[pt] As escolhas alimentares humanas são complexas e estão condicionadas por variáveis biológicas, sociais, culturais, históricas e psicológicas. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar aspectos psicológicos das escolhas alimentares, como as motivações e os fatores da personalidade, e suas relações com a saúde psicológica. Para isso, foram apresentados três artigos. O primeiro, testa as relações entre as escolhas alimentares, os cinco grandes fatores da personalidade e a saúde psicológica em uma amostra brasileira. O segundo investiga diferenças em aspectos da personalidade e saúde psicológica em diferentes grupos dietéticos. O terceiro apresenta relações entre as motivações para as escolhas alimentares e os cinco grandes fatores da personalidade. De forma geral, os resultados apresentados são condizentes com estudos internacionais anteriores. No primeiro artigo, destacam-se relações positivas entre abertura a experiência, conscienciosidade e saúde psicológica com o consumo de frutas e vegetais. No segundo artigo, não foram encontradas diferenças esperadas em traços de personalidade em diferentes grupos de dieta. No terceiro artigo, foram encontradas relações esperadas entre o fator conscienciosidade e motivos para as escolhas alimentares, além da relação positiva do fator humor e o neuroticismo. Espera-se que esses resultados contribuam de maneira significativa para a literatura sobre os temas abordados, além de prover aplicações terapêuticas valiosas para psicólogos, nutricionistas e nutrólogos no exercício de suas profissões. Entendendo as relações entre personalidade, motivos para as escolhas alimentares e suas relações com a saúde psicológica, é possível pensar em estratégias personalizadas que podem ser mais adequadas as necessidades de cada paciente no que diz respeito a suas próprias escolhas alimentares, promovendo um estilo de vida mais saudável de forma geral. / [en] Human food choices are complex and are conditioned by biological, social, cultural, historical and psychological variables. This dissertation aimed to investigate psychological aspects of food choices, such as motivations and personality factors, and their relationships with psychological health. For this, three articles were presented. The first tests the relationships between food choices, the big five personality factors and psychological health in a Brazilian sample. The second investigates differences in aspects of personality and psychological health in different dietary groups. The third presents relationships between motivations for food choices and the five major personality factors. In general, the results presented are consistent with previous international studies. In the first article, positive relationships are highlighted between openness to experience, awareness and psychological health with the consumption of fruits and vegetables. In the second article, no expected differences in personality traits were found across different diet groups. In the third article, expected relationships were found between the consciousness factor and reasons for food choices, in addition to the positive relationship between the humor factor and neuroticism. It is expected that these results will contribute significantly to the literature on the topics involved, in addition to providing valuable therapeutic applications for psychologists, nutritionists and nutritionists in the exercise of their professions. Understanding the relationships between personalities, reasons for food choices and their psychological relationships with health, it is possible to think of personalized strategies that can be more personalized according to the needs of each patient, with regard to their own food choices, promoting a style healthier lifestyle in general.

For decades scientists believed that herbivory had minimal impact on freshwater ecosystems. We now know that herbivory in freshwater systems equals or exceeds herbivory in terrestrial and marine systems. In extreme cases, herbivores can change clear, macrophyte dominated ecosystems into turbid plankton dominated ecosystems. Even though research on plant-herbivore interactions in freshwater systems has increased, there is still much that is unknown. This thesis is comprised of four studies investigating freshwater plant-herbivore interactions across multiple spatial scales. The first study investigated how induced chemical defenses in Cabomba caroliniana suppress herbivore consumption and growth as well as how this herbivore-generated change in plant chemistry affects the growth of plant associated microbes. At the spatial scale of individual ponds or lakes, consumers that induce their host plants may also be indirectly affecting other consumers and microbial pathogens via changes in this shared resource. The second study moves to an ecosystem scale and investigates how exotic versus native apple snails may impact Everglades' habitats. We investigated plant preference, consumption, growth and conversion efficiencies in the singly native apple snail to occur in the U.S. (Pomacea paludosa) versus four introduced species (P. canaliculata, P. insularum, P. haustrum and P. diffusa). We found that even though plant preferences are similar, invasive snails tend to eat more, grow more rapidly, and sometimes more efficiently than natives. This suggests that invasive species could have a large impact on the environment, especially the abundance of submerged plants. The third study investigated how palatability of freshwater plants varies with latitude (i.e. geographic scale). Increased herbivory at lower latitudes is hypothesized to select for increased plant defenses, which has been shown to be true for tropical forests, salt marshes, and seaweeds. When we contrasted eight confamilial plants collected in Indiana versus Southern Florida, three of four herbivores significantly preferred northern plants. When we evaluated a second set of plants collected from Indiana versus Central Florida, only one of three herbivores preferred the northern plants. Overall, our results suggest a preference for northern plants, but the strength of this relationship was variable. We hypothesize that this variability may be driven by 1) local variance in herbivore pressure that creates variance in plant defenses, and/or 2) the effect of winter length on the survival and feeding rate of herbivores. The final study expanded to a world scale, and investigated herbivore preference for native vs exotic plants. We found that both N. American crayfish and S. American snails preferred exotic plants over confamilial natives, despite responding to different plant characteristics. The single species of apple snail that occurs in N. American showed no preference for native or exotic plants from a N. American perspective, but instead exhibited preferences that correlated with its history of evolution in S. America. As the N. American species is a sister species of the S. American snails, feeding by the N. American snail appears more affected by its S. American lineage than its recent history in N. America. This suggests that phylogenetic legacy will affect choices of the herbivore as well as resistance or susceptibility of plants.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Crianças de mães fumantes são mais suscetíveis a se tornarem adultos obesos e se viciarem em drogas ou alimentos palatáveis. Drogas e alimentos ativam a via mesolímbica de recompensa, causando sensação de prazer que induz ainda mais o consumo. Assim, avaliamos a relação entre a exposição apenas à nicotina ou à fumaça do cigarro durante a lactação com a preferência alimentar e sistema dopaminérgico de recompensa cerebral das proles, em dois modelos de programação: Modelo I: no 2o dia pós-natal (PN), lactantes receberam implante de minibombas osmóticas que liberam nicotina (NIC) ou salina (C), durante 14 dias. Em PN150 e novamente em PN160, as proles foram divididas em 4 grupos para um desafio alimentar: N-SC e C-SC que receberam ração padrão; N-SSD e C-SSD que podiam escolher livremente entre as dietas hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada após 12 h. As mães foram sacrificadas apenas na 21 da lactação (desmame) e as proles em PN15 (com nicotina), PN21 e PN170 (ausência da NIC). Ao desmame, as ratas lactantes NIC apresentaram menor conteúdo de tirosina hidroxilase (TH), maior OBRb e SOCS3 na area tegmentar ventral (VTA); menor TH, maior receptor de dopamina 1 (D1R), receptor de dopamina 2 (D2R) e transportador de dopamina (DAT) no núcleo accumbens (NAc); maior conteúdo de TH no estriado dorsal (DS); e maior D2R e SOCS3 no núcleo arqueado (ARC). Em PN15, os filhotes NIC apresentaram maior conteúdo de D1R, D2R e menor DAT no NAc, enquanto em PN21, apresentaram apenas menor DAT no DS, e menor conteúdo de pSTAT3 em ARC. Aos 170 dias, as proles SSD demonstraram maior preferência para a ração hiperlipídica. No entanto, os animais N-SSD consumiram mais ração hiperglicidica do que as proles C-SSD. A prole N apresentou menor conteúdo de D2R e DAT no NAc e menor D2R no ARC. Modelo II: as mães e suas proles foram divididas em: expostos à fumaça do cigarro (grupo S: 4 vezes / dia, do 3 ao 21 dia de lactação), e expostos ao ar filtrado (grupo C). Em PN175, as proles foram divididas em 4 grupos para o desafio alimentar S-SC, C-SC, S-SSD e C-SSD. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada após 30 min e 12 h. Em PN180, as proles foram sacrificadas. O grupo S-SSD ingeriu mais das rações palatáveis do que o grupo C-SSD em 30 min e 12 h. Ambos os grupos preferiram a ração hiperlipídica. No entanto, os animais S-SSD consumiram mais ração hiperlipídica do que C-SSD em 30 min. A prole S apresentou menor conteúdo de TH no VTA, menor conteúdo de TH, D2R e maior conteúdo de D1R no NAc e menor OBRb no ARC. Demonstramos que tanto a nicotina isolada como a exposição à fumaça do cigarro durante a lactação resultaram em mudanças no sistema dopaminérgico das proles, programando o comportamento alimentar devido à diminuição da dopamina no NAc. / Children from smoking mothers are more susceptible to become obese adults and to become drug or food addicts. Drugs and food activate the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing a sense of pleasure that induces further consumption.Thus, we studied the relationship between only nicotine or tobacco smoke exposure during lactation with feeding behavior and brain dopaminergic reward system at adulthood, in two programming models: Model I, on the postnatal day (PN) 2, lactating rats were implanted with minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC) or saline (C) for 14 days. On PN150 and again on PN160, offspring were divided into 4 groups for a food challenge: N-SC and C-SC received standard chow; N-SSD and C-SSD could freely select between hyperlipidic and hyperglicidic diets. Mothers were euthanized only in 21 of lactation and offspring were euthanized in PN15 (with nicotine), PN21 and PN170 (withdraw). At weaning (PN21), NIC dams had: lower tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), higher OBRb and SOCS3 contents in ventral tegmental area (VTA); lower TH, higher dopamine receptor 1 (D1R), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) and dopamine transporter (DAT) contents in nucleus accumbens (NAc); higher TH content in dorsal striatum (DS); and higher D2R and SOCS3 contents in arcuate nucleus (ARC). On PN15, NIC pups had higher D1R, D2R and lower DAT contents in NAc, while on PN21 they had lower DAT in DS, and lower pSTAT3 content in ARC. On PN170, SSD animals showed an increased food intake compared with SC ones and a preference for the hyperlipidic chow. However, N-SSD animals consumed relatively more hyperglicidic chow than C-SSD ones. N offspring presented lower D2R and DAT contents in the NAc, and lower D2R in the ARC. Model II, nursing rats and their pups were divided into: tobacco smoke-exposed (S group: 4 times/day, from the 3rd to the 21th day of lactation), and ambient air-exposed (C group). On PN175, offspring were divided into 4 groups for a food challenge: S-SC and C-SC received standard chow; S-SSD and C-SSD could select between hyperlipidic and hyperglicidic diets. Food intake was recorded after 30 min and 12 h. On PN180, offspring were euthanized. SSD animals presented a higher food intake compared with SC ones. S-SSD animals ate more than C-SSD ones at 30 min and 12 h. Both groups preferred the hyperlipidic chow. However, S-SSD animals consumed relatively more hyperlipidic chow than C-SSD at 30 min. S animals presented lower TH content in the ventral tegmental area, lower TH, D2R, higher D1R contents in the NAc and lower OBRb in the ARC. We showed that both nicotine alone as well as cigarette smoke exposure during the lactation resulted in changes in the dopaminergic system of the offspring, programming the eating behavior due to decreased dopamine in the NAc.

Submitted by PATRÍCIA SURAMA PARISE MAIA null (patricia.parise@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-07T16:28:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Agro_Patricia_Maia.pdf: 2373662 bytes, checksum: b5375ff641c78b9ad795cae545478b5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-08T17:29:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maia_psp_dr_jabo.pdf: 2373662 bytes, checksum: b5375ff641c78b9ad795cae545478b5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T17:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maia_psp_dr_jabo.pdf: 2373662 bytes, checksum: b5375ff641c78b9ad795cae545478b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivos estabelecer uma metodologia para criação de O. invirae e identificar genótipos de palma de óleo que apresentem fontes de resistência a esse inseto, nas categorias por não preferência para alimentação, antibiose e tolerância, sendo esta última baseada na produtividade após simulação de desfolha nas plantas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório, exceto o teste de tolerância, o qual foi em condições de campo. Para a metodologia de criação, as lagartas foram criadas individualmente em placas de Petri até o quarto ínstar e posteriormente transferidas para recipientes maiores onde permaneceram até a emergência dos adultos. Foram utilizados 5 genótipos de palma de óleo para os testes de não preferência para alimentação, antibiose e tolerância, quais sejam: Deli x LaMe tratamento testemunha, Compacta x Ekona; Deli x Ekona; Compacta x Nigéria e Compacta x Ghana. Os testes com e sem chance de escolha, foram realizados com lagartas de O. invirae recém-eclodidas e com 12 dias de idade. Foram avaliados o consumo e a atratividade a 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 e 30 minutos e 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, após a liberação dos insetos. No teste de antibiose, as lagartas de O. invirae foram alimentadas com folíolos dos cinco genótipos até o final da fase larval. No teste de tolerância, os genótipos foram submetidos a desfolha simulada, ou seja, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%. Avaliando a produção por 14 meses após a desfolha. O ciclo de vida desde o ovo até a emergência do adulto de O. invirae se completou em 64,59 dias. No teste com chance de escolha, os genótipos mais atrativos foram Compacta x Ekona e Compacta x Ghana, enquanto que o Compacta x Nigéria foi o menos atrativo e menos consumido nos dois testes com lagartas recém-eclodidas. No teste sem chance de escolha com lagartas de 12 dias de idade o tratamento Deli x LaMe foi o menos consumido, o Compacta x Ghana, foi o mais consumido em teste com e sem chance de escolha. No entanto no teste de antibiose foram verificados maiores efeitos dos genótipos estudados nas viabilidades do quinto ínstar larval, no período total da fase larval e fase pupal. No teste de tolerância, os genótipos Deli x LaMe e Compacta x Ekona apresentaram os melhores resultados de produtividade. O genótipo Compacta x Nigéria apresenta resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação a lagartas recém-eclodidas de O. invirae; o genótipo Deli x LaMe apresenta resistência na categoria antibiose e os genótipos mais tolerantes a desfolha simulada são Deli x Lame, Compacta x Ekona e Compacta x Nigéria. / This research aimed to establish a methodology for creating O. invirae and identify genotypes palm oil presenting this insect resistance sources in the categories by not feeding preference, antibiosis and tolerance, the latter being based on productivity simulation after defoliation in plants. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory, but the tolerance test, which was under field conditions. For the creation of methodology, the caterpillars were reared individually in Petri dishes until the fourth instar and then transferred to larger containers where they remained until the emergence of adults. 5 oil palm genotypes were used for the test no preference for food, antibiosis and tolerance, which are: Deli x Lame control treatment, Compact x Ekona; Deli x Ekona; Compact x Nigeria and Compact x Ghana. The tests with and without choice, were carried out with crawler O. invirae newly hatched and 12 days old. They were evaluated consumption and attractiveness to 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the release of the insects. In antibiosis test, Crawler O. invirae were fed leaflets of the five genotypes by the end of the larval stage. In the tolerance test, the genotypes were simulated peeling, is, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Evaluating production for 14 months after defoliation. The life cycle from egg to the emergence of O. invirae adult was completed in 64.59 days. In the test free choice, the most attractive genotypes were Compacta x Ekona and Compact x Ghana, while the Compact x Nigeria was the least attractive and least consumed in both tests with newly hatched caterpillars. In the test no choice with caterpillars 12 days old the Deli x Lame treatment was the least consumed, Compact x Ghana, was the most consumed in test and no choice. However the antibiosis test were observed greater effects of the genotypes studied the viability of the fifth instar larvae, the total period of the larval and pupal stage. In the tolerance test, the Deli x Lame and Compact x Ekona genotypes showed the best productivity results. The Compact x Nigeria genotype is resistant type no preference for feeding the newly hatched larvae of O. invirae; the Deli x Lame genotype presents resistance in antibiose category and the most tolerant genotypes simulated defoliation are Delhi x Lame, Compact x Ekona and Compact x Nigeria.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Crianças de mães fumantes são mais suscetíveis a se tornarem adultos obesos e se viciarem em drogas ou alimentos palatáveis. Drogas e alimentos ativam a via mesolímbica de recompensa, causando sensação de prazer que induz ainda mais o consumo. Assim, avaliamos a relação entre a exposição apenas à nicotina ou à fumaça do cigarro durante a lactação com a preferência alimentar e sistema dopaminérgico de recompensa cerebral das proles, em dois modelos de programação: Modelo I: no 2o dia pós-natal (PN), lactantes receberam implante de minibombas osmóticas que liberam nicotina (NIC) ou salina (C), durante 14 dias. Em PN150 e novamente em PN160, as proles foram divididas em 4 grupos para um desafio alimentar: N-SC e C-SC que receberam ração padrão; N-SSD e C-SSD que podiam escolher livremente entre as dietas hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada após 12 h. As mães foram sacrificadas apenas na 21 da lactação (desmame) e as proles em PN15 (com nicotina), PN21 e PN170 (ausência da NIC). Ao desmame, as ratas lactantes NIC apresentaram menor conteúdo de tirosina hidroxilase (TH), maior OBRb e SOCS3 na area tegmentar ventral (VTA); menor TH, maior receptor de dopamina 1 (D1R), receptor de dopamina 2 (D2R) e transportador de dopamina (DAT) no núcleo accumbens (NAc); maior conteúdo de TH no estriado dorsal (DS); e maior D2R e SOCS3 no núcleo arqueado (ARC). Em PN15, os filhotes NIC apresentaram maior conteúdo de D1R, D2R e menor DAT no NAc, enquanto em PN21, apresentaram apenas menor DAT no DS, e menor conteúdo de pSTAT3 em ARC. Aos 170 dias, as proles SSD demonstraram maior preferência para a ração hiperlipídica. No entanto, os animais N-SSD consumiram mais ração hiperglicidica do que as proles C-SSD. A prole N apresentou menor conteúdo de D2R e DAT no NAc e menor D2R no ARC. Modelo II: as mães e suas proles foram divididas em: expostos à fumaça do cigarro (grupo S: 4 vezes / dia, do 3 ao 21 dia de lactação), e expostos ao ar filtrado (grupo C). Em PN175, as proles foram divididas em 4 grupos para o desafio alimentar S-SC, C-SC, S-SSD e C-SSD. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada após 30 min e 12 h. Em PN180, as proles foram sacrificadas. O grupo S-SSD ingeriu mais das rações palatáveis do que o grupo C-SSD em 30 min e 12 h. Ambos os grupos preferiram a ração hiperlipídica. No entanto, os animais S-SSD consumiram mais ração hiperlipídica do que C-SSD em 30 min. A prole S apresentou menor conteúdo de TH no VTA, menor conteúdo de TH, D2R e maior conteúdo de D1R no NAc e menor OBRb no ARC. Demonstramos que tanto a nicotina isolada como a exposição à fumaça do cigarro durante a lactação resultaram em mudanças no sistema dopaminérgico das proles, programando o comportamento alimentar devido à diminuição da dopamina no NAc. / Children from smoking mothers are more susceptible to become obese adults and to become drug or food addicts. Drugs and food activate the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing a sense of pleasure that induces further consumption.Thus, we studied the relationship between only nicotine or tobacco smoke exposure during lactation with feeding behavior and brain dopaminergic reward system at adulthood, in two programming models: Model I, on the postnatal day (PN) 2, lactating rats were implanted with minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC) or saline (C) for 14 days. On PN150 and again on PN160, offspring were divided into 4 groups for a food challenge: N-SC and C-SC received standard chow; N-SSD and C-SSD could freely select between hyperlipidic and hyperglicidic diets. Mothers were euthanized only in 21 of lactation and offspring were euthanized in PN15 (with nicotine), PN21 and PN170 (withdraw). At weaning (PN21), NIC dams had: lower tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), higher OBRb and SOCS3 contents in ventral tegmental area (VTA); lower TH, higher dopamine receptor 1 (D1R), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) and dopamine transporter (DAT) contents in nucleus accumbens (NAc); higher TH content in dorsal striatum (DS); and higher D2R and SOCS3 contents in arcuate nucleus (ARC). On PN15, NIC pups had higher D1R, D2R and lower DAT contents in NAc, while on PN21 they had lower DAT in DS, and lower pSTAT3 content in ARC. On PN170, SSD animals showed an increased food intake compared with SC ones and a preference for the hyperlipidic chow. However, N-SSD animals consumed relatively more hyperglicidic chow than C-SSD ones. N offspring presented lower D2R and DAT contents in the NAc, and lower D2R in the ARC. Model II, nursing rats and their pups were divided into: tobacco smoke-exposed (S group: 4 times/day, from the 3rd to the 21th day of lactation), and ambient air-exposed (C group). On PN175, offspring were divided into 4 groups for a food challenge: S-SC and C-SC received standard chow; S-SSD and C-SSD could select between hyperlipidic and hyperglicidic diets. Food intake was recorded after 30 min and 12 h. On PN180, offspring were euthanized. SSD animals presented a higher food intake compared with SC ones. S-SSD animals ate more than C-SSD ones at 30 min and 12 h. Both groups preferred the hyperlipidic chow. However, S-SSD animals consumed relatively more hyperlipidic chow than C-SSD at 30 min. S animals presented lower TH content in the ventral tegmental area, lower TH, D2R, higher D1R contents in the NAc and lower OBRb in the ARC. We showed that both nicotine alone as well as cigarette smoke exposure during the lactation resulted in changes in the dopaminergic system of the offspring, programming the eating behavior due to decreased dopamine in the NAc.

Food preference of small rodents to consume the roots of wild plants with the emphasize on their impact to bulbs of orchid Dactylorhiza majalis has been studied on three localities during years 2002 - 2007. There were selected ten couples of plants in each plots, one individual of couple plants was protected by tin triangle. Indicated plants have been measured in the beginning (high, length and wide of the leaves and flower number) and at the end of growing period (number of capsules). Small mammals were snaptrapped for three nights in the autumn. On each locality four rows of 25 snap traps were situated, two rows through orchid plots and two without orchids. In years 2004 {--} 2007 the food preference was ascertained on studied sites. Roots of Daucus carota (as a control in year 2004) and roots of Selinum carvifolia (as control in years 2005 - 2007) and roots of tested plant were put into one rectangle "bait" of size 15 x 6 centimeters from gauze. These 50 "baits" were placed among 100 traps on each locality, every other trap, during snaptrapped of small mammals. Browsing was classified by six number scale. During years 2005 - 2007 food preference of Microtus arvalis under laboratory conditions of Science Faculty of South Bohemia University was achieved with the roots of the same species as we used during food preference on plots. During years 2006 -2007 bulbs of Dactylorhiza majalis from laboratory condition and a few idividuals from endengered meadows by revitalization of pond were added. During yeas 2006 and 2007 the contain of stomach from Microtus arvalis and Microtus agrestis, catched during autumn, was studied. Bulb destruction by small rodents during years 2002 - 2007 was not confirmed. But Microtus arvalis preferred bulbs of Dactylorhiza majalis under laboratory conditions and roots of Selinium carvifolium and Lysimachia vulgaris boths in laboratory and wet meadows. Destruction of orchid bulbs and more preferred roots of wild plants by small rodents could occur probably only in outbreaks of their population cycle. I did not observe this on studied plots. In mount of stomach from Microtus arvalis only 3% underground supply organs of plants; rest of stomach contain was consisted of aboveground green part of plants. This result was expexted, because small rodents prefere during vegetation period green part of plants.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T10:10:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 heloiseanneparchen.pdf: 1329308 bytes, checksum: 6c8da739578e1ba772da8df0bc830186 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T21:37:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 heloiseanneparchen.pdf: 1329308 bytes, checksum: 6c8da739578e1ba772da8df0bc830186 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T21:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 heloiseanneparchen.pdf: 1329308 bytes, checksum: 6c8da739578e1ba772da8df0bc830186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As forrageiras Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf), Cynodon dactylon (L.) e Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach) são espécies de destaque na produção de pastagens no Brasil, sendo objeto de pesquisa do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Leite (EMBRAPA/CNPGL), onde são feitos estudos de melhoramento. Neste trabalho objetivou-se verificar a adequação alimentar das principais espécies de afídeos que são encontradas nestas espécies forrageiras, Sipha flava (Forbes, 1884), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas, 1878), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus, 1758) e Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856), e sua relação com estas plantas. Foi realizado estudo de biologia dos afídeos, utilizando parâmetros do desenvolvimento e reprodução e ensaio de preferência em arena de livre escolha. Foram utilizadas ninfas de até 24 horas de cada espécie de afídeo, individualizadas em unidades de criação contendo ágar (1%) e um disco foliar da espécie forrageira e então mantidas em câmara climatizada. As espécies de afídeos foram capazes de completar seu ciclo de vida nas forrageiras testadas porém variações nos parâmetros avaliados indicam maior adequação de algumas forrageiras para cada afídeo. A forrageira P. purpureum forneceu melhores condições para o desenvolvimento dos afídeos. A forrageira B. decumbens foi menos adequada para S. flava, a forrageira C. dactylon foi a que se mostrou menos adequada para R. maidis, H. setariae e R. padi. R. padi foi o que apresentou maior capacidade de se desenvolver nas espécies forrageiras ofertadas. No ensaio de preferência, após 1 hora, S. flava apresentou preferência por B. decumbens à C. dactylon, já P. purpureum não diferiu significativamente das demais. Após 24 horas S. flava não apresentou preferência para as forrageiras ofertadas. As espécies R. padi, R. maidis e H. setariae preferiram B. decumbens já na primera hora, porém não houve diferença entre P. purpureum e C. dactylon. Após 24 horas a preferência por P. purpureum foi significativamente maior do que por C. dactylon enquanto a preferência por B. decumbens continuou significativamente mais alta. Os resultados mostram que as forrageiras têm diferente adequação alimentar para as espécies de afídeos e que estes possuem mecanismos de escolha, porém estas relações necessitam novos estudos. / The forages, Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf), Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach) are prominent species on pasture production in Brasil, being researched in the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Leite (EMBRAPA/CNPGL), where plant breeding are conducted. The present study aimed to verify food adequacy for aphid species, Sipha flava (Forbes, 1884), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas, 1878), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus, 1758) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856), with forages plants. A biology essay was conducted with the aphids, using development and reproduction parameters, and a free-choice essay. Nymphs emerged within 24 hours, of each aphid species were reared in plastic container filled with agar (1%) and a leaf disk of forage species and then kept on climate chamber. All aphid species were capable of complete their life cycle at the three forage grasses tested, however, variation on evaluated parameters indicates higher adequacy of some of the forage plants and aphids. The forage P. purpureum provided better conditions for aphid development. The specie B. decumbens had lower adequacy to S. flava, the plant C. dactylon had lower adequacy to R. maidis, H. setariae e R. padi. The aphid R. padi showed the higher development capacity on every forage specie offered. At the preference essay, after 1 hour, S. flava prefered B. decumbens instead of C. dactylon, as P. purpureum did not differed significally from other. After 24 hours, S. flava did not show preference for any forage offered. The aphids R. padi, R. maidis and H. setariae prefered B. decumbens already at first hour, however there was no difference between P. purpureum and C. dactylon. After 24 hours the preference for P. purpureum was significantly more than C. dactylon, while the preference for B. decumbens continued significantly higher than other. The results show that the forage grasses has different adequacy for each aphid species and these insects have choice mechanisms, however these relations need more studies

The current study examined the mediating role of possible food preferences on the temperamentweight relationship among 18-month-old toddlers. Parents of 37 typically developing toddlers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ). During a lab visit toddlers’ weight and recumbent length were measured and recorded. Toddlers also completed a sequential touching task to examine their ability to categorize a healthy group of foods and an unhealthy group of foods. The only temperament measure found to associate with both child weight status and food categorization was inhibitory control. Toddlers’ food categorization was not found to mediate the relationship between inhibitory control and their weight status. The results of this study suggest that there is a continued need for a nonparent report measure of food preferences.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-08-18T11:54:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doralice Oliveira Pires Dias.pdf: 4565812 bytes, checksum: 14c7448cb864225bccf312823733250c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T11:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doralice Oliveira Pires Dias.pdf: 4565812 bytes, checksum: 14c7448cb864225bccf312823733250c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / Obesity is associated with physical inactivity and with high consumption of hyper caloric foods. In children, this disease, shows to be correlated with internalizing behavioral problems and, in addition, causes damage to most organic systems. The group of educational practices (Parental Styles) can reduce or increase the risk of children’s overweight. Family based behavioral treatments for overweight have been developed for over 25 years and short and long term results of these have show their efficacy. The purpose of this study was to build a child-oriented group intervention program and evaluate which of two family roles – mediator (the person aids in the loss of weight) or participant (when the person loses weight) – shows to be the most effective in the reduction of Body Mass Index (BMI). Thirty children with percentile 85 and ages between 8 and 12 years, and 26 caregivers with BMIs 25 participated in the study. The results showed that the children with mediator caregivers followed rules better and reduced their BMI the most. Playful strategies favored motivation and participation in the interventional multidisciplinary approach, which indicates the importance of the implanting programs that are appropriate to the child´s language. The second study evaluated eating habits and their relation to the Body Mass Index BMI) of 12 overweight children, ages 7 to 12 years, who participated in a psycho-educational multidisciplinary intervention program for children and their caregivers. The effects of two different types of the caregiver participation: either as a mediator or as a participant in the eating habits of children. Healthy and non-healthy option of food and drinks were offered in nine sacks. The results showed a higher consumption of non-healthy foods in all snacks. However, the children that reduced their BMI during the multidisciplinary intervention ate more healthy foods than the ones that did not lose weight, though they continued to eat non-healthy foods as well. Children from the mediator groups ate more healthy foods. Correlations between social competence and behavioral problems of caregivers and children, BMI and adherence of children were addressed in the third study. Results show a significant relationship between the child’s internalization of behavioral problems and the BMI as well as a relationship between the child’s and the caregivers behavioral problems. It is suggested that the child’s behavioral problem is a mediating variable between the caregivers behavioral problem and the child’s BMI, therefore becoming necessary the development interventions on the overweight problem which deal with the behavioral problems of both. The fourth study, finally verified through the Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP), the parental styles of 18 caregivers. These were divided into two groups: participants and the mediators. Changes in the caregivers parental practices after the implantation of the multidisciplinary program were also evaluated. We also verified correlations between parental style and the child’s BMI. Overall, in the initial IEP there was a prevalence of the Physically Abusive parental style. No significant statistical correlation was found between child’s BMI and parental styles. After the program the mediator caregivers showed better results at the final IEP. / A obesidade está associada com sedentarismo e com alto consumo de alimentos hipercalóricos. Em crianças, essa doença, demonstra estar correlacionada com problemas de comportamento internalizantes, além de acarretar prejuízos à maioria dos sistemas orgânicos. O conjunto de práticas educativas (Estilos Parentais) pode reduzir ou aumentar o risco de sobrepeso infantil. Tratamentos comportamentais do excesso de peso baseados na família têm sido desenvolvidos há mais de 25 anos e os resultados a curto e longo prazo mostram sua eficácia. Diante disso, foram desenvolvidos quatro estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi construir um programa de intervenção grupal voltado para a criança e avaliar qual dos dois papéis familiares – mediador (auxiliar no emagrecimento das crianças) ou participante ( quando há do próprio emagrecimento) - demonstra ser mais eficaz na redução do IMC. Participaram do estudo 30 crianças com percentil 85e idades entre 7 e 12 anos e 26 cuidadores com índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) 25. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças com cuidadores mediadores foram as melhores seguidoras de regras e as que mais reduziram o IMC. Estratégias lúdicas favoreceram a motivação e a adesão à proposta interventiva multidisciplinar, o que indica a importância da implantação de programas apropriados à linguagem da criança. O segundo estudo avaliou o consumo alimentar e a relação desse consumo com a redução do IMC de doze crianças acima do peso, com idades entre 7 e 12 anos, que participaram de uma intervenção psicoeducativa multidisciplinar para cuidadores e crianças. Buscou se também verificar os efeitos de dois tipos diferentes de participação dos cuidadores, isto é, como mediadores ou como participantes no consumo alimentar dessas crianças. Os resultados mostraram maior consumo de alimentos não saudáveis em todos os lanches. Contudo, as crianças que reduziram o IMC durante a intervenção multidisciplinar consumiram mais alimentos saudáveis do que aquelas que não emagreceram, apesar de continuarem ingerindo alimentos não saudáveis. As crianças do grupo de mediadores consumiram mais alimentos saudáveis. Correlações entre competência social e problemas de comportamento de cuidadores e crianças, IMC e adesão das crianças foram abordadas no terceiro estudo. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas entre problemas de comportamento internalizantes das crianças e seu IMC, e relações entre problemas de comportamento de cuidadores e de crianças. Sugere-se que o problema de comportamento das crianças seja uma variável mediacional entre o problema de comportamento dos cuidadores e o IMC das crianças, sendo assim necessário o desenvolvimento de intervenções para o excesso de peso que intervenham nos problemas de comportamento de ambos. O quarto estudo, por fim, verificou através do Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP ), os estilos parentais de 18 cuidadores, divididos em dois grupos: participantes e mediadores. Buscou-se, também, verificar mudanças em relação às práticas parentais dos cuidadores devido à implantação do programa multidisciplinar. Por fim, investigou-se a existência de correlações entre estilos parentais e IMC das crianças. Sobre correlação entre IMC das crianças e estilos parentais, não foi verificada nenhuma relação estatisticamente significativa. Verificou-se, após o programa, que cuidadores mediadores apresentaram melhores resultados no IEP final.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T14:06:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_joelma_roberta_goncalves.pdf: 1590020 bytes, checksum: 0e2f166f0a45431a2ae95210f70078f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T17:17:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_joelma_roberta_goncalves.pdf: 1590020 bytes, checksum: 0e2f166f0a45431a2ae95210f70078f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T17:18:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_joelma_roberta_goncalves.pdf: 1590020 bytes, checksum: 0e2f166f0a45431a2ae95210f70078f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T17:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_joelma_roberta_goncalves.pdf: 1590020 bytes, checksum: 0e2f166f0a45431a2ae95210f70078f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-02 / Sem bolsa / No Brasil, a área cultivada com milho está em torno de 12 milhões de hectares. Apesar dessa cultura possuir um alto potencial de produtividade, é diretamente afetada pelo ataque de várias espécies de insetos desde a semeadura até o armazenamento. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a comparação de cultivares de milho transgênico e não transgênico, com base nos níveis de migrações populacionais das ninfas do percevejo castanho-das-raízes S. carvalhoi em teste com oportunidade de escolha. Três variedades de plantas foram estabelecidas, em um conjunto formado por seis recipientes circulares de PVC, interligados simetricamente com livre comunicação a um recipiente central circular. O experimento foi organizado segundo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e constou de três tratamentos e oito repetições. A avaliação do ensaio foi realizada no 60o dia após a liberação das ninfas, por meio da contagem de insetos que migraram para as raízes das diferentes plantas. Demonstrou-se que, das ninfas de 1o, 2o, 3o e 4o estádios, respectivamente, 17,5; 23,33; 34,16 e 19,16% optaram por alguma cultivar de milho em estudo. Constatou-se que, 22,5; 30,0 e 0,0% de ninfas de 1o estádio, optaram por, respectivamente, plantas da variedade Dekald 390 YG, Syngenta Impacto (convencional) e plantas da variedade Pioneer P30F53 YG; 37,5; 27,5 e 5,0% das ninfas de 2o estádio, optaram por, respectivamente, plantas da variedade Dekald 390 YG, plantas da variedade Syngenta Impacto (convencional) e plantas da variedade Pioneer P30F53 YG; 52,5%, 35,0% e 15,0% de ninfas 3o estádio, optaram por, respectivamente, convencional, Dekald 390 e Pioneer P30F53 YG e 27,5; 15,0 e 15,0% de ninfas de 4o estádio, optaram por, respectivamente, plantas da variedade Dekald 390 YG, plantas da variedade Syngenta Impacto (convencional) e plantas da variedade Pioneer P30F53 YG. As ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto estádios se concentraram em maiores quantidades nas plantas de variedades convencionais e Dekald 390 YG e em menores concentrações nas plantas da variedade Pioneer P30F53 YG. Das três variedades de milho avaliadas, a cultivar Pioneer P30F53 YG foi a que obteve a menor preferência (IP) pelas ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro estádios. Conclui-se que o hibrido de milho da variedade Pioneer F53YG demonstra não ser atrativo as ninfas do S. carvalhoi, apresentando potencial para uso em áreas infestadas. Os híbridos Dekalb390 YG e Syngenta Impacto (convencional) são atrativos ao percevejo castanho das raízes S. carvalhoi, não sendo recomendado o cultivo em áreas infestadas pelo inseto. / The area under maize is around 12 million hectares in Brazil. However, this crop has a high yield potential, it may be directly affected by the attack of several insects from planting to its storage. This study aimed to compare transgenic maize cultivars and non-GMO, based on the levels of population migration of the brown-roots bug (S. carvalhoi) nymphs in test with opportunity of choice. Three varieties of plants were established in a group of six circular container formed of PVC, symmetrically linked by an open communication with a free passage to a central circular container. The experiment was organized in a completely randomized design and consisted of three treatments and eight repetitions. Evaluation test was conducted on the 60th day after the release of nymphs, by counting insects that have migrated into the roots of different plants. It has been shown that the nymphs of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th stages, respectively, 17.5; 23.33; 34.16 and 19.16% choose for some cultivar studied. It was found that 22.5; 30.0 and 0.0% of nymphs of the first stage, chose respectively Dekald 390 YG, Syngenta Impact (conventional) and Pioneer P30F53 YG. About second stage nymphs 37.5; 27.5 and 5.0%, chose respectively Dekald 390 YG, Syngenta Impact (conventional) and Pioneer P30F53 YG, and 52.5%, 35.0% and 15.0% of third instar nymphs, choose, respectively, conventional, Dekald 390 and Pioneer P30F53 YG and 27.5; 15.0 and 15.0% of nymphs of fourth stage, choose respectively Dekald 390 YG, Syngenta Impact (conventional) and Pioneer P30F53 YG. Nymphs of the first, second, third and fourth stages were concentrated in larger quantities in conventional plant varieties and Dekald YG 390, in lower concentrations in Pioneer P30F53 YG. Pioneer P30F53 YG was the cultivar with the lowest preference (IP) by the nymphs of first, second and third stages. We conclude that corn hybrid variety Pioneer F53YG demonstrates not be attractive to S. carvalhoi nymphs, with potential for use in infested areas. Hybrid Dekalb390 YG and Syngenta Impact (conventional) are attractive to brown bug of roots (S. carvalhoi), not recommended cultivation in areas infested by the insect.