<p>An article of Zariphopoulou and Musiela "An example of indifference prices under exponential preferences", was background of our work.</p>

<p>Denna rapport beskriver och undersöker olika sätt att använda online 3D i webbpresentationer. 3D ställs emot vad som ibland brukar kallas 2,5D (Man fotograferar en produkt ur olika vinklar för att få en serie med bilder som kan ge en fiktiv 3D upplevelse). Rapporten ger bakgrund och historia över online 3D teknologi, ger en översikt över marknaden för online produktpresentationer idag och försöker ge en ögonblicksbild av situationen i andra kvartalet 2007 över en snabb föränderlig marknad. Fyra olika 3D system ställs mot varandra med hjälp av praktiska kodexempel och avslutas med en helhetslösning för dynamisk generering av webbsidor. Målgruppen är programmerare och webbutvecklare som tar fram material för små och medelstora företag.</p>

Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes and derive their support from near surface soils. Thus, they are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. Designers of shallow foundations are required to meet two limit states: overall failure of the soil beneath the foundation (bearing capacity) and excessive settlement. Existing bearing capacity design methods use an assumed shearing plane within the soil and perfectly plastic soil behavior to estimate the ultimate resistance available. The immediate settlement of a shallow foundation is typically approximated using an elasticity-based method that does not account for actual, nonlinear soil behavior. A load test database was developed from footing load tests reported in the literature to assess the accuracy and uncertainty in existing design methodologies for calculating bearing capacity and immediate settlement. The assessment of uncertainty in bearing capacity and immediate settlement was accomplished through the application of a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model, and the adaptation of the Duncan-Chang soil constitutive model to footing displacements. The prediction of bearing capacity using the general bearing capacity formula was compared to the bearing capacity extrapolated from the load test database using a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model. On average the general bearing capacity formula under-predicts the bearing capacity and exhibits a significant amount of variability. The comparison was used to develop resistance statistics that were implemented to produce resistance factors for an LRFD based design approach using AASHTO load statistics. The Duncan-Chang model was adapted to predict bearing pressure displacement curves for footings in the load test database and used to estimate governing soil parameters. Bearing pressure-displacement curves fitted to the observed curves were used to back calculate soil stiffness. The soil stiffness was used with an elasticity-based displacement prediction method to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Finally, the back-calculated modulus from the fitted Duncan-Chang model was used to assess the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the elasticity-based K-factor, a correlation based stiffness parameter. In general the comparisons indicate that the current design procedures over-predict the bearing pressure associated with a given displacement and exhibit a significant amount of uncertainty. / Graduation date: 2012

Thesis (Ph.D. (Leer en Onderrig)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Das Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren dient vor allem der nachträglichen Längenmessung von Fundamentpfählen oder ähnlichen Elementen zur Gründung von Bauwerken. Eine solche Messung wird beispielsweise notwendig, wenn ein Gebäude verstärkt, erhöht oder anders als bisher genutzt werden soll, aber keine Unterlagen mehr über die Fundamente vorhanden sind. Das Messprinzip des schon seit einigen Jahrzehnten bekannten Verfahrens ist relativ einfach: Auf dem Pfahlkopf wird meist durch Hammerschlag eine Stoßwelle erzeugt, die durch den Pfahl nach unten läuft. Dabei wird Energie in den Boden abgegeben. Die abgestrahlten Wellen werden von Sensoren in einem parallel zum Pfahl hergestellten Bohrloch registriert. Aus den Laufzeiten lassen sich die materialspezifischen Wellengeschwindigkeiten im Pfahl und im Boden sowie die Pfahllänge ermitteln. Bisher wurde meist ein sehr einfaches Verfahren zur Datenauswertung verwendet, das die Länge der Pfähle systematisch überschätzt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden die mathematisch-physikalischen Grundlagen beleuchtet und durch Computersimulation die Wellenausbreitung in Pfahl und Boden genau untersucht. Weitere Simulationen klärten den Einfluss verschiedener Mess- und Strukturparameter, beispielsweise den Einfluss von Bodenschichtung oder Fehlstellen im Pfahl. So konnte geklärt werden, in welchen Fällen mit dem Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden können (z. B. bei Fundamenten in Sand oder Ton) und wo es an seine Grenzen stößt (z. B. bei Gründung im Fels). Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse entstand ein neuer mathematischer Formalismus zur Auswertung der Laufzeiten. In Verbindung mit einem Verfahren zur Dateninversion, d. h. der automatischen Anpassung der Unbekannten in den Gleichungen an die Messergebnisse, lassen sich sehr viel genauere Werte für die Pfahllänge ermitteln als mit allen bisher publizierten Verfahren. Zudem kann man nun auch mit relativ großen Abständen zwischen Bohrloch und Pfahl (2 - 3 m) arbeiten. Die Methode wurde an simulierten Daten ausführlich getestet. Die Messmethode und das neue Auswerteverfahren wurden in einer Reihe praktischer Anwendungen getestet – und dies fast immer erfolgreich. Nur in einem Fall komplizierter Fundamentgeometrie bei gleichzeitig sehr hoher Anforderung an die Genauigkeit war schon nach Simulationen klar, dass hier ein Einsatz nicht sinnvoll ist. Dafür zeigte es sich, dass auch die Länge von Pfahlwänden und Spundwänden ermittelt werden kann. Die Parallel-Seismik-Methode funktioniert als einziges verfügbares Verfahren zur Fundamentlängenermittlung zugleich in den meisten Bodenarten sowie an metallischen und nichtmetallischen Fundamenten und kommt ohne Kalibrierung aus. Sie ist nun sehr viel breiter einsetzbar und liefert sehr viel genauere Ergebnisse. Die Simulationen zeigten noch Potential für Erweiterungen, zum Beispiel durch den Einsatz spezieller Sensoren, die zusätzliche Wellentypen empfangen und unterscheiden können. / The Parallel Seismic (PS) method is used for determination of the unknown or undocumented depth/length of unknown foundations, mostly piles. Parallel Seismic is an established but rather not commonly used geophysical technique, which has been developed several decades ago. Currently, this method is standardized in France and included in the method catalog of the US FHWA. The principle behind PS is quite simple: an impulse is generated on top of the pile by a hammer stroke, generating elastic waves (mainly compressional) traveling downward through the pile. Due to the high impedance contrast between pile and soil, the main part of the energy remains in the pile, but some is transmitted as guided waves into the surrounding soil. After reaching the pile toe, transmitted/diffracted waves of nearly spherical front are generated. These waves are recorded by sensors (hydrophones or geophones) in a nearby borehole. From the first arrival times registered at the sensors, the apparent wave velocity is calculated, which is different above the pile toe (pile velocity) and below (soil velocity). In the conventional data analysis, the pile length is estimated based on the intersection of the two travel time branches, leading to a systematic overestimation of the length of the pile. This thesis provides a systematic treatise of the mathematical and physical foundations of wave propagation in piles and soil. Extensive numerical simulations and parametric studies have been carried out to investigate the nature of the wave-field and influence of measurement and structural parameters. The results revealed the range of applicability of Parallel Seismic, but also some limitations, e. g. in the case of rock socketed foundations or piles containing flaws. A new mathematical algorithm for data interpretation was developed based on the simulation results, which takes into account the soil layers and the borehole inclination. This novel data interpretation scheme was used in combination with different data inversion methods. A comparison of the results showed that the commonly used Levenberg-Marquardt type least squares approach gives sufficiently accurate estimations in most common scenarios. The VFSA (very fast simulated annealing) method offers some advantages (e. g. avoiding local minima under certain conditions) but is much more time consuming. The new interpretation method was successfully validated using several sets of simulated data. It proved to be not only more accurate than all other available methods, but also to extend the maximum allowable pile-borehole distance to 2 – 3 m. Besides the numerical study, several field investigations have been carried out for the purpose of this study and also in the framework of real world projects. The foundation types included secant pile walls and sheet piles. The method performed successfully in all cases but one: a highly accurate determination of the connection of a T-shaped footing. In this particular case, the inapplicability of the method was concluded after some preliminary simulations, thus avoiding unnecessary costs to the client. Performing simulations prior to the actual testing is recommended in dealing with all non-standard cases. Today, Parallel Seismic is the only method applicable on metallic and non metallic foundations which can be used without calibration. It has the largest range of all borehole methods.

The primary purpose of this study is to provide a transcription for solo organ of Virgil Thomson's Symphony on a Hymn Tune. The study is two-fold: first, to explore the early life and career of Thomson with a focused view on how his organ and composition studies influenced the composition of Symphony on a Hymn Tune; and second, to present an original transcription of the work in a performing score for solo organ. In addition to the final score, the study provides an analytical overview along with a description of methodology used to create the transcription, and a discussion of issues encountered by the performing organist in playing the transcription. Discussions encompass organ registration, tempi, manual suggestions, articulation, phrase markings, and dynamic expression. Musical examples both from the author's transcription and Virgil Thomson's organ works are included as necessary. Two appendices are included. Appendix 1 presents the specifications for the Aeolian Skinner organ of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, on which the transcription was originally performed. Appendix 2 itemizes the registration lists used for the original performance of the organ transcription.

An article of Zariphopoulou and Musiela "An example of indifference prices under exponential preferences", was background of our work.

The incidents of human rights violations have increasingly captured the international attention. I think that part of the reasons for human rights violations is because of the foundational theories of the current international law. In this thesis project, I argue that basic human rights should be the moral foundation of the international law. I achieved my goal in several steps. In the first section, I introduced the thesis project; I also outline my objectives. In the second section, I briefly define human rights, basic human rights, and provided the scope of basic human rights. In the third section, I provided my argument that basic human rights should be the moral foundations of the international law; provide criterion of state legitimacy; I critiqued the United Nations in the context of my arguments. Finally, I concluded by formulating the international basic human rights law.

Serpula lacrymans infestation has become an increasingly common problem, and is usually perceived as a tip of an iceberg. During the 21st century there has been a perceived increase of damage caused by serpula lacrymans, at AB Mats Fransson Saneringstjänst – Anticimex in the county of Kronoberg. A similar increase has also been noted by employees at the offices in Kalmar, Karlstad, Piteå, Stockholm, Malmö, Söderhamn, Halmstad and Visby. The methods used to collect data for the project has been interviews with a number, for the project, relevant key persons, such as analysis engineers at Trygghansa and Anticimex, as well as personnel at the botanical institution at Gothenburg University and the Botaniska Analysgruppen in Gothenburg, further statistics from SMHI and analyses of reported instances of infestations have been used. The majority of the people interviewed believe that the increase is caused by renovations of old houses, higher precipitation during the summer months, as well as a moister climate and warmer winters. The latter can also be gleaned from statistics from SMHI concerning temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. Analysed damage reports show that the most common cause for the infestation is ground moisture, even when combined wooden materials. Older houses that where built around 1900 are the ones most frequently infested with serpula lacrymans. The part of the building most frequently infested is the foundation, where cellars and suspended foundation are the most common types to be infested. An infestation is usually detected during the months of August and September. / Hussvampangrepp hos fastighetsägare har blivit ett allt mer vanligt problem och syns oftast bara som toppen av ett isberg. På AB Mats Franssons Saneringstjänst Anticimex i Kronobergs län, har det under 2000-talet märkts av en ökning av hussvampsskador. Vilket även de anställda vid kontoren i Kalmar, Karlstad, Piteå, Stockholm, Malmö, Söderhamn, Halmstad och Visby har gjort. Metoder för faktainsamling under arbetets gång har varit intervjuer med ett antal, för projektet relevanta nyckelpersoner så som skadeingenjörer vid Trygghansa och Anticimex, samt personal vid botaniska institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet och Botaniska Analysgruppen i Göteborg. Vidare har statistik från SMHI använts och undersökning av skaderegister har genomförts. Majoriteten av intervjupersonerna tror att ökningen beror på renovering av äldre hus, högre nederbörd under sommarmånaderna, fuktigare klimat och mildare vintrar. Det sistnämnda kan även bekräftas utifrån statistik från SMHI gällande temperatur, nederbörd och relativ fuktighet. Undersökta skaderapporter visar att den vanligaste uppkomsten till skadan är markfukt, även kombinerad med trämaterial. Äldre hus som är byggda runt 1900 angrips oftast av hussvamp. Den konstruktion som angrips mest är grundkonstruktionen där källare och torpargrund dominerar. En skada påträffas i regel under augusti och september månad.

The castle Vivesholm is located about two miles north of Klintehamn on the west side of Gotland. The castle was built around year 1395 and burned down in the end of the 14thcentury. Around the 17th and the 18th century the castle was re-used. However, the emphasis on its use is during the middle ages. This paper aims at getting an insight in the animal husbandry at Vivesholm by analyzing the osteological material. The analysis revealed that bones from sheep/goat were more common than bones from cattle. This means the inhabitants most probably eat meat from smaller herbivores more often than meat from cattle. Pigs have also been consumed at the castle but not in the same extent as sheep/goat and cattle. Hunting as well as fishing hasn’t had a significant role for the inhabitants of Vivesholm, at least not in terms of bones found from e.g. game and fish. The inhabitants of the castle probably had its own stock but also a supply of meat products from elsewhere. Further aim with this paper was to illustrate the use of the house foundations at Vivesholm. For this, the result from the osteological analysis was compared with the archaeological finds. The analysis revealed that Vivesholm probable were built to be in use for a long period, but when the castle was burned down in the end of the 14thcentury, the castle had an abrupt end. The different foundations, both within and outside the dyke, have been interpreted into a smithy, a storehouse, a house for cooking and a lodging house. Inside the northern parts of the castle there was a place for butchery and most of the osteological material comes from this place.