center of the bed. Further analysis of the contact and cohesive components of the stress together with a kcore and microstructural analysis focusing on the solid fraction and coordination number profiles indicated that this negative total stress was caused by a decrease in the contact stress due to breakage of mechanical contacts as cohesive forces are introduced and increased. A pressure overshoot analysis was also conducted with the magnitude of the overshoot in pressure seen during the pressure drop analysis of a cohesive bed shown to be of equivalent magnitude to the gradient of the total negative stress profile. The in-homogeneous nature of the bed was probed with the focus on how introducing cohesion levels increase the degree of inhomogeneity present in the expanded bed and how local mesoscopic structures change with cohesion and gas velocity. It was shown that increasing cohesion increases the degree of inhomogeneity in the bed as well as increasing the degree of clustering between particles. A majority of particles were shown to be present in a single macroscopic cluster in the mechanical network with distinct local mesoscopic structures forming within the macroscopic cluster. The cohesive bed also expanded as distinct dense regions with low mechanical contact zones in between these regions. A macroscopic cluster analysis showed that the majority of particles are in strong enduring mechanical and cohesive contact. Increasing cohesive forces were also shown to not only create a cohesive support network around the mechanical network but also strengthen the mechanical contact network as well. The significance of the strong and weak mechanical and cohesive forces on fluidization phenomena was also examined with analysis showing that the weak mechanical forces act to support the weak mechanical forces. The cohesive force network however was non coherent with strong forces significantly greater than weak forces. Fluidization phenomena was shown to be driven by the magnitude of the strong cohesive forces set by the minimum particle cutoff distance. This also called into question the significance of the cohesive coordination number which is dependent on the maximum cohesive cutoff. The value of the maximum cutoff was shown to be less significant as no significant changes were observed in the stress and microstructure data as the maximum cutoff was altered. Simulations with different ratios of cohesive and non cohesive particles were also undertaken and showed that a disruption in the cohesive force network leads to changes in the stress state and microstructure of the bed thus changing the fluidization phenomena observed at all length scales. The nature of the strong cohesive force network thus drives fluidization phenomena seen in the bed.

A instalação de estruturas offshore em grandes profundidades demanda avanços na área da Engenharia, principalmente quanto ao desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias associadas à ancoragem destas estruturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os mecanismos e conceitos associados à fluidização de solos arenosos com jatos de água, associando a técnica ao melhoramento do solo com agente cimentante, com a finalidade de futuramente aplicar estas técnicas em campo, na instalação e fixação de fundações e âncoras para plataformas e estruturas offshore. O trabalho é fundamentado nas pesquisas de Niven (1998) e Mezzomo (2009). O estudo foi desenvolvido através de ensaios em laboratório, sendo os ensaios de fluidização executados em tanque de acrílico de 45 x 45 cm e altura de 110 cm. Foram realizados ensaios em areia fina de granulometria uniforme (d50 = 0,18 mm). Quanto aos ensaios de fluidização, foi avaliada a influência dos parâmetros do jato (vazão e velocidade) na geometria da zona fluidizada, verificando as equações empíricas para determinar a geometria da zona fluidizada através do número de Froude das partículas (Frp) - desenvolvidas por Mezzomo (2009) - e ampliando o banco de dados dos ensaios de fluidização. Foi avaliada a influência dos parâmetros do jato (vazão) e do solo (permeabilidade e diâmetro das partículas), sobre a profundidade crítica T3. Foi definida a relação entre a profundidade crítica T3 de ensaios executados no centro e na lateral do tanque de ensaios (T3centro/T3lateral = 0,5 a 0,8). Complementarmente, foram realizados ensaios de fluidização associados à injeção de agente cimentante, através dos quais foi possível compreender a forma geral de comportamento da injeção de agente cimentante em solos arenosos. Finalmente, foram executadas provas de carga estáticas à tração em solo arenoso fluidizado e não fluidizado, e em ensaios com injeção de calda de cimento. Através destes, verificou-se uma perda de capacidade de carga entre 30 e 50% devido à fluidização do solo. Além disso, a injeção de agente cimentante resultou em aumento da capacidade de carga entre 11 e 15 vezes, em relação aos ensaios sem injeção de agente cimentante. / The installation of offshore structures in deep water demands advances in Engineering, particularly for the development of new technologies associated with the anchor of these structures. The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanisms and concepts associated with fluidization of sandy soils with water jets, combining the technique of improvement of the soil with cementing agent in order to implement these techniques in the field for installing and arrest offshore foundations and anchors of platforms and structures, in the future. The work is based on Niven (1998) and Mezzomo (2009) researches. The study was developed through laboratory tests designed for fluidization tests carried on into acrylic tank of dimensions 45 x 45 cm and height of 110 cm. The tests were performed with uniform fine sand (d50 = 0.18 mm). About fluidization tests the influence of jet parameters (rate and speed) on the geometry of fluidized zone was evaluated, verifying empirical equations to determine the geometry of the fluidized zone through the Froude number - developed by Mezzomo (2009) - expanding the database of fluidization tests. The influence of the jet and soil parameters (rate, permeability and d50) on critical depth (T3) was carefully investigated. The relation of critical depth of the tests ran in the center and side position in the tank was found to be from 0.5 to 0.8. In addition, fluidization tests associated with injection of cementing agent were carried out to improve the understanding of the general behavior of the injection of cementing agent (cement grout) in sandy soils. Finally, static tension load tests on fluidized and no fluidized sand were performed, complemented by tests with injection of cement grout. Through these, it was found that there is a 30 to 50% loss in load capacity due to the fluidization of the soil. Furthermore, tests with injection of cement agent resulted in increasing load capacity about 11 up to 15 times, in relation to the tests without cement agent injection.

O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a viabilidade de utilização de jatos de água verticais circulares, únicos e contínuos, provenientes da ponteira de uma estaca torpedo, para auxiliar sua instalação por peso próprio no leito marinho, através da fluidização do solo. Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório, em modelo reduzido, utilizando hastes para simular estacas torpedo (sem aletas) seguindo a lei de semelhança pelo número de Froude. Os ensaios de instalação por peso próprio, com e sem fluidização, ocorreram sem altura de queda, com a estaca modelo em contato com a superfície do leito. Trabalhou-se com três diâmetros de estacas, seis massas, quatros vazões e areia fina saturada compactada em duas densidades relativas iniciais (média e densa). Os ensaios de arrancamento, em leito arenoso fluidizado e não fluidizado, foram realizados imediatamente, 4, 24 e 48 horas após a instalação dos modelos. A metodologia de instalação proposta mostrou-se viável, quando o jateamento é aplicado desde a superfície em solo arenoso. As profundidades instaladas atingidas por fluidização (L/de > 50) foram consideravelmente superiores às profundidades cravadas por apenas peso próprio (L/de < 5). A geometria da zona perturbada durante a instalação por fluidização dos modelos, permaneceu constante e paralela ao fuste, com geometria de aproximadamente 2de em relação ao modelo, independentemente da vazão aplicada e da densidade relativa inicial do solo. A partir das leis de análise dimensional, uma expressão para a profundidade instalada das estacas modelo foi proposta, mostrando que a mesma é função do peso e da geometria do modelo, das propriedades físicas do solo e do fluido, e de sua vazão. Quanto maior a massa do modelo e a vazão aplicada e menor a densidade relativa, maior a profundidade atingida e maior a velocidade inicial de instalação. Constatou-se que a capacidade de carga axial dos modelos depende da densidade relativa, do diâmetro do modelo e do método de instalação (com e sem fluidização). Independentemente da densidade relativa inicial, o solo fluidizado convergiu para a mesma densidade relativa final, próxima as suas condições no estado crítico. As estacas em solo fluidizado apresentaram ganho resistência com o tempo (efeito de setup), com capacidade de carga inferior às estacas cravadas em solo não fluidizado. / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using circular vertical water jets, single and continuous, from the tip of a torpedo pile, to assist its installation by own weight on the seabed, through soil fluidization. Laboratory model tests were carried out, using tubes to simulate torpedo piles (without wings) following the law of similarity defined by the Froude number. The installation tests by the pile own weight, with and without fluidization, occurred without drop height, with the piles in contact with the surface of the bed. Three diameters of model piles and six masses, four flow rates and saturated sand at two initial relative densities (medium and dense) have been used in this set of experiments. Pullout tests in fluidized and nonfluidized soils were performed immediately, 4, 24 and 48 hours after the installation of the models. The proposed installation methodology proved to be feasible when the fluidization is applied from the surface in sandy soils. The installation depths achieved by fluidization (L/de > 50) were significantly higher than the depths reached by pile own weight (L/de < 5). The geometry of the perturbed zone during model installation by fluidization remained constant and parallel to the shaft in a geometry of about 2de of the pile model, regardless of the applied flow rate and the initial relative density of the soil. Following the laws of dimensional analysis, an expression for the embedment of fluidized piles is derived, showing that the penetration depth is a function of pile weight and geometry, fluidized water jet flow rate and velocity, as well as the soil and fluid properties. Increasing the model mass and fluidized flow rate and decreasing the relative density leads to an increase in the depth reached and the initial speed of installation. The axial load capacity of the models depends on the soil relative density, piles diameter and installation method (with and without fluidization). Regardless the initial relative density, the fluidized soil converged to the same final relative density, near its conditions of critical state. Piles installed in fluidized soil presented gain of axial capacity over time (setup effect) with lower resistance than piles driven in nonfluidized soil.